detailed project report municipal solid waste...

D E T A I L E D P R O J E C T R E P O R T M U N I C I P A L S O L I D W A S T E M A N A G E M E N T

Prepared by: AIILSG Pune

Prepared For: Town Municipal Council Athani

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Final Report

Solid Waste Management

Detailed Project Report




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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 9

1.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 9

1.2 PROBLEMS DUE TO SOLID WASTE 10

1.3 CURRENT STATUS OF SWM IN INDIA 10

1.4 INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE SWM IN INDIA 10

1.5 PROJECT BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES 14

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY 14

1.7 REPORT OVERVIEW 16

1.8 WORK DONE IN THIS STUDY 16

1.9 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 18

2 TOWN PROFILE 20

2.1 BACKGROUND & HISTORY 20

2.2 PROFILE OF THE TOWN 20

2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE 21

2.4 POPULATION OF THE TOWN 22

2.5 SLUM POPULATION 24

2.6 POPULATION DENSITY 25

2.7 FLOATING POPULATION 25

2.8 COMMERCIAL AREA 25

2.9 MAJOR TOURIST CENTRES 25

2.10 ATHANI TOWN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL 26

3 PRESENT SYSTEM OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 28

3.1 THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF MSWM SYSTEM IN ATHANI 28

3.2 POPULATION PROJECTION 29

3.3 WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION 30

3.4 WASTE COLLECTION 31

3.5 STREET SWEEPING 33

3.6 TOOLS USED 33

3.7 TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES 33

3.8 PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES 35

3.9 SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLES WASTES 37

3.10 STAFF INVOLVED IN SWM 38

3.11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION 38

3.12 SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLES WASTES 40

3.13 PRESENT EXPENDITURE ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 40

4 ISSUES AND GAPS IN THE PRESENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF MSW 41

4.1 GAPS AND ISSUES IN ATHANI 41

5 POTENTIAL STRATEGIES SUGGESTED FOR MSWM 42

5.1 OVERALL CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PROPOSED 42

5.2 PROPOSED WASTE FLOW PROCESSES 45

5.3 STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE 47




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5.4 SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE 47

5.5 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION AND ROUTING PLAN 47

5.6 SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE 51

5.7 BIOMEDICAL WASTE 52

5.8 DRY WASTE AND E-WASTE COLLECTION CENTRE 52

5.9 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE 54

5.10 ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT 55

6 PROPOSED PROCESSING FACILITY 57

6.1 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 57

6.2 AEROBIC COMPOSTING 58

6.3 PROCESSING DECOMPOSED GARBAGE 62

6.4 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE AT LANDFILL SITE 62

6.5 DESIGN OF RECOMMENDED PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS 65

6.6 VERMI COMPOSTING 73

7 DESIGN OF LANDFILL 74

7.1 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITY 74

7.2 BIO REMEDIATION AT PREVIOUS ENGINEERING SITE 74

7.3 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR SANITARY LANDFILL 87

7.4 OPERATION PLAN OF SANITARY LANDFILL 90

8 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND CAPACITY BUILDING 101

8.1 DECENTRALIZATION OF ADMINISTRATION 101

8.2 DELEGATION OF POWERS 102

8.3 WORK NORMS 102

8.4 INDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL/PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERS 104

8.5 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 105

8.6 THE ENTIRE ADMINISTRATION OF SWM DEPARTMENT TO BE UNDER ONE UMBRELLA 107

8.7 INTER DEPARTMENTAL CO-ORDINATION 108

8.8 ENCOURAGEMENT TO NGO’S AND WASTE COLLECTOR CO-OPERATIVES 108

8.9 PUBLIC AWARENESS AND IEC 110

9 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT 118

9.1 REQUIREMENT OF CAPITAL COST 118

9.2 FUNDING PATTERN 119

9.3 DETAILED BOQ AND ESTIMATES 120

9.4 REQUIREMENT OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST 120

9.5 REVENUE FROM SALE OF COMPOST AND USER CHARGES 147

9.6 REVENUE PROPOSED 148

9.7 BREAKUP OF FINANCIAL ASPECT 149

ANNEXURE 1. LEGAL ASPECTS 150

ANNEXURE 2. SOLID WASTE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 160

ANNEXURE 3. WASTE GENERATION ESTIMATION 161




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ANNEXURE 4. SURVEY ANALYSIS 163

ANNEXURE 5. EXISTING AND PROPOSED ROUTE MAP FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT VEHICLES 172

ANNEXURE 6. DESIGNS FOR PROPOSED WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY 173

ANNEXURE 7. MACHINE, EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS 174

MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 174

VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS – 184

ANNEXURE 8. NORMATIVE STANDARDS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 185

ANNEXURE 9. OFFICE MEMORANDUM FOR GOI SHARE 187

ANNEXURE 10. MINIMUM WAGES ACT GOK 2017 188

ANNEXURE 11. QUOTATIONS 190

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1: Indicative Plans for Municipal Solid Waste Management ...................................... 14

Table 1-2 Consultant Team’s Field Visit Details ....................................................................... 17

Table 2-1: Population of Athani ............................................................................................... 22

Table 2-2: Ward-wise population ............................................................................................ 24

Table 2-3: Slum settlements .................................................................................................... 24

Table 2-4: Slum Settlements .................................................................................................... 25

Table 3-1: Waste Generation estimation................................................................................. 28

Table 3-2: Ward wise Waste Generation ................................................................................. 29

Table 3-3: Population Projections ............................................................................................ 30

Table 3-4 Waste Generation in Athani .................................................................................... 31

Table 3-5: Details of Primary Collection .................................................................................. 31

Table 3-7 MSW Transportation Vehicles And Quantification of MSW .................................... 34

Table 3-8 Physical composition of waste in Percentage ......................................................... 38

Table 3-9 Chemical Composition of the Waste ....................................................................... 39

Table 5-1 Micro-plan For Autotippers ..................................................................................... 49

Table 5-2: Details of Personal Protective Equipments ............................................................ 51

Table 6-1 Details of Landfill Layout .......................................................................................... 59

Table 6-2 Details of Common Facilities Proposed at Site ........................................................ 61

Table 6-3 Details of Structures Proposed ................................................................................ 61




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Table 6-4Material Flow ............................................................................................................ 70

Table 6-5: Arrangement and Turning of Windrows ................................................................. 72

Table 7-1Design Fundamental of Sanitary Landfill site ........................................................... 74

Table 7-2: Area at Landfill Site after Bioremediation and Segregation ................................... 75

Table 7-3 Percentage Recovery of Recyclable waste .............................................................. 76

Table 7-4 cost estimate for sanitary Landfill site ..................................................................... 85

Table 7-5 Leachate generation ................................................................................................ 85

Table 7-6 Estimation of Leachate Tank .................................................................................... 85

Table 7-7 Activities to be carried out under environment monitoring plan ........................... 99

Table 8-1: Training Requirement for Municipal Workers ...................................................... 107

Table 8-2 Activities to be practiced for participation model for implementation of

Segregation ............................................................................................................................ 114

Table 8-3 Action Plan for IEC .................................................................................................. 116

Table 9-1 Cost Estimate for Proposed Equipments, Vehicles and Machinery ...................... 118

Table 9-2: Estimated Budget expenditure (In Lakhs) ............................................................. 119

Table 9-3: Requirement of Manpower .................................................................................. 146

Table 9-4 O&M cost requirement for manpower.................................................................. 146

Table 9-5 O&M Expenditure .................................................................................................. 147

Table 9-6: Proposed Revenue Generation ............................................................................. 147

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Average rainfall for Belagavi district ....................................................................... 21

Figure 2-2 Average Temperature for Belagavi ......................................................................... 21

Figure 2-3 Population Growth Rate of the Town ..................................................................... 22

Figure 2-4 Ward Wise Map of the Town .................................................................................. 23

Figure 2-5 Organization Structure of the ULB ......................................................................... 27

Figure 3-1 population projection for the ulb ........................................................................... 30

Figure 3-2 Contour Map for SWM site Athani ......................................................................... 36

figure 3-3Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste ...................................................... 39

Figure 5-1Proposed Waste flowchart for Athani ..................................................................... 46

Figure 6-2 Layout Plan for SWM site Athani ............................................................................ 60

Figure 6-3 Details of Different Layers in Recharge Pit ............................................................. 65

Figure 6-4: Squeeze test to estimate moisture content .......................................................... 67

Figure 6-5 : SWM Waste Process flow Chart ........................................................................... 72




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Figure 7-1: Options for Treatment of Existing MSW Dump on the Site .................................. 75

Figure 7-2: Line Placement at edges of Landfill ....................................................................... 77

Figure 7-3: Line Placement at edges of Landfill ....................................................................... 78

Figure 7-4: Placement of the HDPE Liner over the Clay liner .................................................. 78

Figure 7-5: Placement of the Gravel Drainage Layer and Geotextile over the Clay liner ........ 78

Figure 7-6: Leachate Collection Pipes are to be connected to a sump, through the liner ...... 79

Figure 7-7: Welding of Leachate Pipes .................................................................................... 81

Figure 7-8: Support of Leachate Pipes ..................................................................................... 82

Figure 7-9 Phytorid Treatment ................................................................................................ 87




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ABBREVIATIONS

ADP Annual Development Plan KM Kilo Meter

AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self Government LS Lump Sum

APL Above Poverty Line M Municipality

ATR Action taken Report M & E Monitoring & Evaluation

BPL Below Poverty Line M3 Cubic Meter

CAA Constitutional Amendment Act MIC Mayor in Council

CBO Community Based Organizations MIS Municipal Information System

CDP City Development Plan MLD Million Liters per Day

CDS Community Development Society LPCD Liters per capita per day

CII Confederation of Indian Industries WRD Water Resource Department (GoK)

CMO Chief Municipal Officer KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environment

Engineering Organization MSW Municipal solid Waste

DCHB District Census Handbook NGO Non Government Organization

DDP Draft Development Plan NH National Highway

DFID Department of International Development NP Nagar Parishad

DLB Directorate of Local Bodies NSDP National Slum Development Policy

DM District Magistrate O & M Operation & Maintenance

DoE Department of Environment OG Outer Growth

DoHFW Department of Health and Family Welfare OHT Over Head Tank

EPCO Environmental Planning and Coordination

Organization OSD Open Sewerage Disposal

EWS Economically Weaker Sections PHED Public health Engineering Department

GIS Geographical Information System PPH Persons per Hectare

GoI Government of India PPP Public Private Partnership

GoK Government of Karnataka PRA Participatory Rapid Assessment

GSR Ground Structure Reservoir PWD Public Work Department

H&ED Housing and Environment Department SH State Highway

HUDCO Housing and Urban Development

Corporation Ltd SWM Solid Waste Management

INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural

Heritage ULB Urban Local Body

JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission TCPO

Town and Country Planning

Organization

KL Kilo liter UADD Urban Administration and Development

Department




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AIILSG TEAM

Name Degree / Experience Position Held in AIILSG

Mr. Ashish Deosthali B.E Civil, M.E in Environment Engineer Director General

Dr. Abhijeet Khandage Ph.D. Geology GIS Consultant

Mr. Sushil Sapakale DCE GIS Consultant

Mr. Nikhil Vaiude B. Arch, M. Plan (Environmental Planning)

Associate Project Director

Mr. Gajanan Deshpande B.A.M.S, M.Sc. (Habitat Policy and Practice)

Programme Officer

CA Tushar Shah Chartered Accountant Municipal Finance Specialist

Mr. Aniruddha Padale Master of Social Work (MSW), Social Development Expert

Mr. Mandar Antrolikar B.Sc, Diploma in GIS Assistant Director

Mrs. Priya Kapole M.sc Environmental Science Programme Officer

Ms. Sayali B Ghogare B Arch, M-Tech (Town Planning) Programme Officer

Mrs. Monali Kachale B.E Civil Programme Officer

Ms. Anuradha Ambekar

B. Sc. Microbiology, PG Diploma in

Urban Planning and Development

(pursuing)

Programme Officer

Ms. Ranjana Shedage M.A. Geography, M.Sc.Geoinformatics Programme Officer, GIS

Mr. Gaurav Pawar M.Tech Civil Environment Programme Officer

Mr. Onkar Patil B.E. Environment Programme Officer




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1 Project Background

Waste disposal is one of the major problems being faced over the world and India is no

exception. Management of Solid Waste, though an essential service, is given low priority.

This, coupled with lack of financial resources, institutional weaknesses, improper choice of

technology & rapid urbanization, whose ramifications are more pronounced with

uncontrolled growth rate of population, has made this service far from satisfactory, thus

creating serious environmental and health problems.

1.1 Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is an organized process of storage, collection,

transportation, processing, and disposal of solid refuse residuals in an engineered sanitary

landfill. It is an integrated process comprising several collection methods, varied

transportation equipment, storage, recovery mechanisms for recyclable material, reduction

of waste volume, and quantity by methods such as composting; refuse derived fuel (RDF),

waste-to-energy, and disposal in a designated engineered sanitary landfill.

The selection of a suitable SWM process is driven by the source and quality of waste

produced. Solid waste is generated from a number of sources which include households

(kitchen and yard), commercial areas (shops, hotels and restaurants), industries (raw

material and packaging), institutions (schools, hospitals and offices), construction and

demolition sites, wild and domesticated animals (carcasses of dead animals, manure), parks

(fallen branches, leaves from trees), and streets (sand, silt, clay, concrete, bricks, asphalt,

residues from air deposition, and dust).

Collection

Transportation

Recovery

Recycling / Disposal

Analysis




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1.2 Problems Due To Solid Waste

Accumulation of solid waste in open areas is an eyesore, diminishing real estate and

property value, a breeding ground for insects, and other vectors (rats and mice, wild and

domesticated animals). It also causes odour nuisance, reflects the unorganized nature of the

community, and creates a poor environment for growing children.

Improper and unorganized disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in open areas and

landfills have a negative impact on the living conditions of human beings as well as the

overall environment. It results in spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases

among human beings and animals, thus affecting the welfare, livelihood, and economic

productivity. In addition, it causes contamination of soil, surface water, ground water and

generation of toxic and greenhouse gases. However, using adequate information, resources,

and efficient management practices, one can turn solid waste into a useful resource.

1.3 Current Status of SWM in India

Management of Solid Wastes is of growing concern to the general public at large, local

authorities and business communities in cities and towns across India. The problem is

exacerbating in urban areas due to rapid strides in population growth, coupled with an

economic boom that encourages the consumption of goods and, hence, wastes generation.

As per Census 2011, the urban population accounts for 31.16 percent of the total Indian

population.

The Local Governing Bodies (LGBs), viz. municipalities and municipal corporations, are

responsible for providing SWM services in the urban areas. In most of the urban areas,

insufficient funds, use of obsolete/ inefficient technologies, lack of public

awareness/training, and improper infrastructure have resulted in a state of poor SWM.

1.4 Initiatives to Improve SWM in India

In recent years, the Government of India has taken several initiatives to improve existing

SWM practices in the country. Some of the key initiatives and recommendations are

discussed below:




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1.4.1 Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, published

“Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2016” (MSW Rules 2016). These

rules were developed in conformance with Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment

Protection Act, 1986 and aim at standardization and enforcement of SWM practices in the

urban sector. They dictate that, “Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area

of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules

and infrastructure development for collection, storage segregation, transportation,

processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes”. In addition, “the CPCB shall coordinate

with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) in the

matters of MSW disposal and its management and handling”.

1.4.2 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is a notable initiative

undertaken by Government of India. JNNURM provides funding for urban infrastructure

development in 67 cities and towns of the country. This mission was initiated in 2006 and is

slated to continue until 2011.

1.4.3 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium

Towns

The primary objective of this scheme is to improve the urban infrastructure in towns and

cities in a planned manner and to promote public private partnership (PPP) in infrastructure

development. This scheme was introduced in the year 2005-06 and will continue for seven

years. This scheme is applicable to all cities/towns as per 2001 census, except the

cities/towns covered under the JNNURM. One of the components of this scheme is to renew

the old sewerage and solid waste disposal systems in inner (old) areas.

1.4.4 Swachh Bharat Mission

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on 2nd of October, 2014 with a vision to

achieve a clean India as a tribute to the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, on his 150th

birth anniversary, in 2019. SBM is being implemented by the Ministry of Urban




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Development (MoUD) and by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (M/o DWS) for

urban and rural areas with a given set of guidelines for improved sanitary services and

capacity building initiatives.

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) a major component of the SBM (urban)-

“refers to a systematic process that comprises of waste segregation and storage at source,

primary collection, secondary storage, transportation, secondary segregation, resource

recovery, processing, treatment, and final disposal of solid waste.”

Under the provisions of SWM, the local bodies are to prepare Detailed Project Reports in

consultation with the state government based on the identified needs of the City Sanitation

Plans. Provision also mentions clustering of smaller cities for attracting Private investment.

The DPRs should be prepared in lines with Govt. of India’s goals outlined in the NUSP 2008,

SWM rules, advisories, CPHEEO manuals (including cost recovery mechanisms), O&M

practices and Service-level Benchmark advisories released by M/o UD and Manual on

Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2000.

States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match 75% Central

Share (10% in the case of North East States and special category states). 80% of the urban

population to be covered by SWM services (allowing for a 2% increase year on year)

covering all statutory towns. 1 Central government Grant / VGF may also be used to

promote projects of waste to energy.

1.4.5 Finance Commission Recommendations

Constituted by the President of India, under Article 280 of the constitution, the Finance

Commission is to recommend on distribution of central tax revenues between the Union

and the States. Supporting Local bodies through grant, subsequent to the passage of the

73rd and 74th constitutional amendments was first time announced in the 10th Finance

Commission for providing basic services at the grassroots level and strengthening

decentralization.

The 13th Finance Commission has recommended two categories of Grants to Local Bodies

namely (1) General Basic Grant and (2) General Performance Grant. The Basic Grants will be

released on furnishing the U.Cs for the last releases and the General Performance Grant will

be released on fulfilment of nine conditions by the State Government, as stipulated in para




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10.16.1 of the report of the 13th Finance Commission by March of a particular financial

year. Performance-related funds under the 13th Finance Commission have been linked to

improvements in SLBs including SWM.

Further, in 2009, MoUD initiated Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) with respect to basic

municipal services including solid waste management. SLB has been introduced in 30 states

and across 1700 ULBs. Performance-related funds under the 13th Finance Commission have

been linked to improvements in SLBs including SWM. The 13th Finance Commission also

recommends that of all grants to be given to the ULBs, 50% should be for SWM (2010-

2015). Moreover, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has funded five Waste-to-

Energy plants for utilization of MSW. The grant recommended to ULBs in Andhra Pradesh is

Rs. 1919.20 crores for the XIII FC period of 2010- 2015. Under such grant every local body is

mandated preparing an Annual Development Plan where in the component integrated solid

waste management under PPP mode (excluding purchase of equipment for collection and

transport of garbage) is to be incorporated.

1.4.6 National Green Tribunal Recommendations

CPCB has framed and notified the “Action Plan for Management of Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW)” in compliance with the National Green Tribunal order dated 5th Feb-2015 in the

matter of OA No. 199 of 2014. The Action Plan emphasizes on strengthening the planning

exercise at national, state as well as city level by improvising through the waste

management value chain. In addition to that, The Plan suggested the concept of regional

cluster approach as well as technology options on the basis of quantum of MSW generation

which has been re-produced below in nutshell.

The Regional Cluster approach is based on the concept of discouraging setting up of

individual waste processing and disposal facilities leading to mushrooming of innumerable

facilities which are difficult to monitor and sustain. The approach requires a detailed survey

of the study area and identification of location for regional facility with adequate size of land

free from public objections. An indicative distance of say up to 50 km for each local body

may be feasible based on local condition, fixing of criteria by the local body to transport the

waste for common disposal point without causing public nuisance and traffic hurdles.




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However, alternate options can be worked out for smaller local bodies. Common facility

should be ‘integrated’ with facilities for sorting, compost, RDF and energy plant and

followed by inert recycling/re-use. Only a fraction of inert waste should go for land-filling.

The Action Plan has outlined indicative plan based on the quantum of waste generated in

the cluster. The indicative plans have been given for towns in four ranges of waste

generation.

TABLE 1-1: INDICATIVE PLANS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Range Plan

>500 TPD

Modernization/ mechanization of waste storage and transportation facilities

Privatization/ contract with ‘operators’ for collection of waste from various sources and

its transportation

Seeking support of Private entrepreneurship in setting up of waste processing and

disposal facility

Between

100-500

TPD

Modernization/ mechanization of waste storage and transportation facilities

Privatization/ contract with ‘operators’ for collection of waste from various sources and

its transportation

Seeking support of Private entrepreneurship in setting up of waste processing and

disposal facility

Less than

100 TPD

Proper system for waste collection, storage and transportation considering the local

situation

Aerobic composting ·Such towns can be the member of Cluster/Regional facility

Less than

50 TPD

Technological solutions which could be managed without high skill operations ·Proper

collection of waste and motivating citizens for segregation of waste

Composting.

1.5 Project Background & Objectives

There is a need to enhance the existing MSWM system for Town Municipal Council (TMC)

and thus improve the health and living standards of its residents. The purpose of this project

is to identify the existing MSWM practices within the town, recognize deficiencies/gaps in

the present system and propose a comprehensive plan for MSWM including segregation,

collection, and transportation and regional/cluster approach for processing & scientific

disposal in Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility in compliance with the

MSW Rules 2016. In addition, analyze options for waste processing for effective and

scientific management of MSW generated.

1.6 Scope of Study

Realistic assessment of quantity, Characterization and classification of MSW




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Detailed survey of the prevailing conditions

Situation/Gap Analysis of the existing condition with respect to MSW Rules, 2016

Detailed planning for resource requirement & implementation strategy

Design of MSW management system viz. Collection System (Primary/ Secondary) ,

Transportation & Fleet Management Plan, waste processing system and sanitary

landfill in accordance with MSW Rules 2016 & CPHEEO Manual, Govt. of India

Techno economic and environmental analysis of various options for MSWM

Preparation of conceptual and detailed drawings

Preparation of Bill of Quantities (BOQs)

Capital and Operation & Maintenance (O&M) cost estimates

Identification and formation of the clusters on the basis of geographical locations

MSW management model including privatization aspects

Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR)

The deliverables will ultimately achieve the following goals:

100% source segregation of wet & dry waste

Primary collection of waste

Secondary collection and transportation of waste

Creating and sustaining a supply chain for recycled waste

Streamlining and optimization of transportation system

Analysis for the need of transfer station and its basic design

Innovative processes and their enforcement for making the habitations litter free,

bin free and dump free to prevent the health hazard.

Options for processing the biodegradable waste

Feasibility study for the exploration of waste to power on the basis of cluster

approach

Options for using the inert material like construction & demolition material

Reclamation and bio-mining of old dump sites

Innovative incentive structure to the operating personnel for motivation

Financial model and institutional framework

Measures for the involvement of all stakeholders

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign models and enforcement

plans




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1.7 Report Overview

The Athani Town Municipal Council (TMC) is looking for improving efficiencies in municipal

solid waste management (MSWM) practices focusing on improving efficiency of collection,

transportation and processing of the municipal waste generated in the town. This report

brings out the present situation of solid waste management at Athani and the proposals to

improve the same.

The project activity aims at

Establishing effective waste collection mechanism with a view point to collect more

than 85% of the solid waste generated in the municipal area.

Conducting efficient waste transportation mechanism to be able to carry out 100%

of the collected waste.

Processing and recycling of the Municipal Solid Waste.

Environmental consciousness and job creation for the local youth.

The broad scope of work for the project includes development of technical and

economically viable solid waste management plan along with the design of collection,

transportation, treatment disposal infrastructure. The outline of scope of work for the

overall project includes the following activities.

a. Collection & compilation of data

b. Interaction with ULB, local stakeholders and obtaining preliminary information

c. Submission of draft DPR

d. Presentation of the plans and receiving comments and inputs.

e. Submission of final DPR

The structure of the detail project report has been detailed in the next section.

1.8 Work Done in this Study

To draft the detail project report for Athani, the following sets of activities have been done

by All India Institute of Local Self Government.

1.8.1 Field visits and data collection

A team of consultants from All India Institute of Local Self Government had visited the town.

The team visited various parts of the town to understand the existing infrastructure and




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MSWM mechanism in the town. The team interacted with various stake holders of MSWM

system. Following table gives details of the team’s visit in Athani.

TABLE 1-2 CONSULTANT TEAM’S FIELD VISIT DETAILS

Activities Day Visited Activity

Physical character

analysis at Land

Fill (For 2 Days)

07 – 08 Dec

2015

2 samples are to be analyzed using the quartering

technique for understanding the waste character.

Each sample was segregated to take weights of the

components in MSW.

Waste quantity

analysis (For 2

Days)

11 – 12 Dec

2015

Hiring of an Weigh Bridge at Athani for measuring Full and

Empty Vehicles carrying waste to dumping location

Vehicle wise Details to be listed in the annexure and total

waste generated is to be averaged for current scenario

Commercial

Survey

10 – 12 Dec

2015

The team along with sanitary inspectors needs to visit each

and every ward and counted the number of different

commercial establishments including shops, hotels,

education

Institutions, medical centers and etc.

Determining ward wise type of Waste generator.

Street Sweeping

Survey

12 – 14 Dec

2015

Categorization of Roads as per there importance during

mapping

Demarcating the current Scenario of Street Sweeping on

each road

Calculating the length of road allocated to each Sweeper

Finalization of Type A, B, C road on basis of the discussion

with sanitary inspector and man power deputation plan for

the future.

Open Dumping

areas in the town

12 – 14 Dec

2015

Location of Open dumping areas in the town

Topographical

Survey

15 Dec 2015 Topographical Survey Done

1.8.2 Primary data collection undertaken

Primary data collected for preparation of this report includes the following key features

Average waste generated by key waste generators in Athani,

Physical character of the waste disposed at Athani,

Quantity of the waste collected and transported to the landfill




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Type of roads swept daily, twice a week and once in a week

Average length of street swept by each MSWM staff.

Waste movement mechanism in the town.

Location of secondary bins for waste collection

Approximate estimation of open points in the town.

Survey on commercial establishments of the town in all wards

1.8.3 Secondary Data Collection & Assessment

Secondary data required for the report like existing ward wise population of the town,

weather information, standard average quantity of waste generated per waste generator,

area of the town, total population of town in the past, other reports on MSWM were

gathered from various sources. A review of the available documents about Athani and the

previous studies on solid waste management systems in Athani was done. The gathered

data was compiled as per the requirement of DPR.

1.8.4 Design and report preparation:

Using the data collected by the primary resources, secondary resources and interaction with

stake holders and TMC staff a collection, transport DPR is prepared. The DPR has considered

the future population growth and prospective increased growth in the town. A detailed cost

estimation and financial sustainability analysis has been done and presented in the report.

All the designs and estimates are provided along with the report as annexure.

1.8.5 Review process

The draft report, cost estimates, designs and drawings were submitted to TMC for review.

This final DPR document has been prepared by incorporating all the suggestions, comments

and inputs of TMC. The TMC shall further review the report, seek the state government

clearance as required and the final report would be drafted to meet the requirements of

using the document for implementation.

1.9 Structure of the Report

Chapter Heading Contents

1 Introduction The chapter provides and introduction to study, the

terms of reference, study methodology and outline of

the study.

2 Town Profile The Town profile brings out the nature and details of




19

Chapter Heading Contents

the town. The demography, importance, climate and

structure of the town are brought out.

3 Present MSWM

scenario in Athani

The existing waste management systems in the town

in presented. The waste assessment undertaken is

presented. The strengths and lacunae of the systems

are brought out to enable further planning.

4 Issues & Gaps in

Present MSWM

Gaps in present system of Solid Waste Management

5 Proposed MSWM

Action plan for Athani

The proposed efficient plan for waste management in

the Town.

6 Proposed Processing

Facility

This provides detailed design for Operations and

working of Compost Plant

7 Land fill Site This provides detailed design for Operations of

Landfill Site

8 Institutional Aspects &

Capacity Building’ &

Public Awareness

The team for solid waste management, the

institutional structure and the capacity building

requirements are presented.

Information Education and Communication is a

significant component of the solid waste management

process of a town. A concept and operational schema

for the public awareness required has been presented

in this chapter.

9 Summary of Financial

Requirements

Detail BOQ, Final Summary for financial requirements

of the proposals is presented in this Chapter

Annexure List if Annexure includes Chemical Analysis Report for

Solid Waste Sample, Sample Description for primary

survey,




20

2 Town Profile

2.1 Background & History

Athani is a town near Gokak in the Belagavi district of Karnataka. Athani taluka is the largest

taluka in the Belagavi district. The taluka is bounded by Sangli district in the north, Vijaypura

district in the east and the Krishna River in the south. Athani is famous for leather chappals.

The main profession here is agriculture, particularly sugarcane, jowar and grapes.

MAP 2-1: GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONAL SETTING OF THE TOWN

2.2 Profile of the town

Athani town is situated at a distance of 140 kms from the town of Belagavi, 70 kms from

Vijaypura, 55 kms from Miraj, 100 kms from Kolhapur, 200 kms from Hubali and 624 kms

from Bangalore. The Krishna River flows 110 kms around the southern part of Athani Taluka

and the town itself is situated 18 kms from the river. Geologically, the area is covered by

Deccan Trap formation. The average annual rainfall is 582 mm. The other river that flows

here is the Agrani River, which also flows through Pandegao, Shirur, Ajur, Sambargi, Nagnur,

Tavanshi and Kalloti.




21

2.3 Topography and Climate

Being situated in upper region of Belgavi district which lies in the elevated terrain of north-

western Karnataka, Athani is known for its moderately hot and tropical climate throughout

the year except for the monsoon. Athani receives rainfall from both the northeast and the

southwest monsoons and the wettest months are June–September. Average rainfall in the

town is 582 mm. It has a distinct wet and dry season. December & January are generally

cold as compared to the rest of year. The coldest month is December with an average low

temperature of 25.3°C and the hottest month is May with an average high temperature of

40°C. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 18°C, and summer temperatures seldom

exceed 30-40°C.

FIGURE 2-1 AVERAGE RAINFALL FOR BELAGAVI DISTRICT

FIGURE 2-2 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR BELAGAVI




22

The general climate is wet with moisture content in rainy season. Mostly the weather is dry

in summer season and dry & cold in winter. The summer temperature ranges between 250C

to 420C, while the winter temperature ranges between 180C to 240C. Since Athani is close to

the branches of the Western Ghats, it enjoys a good rainy season.

2.4 Population of the town

As per Census 2011 population of Athani TMC is 47,842. The population of town was 40,950

in year 2001 and 32,041 in 1991. The last two decade showed considerable growth rate of

28 & 17 percent. The growth rate of the town is varying. There has been a constant increase

in the population since 1951 with varying rates of growth. The trend of population growth is

explained in Table 2-1.

TABLE 2-1: POPULATION OF ATHANI

Year Population Decadal Change

1951 17098

1961 19479 14%

1971 24378 25%

1981 27549 13%

1991 32041 16%

2001 40950 28%

2011 47842 17%

Source: Census 2011

FIGURE 2-3 POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF THE TOWN

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Population Rate of Growth Per Decade




23

FIGURE 2-4 WARD WISE MAP OF THE TOWN

Source: Athani Municipal Council




24

The town is divided into 23 political wards for the purpose of administration. The ward wise

population as per 2011 census is shown below in Table 2-2.

TABLE 2-2: WARD-WISE POPULATION

Ward Number Population Year 2011 HH for 2011

1 1378 272

2 1331 292

3 2050 379

4 3289 692

5 1463 320

6 1254 242

7 1967 401

8 2037 387

9 1650 334

10 1810 373

11 1469 310

12 1865 398

13 1618 338

14 1615 370

15 5061 1045

16 4690 944

17 1540 326

18 1629 392

19 1772 365

20 1461 303

21 2364 533

22 1864 420

23 681 146

OG 1984 409

Total 47842 9991

Source: Census 2011

2.5 Slum Population

As per the 2011 census data, there are 12 slum settlements in Athani TMC of which 5 are

notified and 7 are non-notified slums, wherein about 2024 families stay.

TABLE 2-3: SLUM SETTLEMENTS

Sr. No. Slum Name Notified No. of Households Population

1 Gollara Galli Yes 68 422

2 Dora Galli Yes 64 893

3 Waddara Galli Yes 45 1094




25

Sr. No. Slum Name Notified No. of Households Population

4 Charmalaya Road Yes 330 2549

5 Harijan Keri Yes 360 1975

6 Alabala Galli No 35 184

7 Mulla Galli No 96 844

8 Nalabanda Galli No 198 943

9 Kalala Galli No 82 664

10 Kurubara Galli No 140 1031

11 Waddara Galli No 470 1848

12 Gullaramaddi No 136 897

Total 2024 13344

TABLE 2-4: SLUM SETTLEMENTS

Particulars No’s.

No. of slum settlements 12

Slum population 13344

Slum households 2024

Source: census 2011

2.6 Population Density

As per census 2011, the population density of the town is 5785 persons per sq km. Most of

the population is concentrated in the core area in the town.

2.7 Floating Population

Total floating population of the town at 5% of the total population is 2757.

2.8 Commercial Area

The old part of the town is mainly commercial area. The Vegetable market, general grocery

shops and main market area is located in the old part of the town.

2.9 Major tourist centres

Sharana Basaveshwara Temple is a shrine at Kalburgi (Gulbarga), an ancient town in the

north-eastern part of Karnataka. The temple is dedicated to an eminent Hindu religious

teacher and philosopher, Shri Sharana Basaveshwara Savadi. The temple houses the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalburgi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka




26

Samadhi of Sharana Basaveshwara at the center called the garbhagudi. It has a lake

adjacent to it which attracts many devotees and tourists. A chariot festival, Jatra, is held

every year in honor of Sharana Basaveshwara; it attracts huge crowds.

Venu Gopal Temple (also known as Gopalkrishna Temple) situated on the bank of Krishna

River at Savadi is perhaps the oldest temple in Athani Taluka. In the sanctum sanctorium of

the temple Venu Gopal is the presiding deity. It is a typical Trikuteshwar type temple where

apart from the presiding deity, other two vigrahas on either side of the main sanctum

sanctorium are two impressive Shivlings. According to the archeological study the temple is

about 1000–1200 years old.

The Yallama temple at Kokatnur is visited by many devotees from different parts of North

Karnataka and South Maharashtra every year. This is a famous goddess temple in northern

Karnatak in Belgaum district. There are three famous temples, one is from soudatti, and the

second one chinchalimayakka, and the third one yallamawadi's Renukadevi temple.

Athani is famous for leather chappals, primarily produced by scheduled caste families, which

deserves a special mention because of the valid contribution of few sub groups to the now

famous leather products of Athani. The traders from other part of the country also procure

leather goods from Athani, to market them in their areas. Through the State Trading

Corporation, these leather goods are also exported to many countries where they have

found a sizeable market. The category which has established itself by way of its design and

quality is known as ‘Kolhapuri Chappals’ which has a great demand in local as well as the

export markets. . These goods were exported to foreign countries like Scotland,

Netherlands, England and others.

2.10 Athani Town Municipal Council

The Town Municipal Council Athani was constituted in 1853 and is situated at a distance of

149 kms from Belagavi town. The TMC has 23 wards and an equal number of councilors and

5 numbers of Nominee Councilors. Athani is one of the 74 Karnataka cities in the Karnataka

Municipal Reforms Project.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi#Samadhi_as_mausoleum




27

FIGURE 2-5 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF THE ULB

2.10.1 Administrative Wing

The administrative or executive wing is headed by the Chief Officer, appointed by the state

government. The municipal council is arranged into 23 wards for effective service delivery

and management. The Executive wing is arranged into functional departments that are

responsible for day to day functioning of the council.

2.10.2 Elected Wing

The Elected wing is represented by the General Body (GB) constituted by 23 elected

members and 5 co-opted members. Apart from General body there are committees

constituted from elected representatives including standing committee of elected members.

There committees are formulated to address matters related to Administration / provision

of civic services in most appropriate manner.




28

3 Present System of Solid waste Management

3.1 The Present Scenario of MSWM system in Athani

3.1.1 Actual calculation of Solid Waste Generation

A detailed estimate of the MSW generation has been carried out with a sample survey.

Actual waste generation by each category of waste generators is calculated for consecutive

3 days. Based on the average waste generation by each category total waste generation is

estimated. Sample are selected from each category of waste generators such as households,

commercial shops, worship, institutions, markets, meat/chicken shops, hotels and

restaurants and Street Sweeping. The following table shows number of sources and the

average waste generated in each source based on the waste estimation.

TABLE 3-1: WASTE GENERATION ESTIMATION

S. N. Waste Generators No of Generators

Avg. waste / day in Kg

Total waste(Kg)

Total ( Tonnes)

1 Household 8676 0.8 6764.56 6.76

2 Slums 2024 0.7 1486.5 1.49

3 Veg. Markets 2 909 1818 1.82

4 Petty Shops 435 0.9 391.5 0.4

5 Institutions 15 9.1 136.5 0.14

6 Hotels 65 10.4 676 0.68

7 Meat/Chicken shops 11 36.1 397 0.4

8 Street Sweeping

Type A 9.51

1.00 Type B 19.91

Type C 33.74

Type D 0.23

9 Construction and Drainage 2.4

10 Floating Population 2757 0.75 2041.6 2.04

Total 17.13

3.1.2 Normative Waste generation

The major sources of generating waste in Athani are households, commercial

establishments, educational institutions, markets, hotels and street sweeping operations. To

arrive at number of waste generators in the town, data like ward wise population, slum and




29

non slum households and street lengths of all type of roads were obtained from secondary

sources. Households are taken from the census, street length from the TMC.

TABLE 3-2: WARD WISE WASTE GENERATION

Ward

Number

No of HH projected

for yr 2017

Population Projected for

Year 2017

Waste Generation in MT (Yr

2017 @350 gm/capita/day)

1 311 1489 0.52

2 300 1439 0.50

3 463 2216 0.78

4 742 3555 1.24

5 330 1581 0.55

6 283 1355 0.47

7 444 2126 0.74

8 460 2202 0.77

9 372 1783 0.62

10 409 1956 0.68

11 332 1588 0.56

12 421 2016 0.71

13 365 1749 0.61

14 365 1746 0.61

15 1142 5470 1.91

16 1059 5069 1.77

17 348 1664 0.58

18 368 1761 0.62

19 400 1915 0.67

20 330 1579 0.55

21 534 2555 0.89

22 421 2015 0.71

23 154 736 0.26

OG 448 2144 0.75

Total 10798 51708 18.10

3.2 Population Projection

For the Proposed Detailed Project Report, it is necessary that future population growth and

their requirements are estimated to understand the gaps and shortfall in meeting various

requirements.

The planning horizon of 5 years (till 2022) has been considered and population projections

have been made till 2042. Three methods; Arithmetic Method, Incremental method and

Geometric Progression method have been used to project the population for Athani and the

projected figures are given below.




30

The history of Athani indicates moderate population growth trends in the past but declined

during the last decade. In absence of any major commercial or industrial developments, it is

assumed that the declining growth trends may continue in future and stabilize with the

district average. Incremental Increase gives a negative trend due to negative growth

recorded during 2001-2011. Geometric method gives a prolonged period of high growth

rate in the future years. Hence an average of three methods is considered.

The Population projection is presented below in Table 3-3. It is expected that total

population of the town will be 58791 in the year 2027 and population will be 71089 in the

year 2042.

TABLE 3-3: POPULATION PROJECTIONS

Projected Population

for year

Arithmetic Incremental

Method

Geometric Average of three

2011 47842 47842 47842 47842

2017 50,917 51,349 52,858 51708

2022 53480 54520 57438 55146

2032 58606 61536 67822 62654

2044 63731 69453 80083 71089

Source: Analysis AIILSG

FIGURE 3-1 POPULATION PROJECTION FOR THE ULB

Source: Analysis AIILSG

3.3 Waste Generation Projection

In the present year 2017 estimated population of the Athani town is 51,708. Considering the

Solid Waste generation at the rate of 350 gm per capita per day the total waste generated is

30,000

50,000

70,000

90,000

2011 2022 2032 2042

Arithematic Incremental Method

Geometric Average of Geometric and Incremental

Adopted Method




31

18.10 MT / day. The normative waste generation is at higher side and it is considered for

future projections.

TABLE 3-4 WASTE GENERATION IN ATHANI

Year Projected

Population

Solid Waste Generated in Tons/Day

Total Solid

Waste TPD

Biodegradable

(50%) TPD

Recyclable

(30%) TPD Inert (20%) TPD

2017 51708 18.10 9.05 5.43 3.62

2022 55146 19.30 9.65 5.79 3.86

2027 58791 20.58 10.29 6.17 4.12

2032 62654 21.93 10.96 6.58 4.39

2037 66749 23.36 11.68 7.01 4.67

2042 71089 24.88 12.44 7.46 4.98

SOURCE: AIILSG Analysis

3.4 Waste Collection

3.4.1 Primary Waste Collection

Door to Door Primary Collection of waste started by ULB in all 23 Wards Primary Collection

is being done in 2 shifts to improve the collection efficiency with available vehicles. Some of

the drivers & assistants required on Primary Collection Vehicles are permanent and some

are outsourced. Door to door primary collection of waste is in practice from 7094

households in the town with help municipal vehicles. Auto tippers, Mini truck vehicles and

pushcarts are deployed for the door to door collection purpose. To get maximum primary

collection efficiency, door to door collection is being done. Some drivers and assistants

required on these vehicles are permanent and few are outsourced.

TABLE 3-5: DETAILS OF PRIMARY COLLECTION

Sr. No

Type of Vehicle.

Vehicle No Year of Procurement

Used For Area Covered

1 Tractor Trolley

KA-23 A-1526

2003-2004

Cleaning of Bins in the town and dumping the waste to the Dumping Ground

Daily one round to the Dumping Ground Moring 5 to 10 am Afternoon 2 to 5 Pm

2 Tractor Placer

KA-23 A-1519

2008-2009

Collecting and transporting container bins to the Dumping Ground

Daily two rounds to the Dumping Ground Moring 5 to 10 am Afternoon 2 to 5 Pm

3 Hydraulic Auto

KA-23 A-5976,

2011-2012 Door To Door Collection of Waste

Residential areas not accessible by Tractor




32

Sr. No

Type of Vehicle.

Vehicle No Year of Procurement

Used For Area Covered

Tipper KA-23 A-5979

4 Sucking Machine

KA-23 A-3031

2011-2012 Septic Tank waste removal -

5 407 6 Wheeler

KA-23 A-6410

2011-2012 Collection and transport of Plastic bins.

Daily two rounds to the Dumping Ground Moring 5 to 10 am Afternoon 2 to 5 Pm

Source – Athani Town Municipal Council 2016

The existing routes of the vehicles are actually marked on the field and maps are provided in

the annexure.

3.4.2 Commercial areas and Markets

The town has a central market area and it is estimated to generate 1.8 ton of waste daily.

The Shops and other commercial establishments are estimated to generate about 1-1.5 ton

of waste daily.

3.4.3 Hospital and Nursing home wastes

Bio medical waste generated by Hospitals and clinics is separately collected by a bio Medical

Waste Collection Agency from Belagavi. It caters to all the healthcare establishments (13) of

the town and independently handles the process of collection, transportation, treatment

and disposal of healthcare waste from medical establishments.

3.4.4 Hotels and Restaurants Waste

In Athani town there are about 65 restaurants and hotels, some with lodging facilities. Most

of the hotels and restaurants are located in the main town. The quantity of waste generated

is about 0.7 TPD and is collected through the door to door collection system.

3.4.5 Construction Waste

Construction and demolition wastes are heavy, having high density often bulky and occupy

considerable storage space either on the road or communal waste bin/container.

Construction debris is also collected and dumped at the current dumping site. It is estimated

that about 2-2.5 ton of construction debris is generated daily

3.4.6 Slaughterhouse Waste




33

At present there is no separate functional Slaughterhouse in the town. Small scale

Slaughtering activity is undertaken by Chicken Mutton Shops in their private premises. There

is about 0.5 TPD of waste generation from these sources in the TMC currently. At present,

there is no separate facility available for treatment and disposal of Slaughterhouse waste.

3.5 Street Sweeping

The total area of the Town is 8.27 sq. Km and total road length 63.39 kms. The street

sweeping work is carried out from 6.00 AM to 12.00 PM in the morning hours. The shift

could extend till 1 PM in case of excess waste or inefficient operation of sweepers. Street

sweeping happens usually in single shift unless there is a lot of waste generated in a day or

there are special occasions in the town. The garbage along with construction waste and

drain silt after seeping is transported to dumping site with the help of tractor trailer.

At present the Town roads is divided into different types of categories such as Type A road,

Type B road and Type C road. It is proposed that all the roads of the Town need to divided

into 3 types. The schedule of Street sweeping and the road length covered is as given below:

Sr. No Type of Road Length of road Frequency of Sweeping

1. Type ‘A’ 9.51 Everyday

2. Type ‘B’ 19.91 Two or three times a week

3. Type ‘C’ 33.74 Once a week

4. Type ‘D’ 0.23 Occasionally

Total 63.39

3.6 Tools Used

Significant amount of waste is disposed on the streets. Most of the main streets consist of

waste materials like plastic covers, paper waste etc. The Sweeping staffs are provided long

hand brooms, metal plates and wheel barrows. The street sweeping staffs are provided

with, gloves, masks, sweeping carts, gum boots and metal trays. None of the workers wear

jackets or mask to cover themselves from dust while sweeping. Sweepers use their hands

and brooms sometimes to collect waste from waste heaps and put into plastic bags.

3.7 Transportation of wastes

Transportation of the solid waste generated in the town is being managed by TMC. Primary

transportation refers to transporting of waste generated from waste generators to the

waste storage container bins. Primary transportation of waste is practiced presently in




34

Athani. Secondary transportation refers to collection of waste from intermediate storage

points like dumper bins and open points to disposal unit. TMC is presently managing the

secondary transportation with its vehicles. Tractor Placer and Tractor trailers are used as

secondary transportation vehicles.

TABLE 3-6 MSW TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES AND QUANTIFICATION OF MSW

Type of Vehicles Number Average qty. of waste / vehicle in TPD

No. of trips/ day

Total qty. of waste transported to landfill site in TPD

Auto tippers / Mini tippers

2 0.75 2 3

Tractor trailers 2 1.5 2 6

Tipper trucks 1 1.5 2 3

Dumper placers - -

Compactors - -

Qty. of waste unlifted -

Total 12 Source: Athani Municipal Council

PICTURE 3-1: TRANSPORTATION OF MSW




35

Collectively the Athani Municipal Council transports 12 TPD of Municipal Solid Waste. The

solid waste dumping site located 7 km away from the Municipal Council office of Athani at

Survey No. 452, Chamakeri Maddi.

3.8 Processing and disposal of wastes

TMC had bought site for Solid Waste disposing near Chamakeri Maddi to the south of the

town. The landfill is located at a distance of about 7 kms from the town center. The total

area of the landfill site is about 13.6 Acres. The landfill site is completely fenced. There is

facility for a watchman’s room. TMC has not deployed any trip entry recorders for the trips

of each vehicle on all days. The disposal site is provided with a 24-hour watchman. The

landfill site does not have weighing bridge. The waste brought to the depot by tractors is

dumped inside and backhoe loader is deployed from time to time form heaps of the wastes.

The waste heaps are not covered with inert material.




36

FIGURE 3-2 CONTOUR MAP FOR SWM SITE ATHANI

3.8.1 Approach Road & Internal Road

There is a tar road connecting the town to the landfill site. The internal main road and other

roads within is tar road.




37

3.8.2 Compound wall & Watchman Shed:

Athani Landfill site has a compound wall present along most of its perimeter. Watchman

shed has been constructed and is in use presently.

3.8.3 Bore well and Water Tank

3 bore wells are drilled in addition to a water tank at the landfill site to fulfill the water

requirement in landfill site.

3.8.4 Platform:

A RCC Windrow Platform has been constructed.

3.9 Segregation of recyclables wastes

There is no systematic mechanism of Segregation of recyclable waste in Athani. The

preliminary level of sorting and recycling happens at the household level. After that the

waste collected is mixed waste, and the same is send to the dumping site.

Athani has recently started a vermicomposting plant of capacity 2 TPD at the landfill site,

and this would require segregation of the waste.

PICTURE 3-2: VERMICOMPOSTING SHEDS

Rag pickers collect the recyclables from the waste heaps dumped by the waste carrying

vehicles. The rag pickers also collect the recyclables like plastics and metals from the

container bins and open points of the town. As per the town officials estimates there are

about six waste pickers working in the area.




38

Presently there is no mechanism of collection, transportation or processing of the bio

degradable and non bio degradable waste separately in Athani.

3.10 Staff involved in SWM

Following are the number of staff involved in the management of Solid Waste.

TABLE 3-10 MAN POWER EMPLOYED FOR SOLID WASTE

Sr.No Position Permanent basis

1 Sanitary Inspector 1

2 Mukadam 2

3 Total no. of Subordinate staff including sweepers etc 50

Total 53

SOURCE: ATHANI Municipal Council

3.11 Municipal Solid Waste Composition

3.11.1 Physical Composition of MSW

The composition of the waste becomes crucial to decide an efficient SWM system. To

understand the waste character disposed in the land fill in Athani, An analysis of the

composition of the fresh waste was conducted for 2 days. 4 samples were selected and

analyzed for 2 consecutive days by using the quartering technique.

About 40 kg of fresh waste was selected randomly by the waste carrying vehicles for

conducting the quartering technique. About 10 kg of waste from the selected 40 kg of waste

was selected for conducting waste composition analysis. The selected 10 kg sample was

segregated with the help of rag pickers and each segregated material is weighed.

The analysis shows an organic content in the waste of 40.9 %, 20.4 % recyclable materials,

30.4% of silt and stones and miscellaneous items of 10%. The quantity of silt and stone is

high because of collection of waste from roads while sweeping.

The particulars of waste composition and analysis conducted are presented below based on

the analysis conducted at the landfill. The table below gives the average waste composition

of selected samples.

TABLE 3-7 PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE IN PERCENTAGE

Sr. No Particulars Day 1 In %

Day 2 In %

Average In %

1 Plastic Material 9.3 7.8 8.55




39

Sr. No Particulars Day 1 In %

Day 2 In %

Average In %

2 Paper 8.1 7.6 7.85

3 Cloth pieces 7.9 8.7 8.3

4 Organic Waste 39.3 42.5 40.9

5 Glass Pieces 0.9 0.6 0.75

6 Wood Pieces 2.7 2.8 2.75

7 Metal Pieces 0.5 0.6 0.55

8 Silt, Stone, & Moisture 31.3 29.5 30.4

9 E-waste Negligible

Total 100 100 100

SOURCE: ANALYSIS BY AIILSG

FIGURE 3-3PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

3.11.2 Chemical Composition of MSW

The chemical composition of waste is conducted. The results of the findings are as below.

Date of Sampling – 09/12/15

Type of Sample – Municipal Solid Waste

Sample received on date- 10/12/15

Analysis Date- 10/12/15 to 11/12/15

Reporting date- 12/12/15

Sample Location - TMC Athani, Karnataka

TABLE 3-8 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE WASTE

No. Parameters Results Unit

1 Moisture Content 19.64 %

2 pH of 10% Solution 8.27 -

3 Total Nitrogen (N) 0.37 %

4 Total Phosphates (P2O5) 0.24 %

Plastic Material8.55%

Paper7.85%

Cloth pieces8.3%

Organic Waste40.9%

Glass Pieces0.75%

Wood Pieces 2.75%

Metal Pieces0.55%

Silt, Stone, & Moisture

30.4%

Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste




40

No. Parameters Results Unit

5 Potash (K2O) 1.97 %

6 Organic Carbon 28.10 %

7 Carbon: Nitrogen Ratio (C : N) 197 : 1 -

8 Gross Calorific Value in Cal/gm 1019 Cal/gm

3.12 Segregation of recyclables wastes

There is no systematic mechanism of Segregation of recyclable waste in Athani. Segregation of

waste is not practiced at generator level or at disposal. The waste generators like

households, commercial establishments and other institutions usually dump recyclable and

non recyclable waste together in open points or in container bins located nearby. Very few

of the commercial establishments like hotels practice the segregation of waste by storing

food waste separately which is given to animal husbandry units. Presently there is no

mechanism of separate collection, transportation or processing of the bio degradable and

non bio degradable waste in Athani.

3.13 Present expenditure on Solid Waste Management

Following table explains the existing expenditure and revenue generation regarding the

Solid Waste Management at Athani Municipal Council.

i. Expenditure details

S. No. Activities Expenditure / year (Lakhs)

1 Salary of permanent PKs 56.60

2 Wages for outsource PKs+drivers 61.15

3 Vehicle running and Maintenance cost 36.69

4 Consumable etc.

5 Total 154.44

ii. Revenue details

S. No. Particulars Amount (lakhs)

1 % of Property tax reserved towards SWM and cleaning activities 20.63

2 SWM Cess 19.1

3 Sale of compost, recyclables, RDF etc 19.56

4 Components of Town planning Fee, advertisement tax, birth / death certificate fee etc towards SWM and cleaning activities

-

5 Fines and fees available for SWM and cleaning activities -

6 Others

Total 59.31




41

4 Issues and Gaps in the present

Management System of MSW

4.1 Gaps and issues in Athani

The analysis of the preliminary information collected of Athani town, highlights certain good

measures and systems adopted by the town and certain areas that require improvement

and infrastructure development.

Door to door waste collection is undertaken in 66.3% of the town. Street sweeping and

drain cleaning are also done frequently. The town has made provision for adequate landfill

site and has constructed a vermicomposting facility.

The preliminary issues and gaps identified are:

As people do not practice segregation of waste at source, there is need for

awareness generation.

Although door to door collection is 66.3%, people also tend to throw the waste on

open ground, which is why the council has provided bins along the streets. Despite

this, there are some points in the town having open dumping.

Currently all the waste collected is only partially processed at the landfill site without

prior segregation, leading to the remaining waste lying there as it is.

There is lack of personnel operating at the processing facility.

The current collection and transportation system is not optimized.

The entire solid waste management system has to be gradually up scaled to meet

the future needs of the town. The system has to be planned for the increased quanta

of waste which have to be handled properly.

The Landfill site has to be retro-fitted to become a sanitary landfill site. The

procedures for its operation and maintenance have to be prepared and

operationalized.

The financial management plans for the Solid waste management system have to be

reviewed and improved to assist in revenue generation and creating a sustainable

and self sufficient system.

Training for the staff in the solid waste management department to improve

efficiency and safety standards may be required.




42

5 Potential Strategies suggested for MSWM

5.1 Overall Concept of waste management proposed

The mechanism of solid waste management system in Athani requires a reorganized model

to meet the requirements of the MSW rules 2016. The major effort required in this regard is

towards the procedural improvements of the waste segregation at source, transportation

and disposal. TMC at present is collecting 66.3% of waste generated, but public awareness

on the solid waste management is lacking. The strategies are suggested in the following four

areas:

Public awareness: Waste generation is increasing in urban areas as the use of packaged

consumer goods is increasing. The impacts of inefficient solid waste management are

directly related to public health. It is thus very essential that the citizens of the town be

equal partners with the town administration to reduce the problem of waste. Public

participation is thus the cornerstone in a successful solid waste management plan. Public

participation is essential in the following activities.

1. Reduce, Reuse & Recycling (R R R) of waste.

2. Not to throw the waste/litter on the streets drains, open spaces, water bodies, etc.

3. Storage of organic/bio-degradable and recyclable waste separately at source.

4. Primary collection of waste

5. Community storage/collection of waste in flats, slums, societies, commercial complexes,

etc and other waste source generators.

6. Pay adequately for the services provided.

Generating public awareness on these issues and garnering public participation for an

effective solid waste management in the town requires a sustained approach and efforts by

the administration and the elected representatives.

Collection of waste: Collection from all the waste generators has to be at door step in each

of the existing 23 wards. This would include residential, commercial and institutional

facilities.

Door to door collection of waste will reduce the burden of secondary collection system due

to reduced number of open points. The MSW from markets and other common places

would be collected through sweeping teams. The waste collected from door to door system

and by the sweeping teams deployed for market areas and other public spaces will be




43

disposed in the landfill. Roads sweeping and drain cleaning would be a separate waste flow

from collection to disposal.

Collection of segregated municipal waste from the source of its generation is an essential step in solid waste management. Inefficient waste collection service has an impact on public health and aesthetics of towns and cities. Collection of wet and dry waste separately enhances the potential of cost effective treatment of such wastes and of deriving optimum advantage from the recyclable material fed into the system. 2 differently coloured bins, 10-15 litres each per household are recommended to promote and ensure segregation: • Covered Green Bin: Wet waste • Covered Blue Bin: Dry Waste

Waste Collection bins at optimum

distance(between 25-250

meters)should be placed at public

places to avoid littering

On site composting of yard waste/

green waste could also be promoted

The proposed concept requires establishing primary waste collection and transportation

system. This would result in reduced burden of solid waste management on secondary

transportation and will reduce the number of open points in the town. Resource recovery is

a significant component of the new proposal. Dry waste collection centre would be set up as

per design requirements. It is also proposed to integrate the informal and recycling sector

involving rag pickers and kabadiwalas prevalent in Athani into the formal system by

recognizing their work and by providing required support services.

Role of the Informal Sector in Primary Waste Collection

The involvement of the informal sector is also to be examined and integrated into the waste

management system of the town. The informal sector in any town comprises of two systems i.e. the

kabadi system or the rag pickers.

The informal “kabadi system” network forms an important link in the overall waste recycling system

prevalent in the country. They can be compared to micro-entrepreneurs who buy reusable and

recyclable material like newspapers, metal, glass, cardboards, plastics, etc. from households or

commercial areas. Citizens should be encouraged to continue the practice of selling recyclable




44

wastes to the “kabadi system”, as they constitute the first link in the waste recycling system.

Rag pickers are also an important part of the informal recycling system and are instrumental in

recovering discarded recyclables in disposed municipal waste that have not been bought by the

kabadi system. In an ideal system, rag pickers should be integrated into the system by training and

employing them for door-to-door collection of waste by the RWA’s, NGOs, CBOs and the like. The

rag pickers who work as waste collectors should be allowed to collect recyclables separately

alongside wet and dry fractions.

Rag pickers may also be encouraged to form cooperatives, through the involvement of local

NGOs/Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and may be allowed to collect recyclables from households. Such

initiatives will not only ensure a higher level of income to rag pickers, but will also ensure hygienic

conditions for rag pickers and environmentally safe waste recycling practices. Also, a lot of rag

pickers are usually harassed by the police, property owners, and shop keepers in the vicinity. Many

of them have to justify their work to various people and are condemned by society. Many of them

are in fact women, who have to live with the insecurity of harassment and threat to their livelihood.

Organizing them into cooperatives tend to protect their rights thereby retaining their dignity of

labour, work, their right to livelihood and right to access recyclables.

ULBs should make concerted efforts to integrate the informal sector of rag pickers into regular waste

collection operations through the private sector, NGOs, RWAs etc

Transportation of waste:

The transportation of the waste will be classified into primary and secondary transportation.

The primary transportation vehicles will be auto tippers, push carts and 4 wheeled

vehicles involved in door to door collection. These primary transportation vehicles

will collect the waste from the generators on a daily basis and dispose the waste at

disposal point.

The segregated wet waste would be directly transferred by twin compartment Auto

tipper to processing facility on landfill site. The waste collection in slum areas will be

done by push carts. The waste from the pushcarts shall be deposited in to the auto

tipper assigned in the respective zones.

The secondary transportation of waste from road sweeping and drainage cleaning

will be done by tractor trailers. Tractor trailers will be used to transport drainage

waste and construction and demolition debris.




45

Street sweeping and drain cleaning waste is to be collected in separate bins and transported directly to the sanitary landfill facility

Both manual and mechanical street cleaning are suggested. However manual street cleaning is preferred in narrow, congested streets and in streets where the road carpeting is damaged.

Skip Trucks are recommended for transportation of large quantities of C&D and inert waste

The manual streets cleaning are suggested. However manual street cleaning is preferred in narrow, congested streets and in streets where the road carpeting is damaged.

Truck/tractor mounted with pressure water jetting and suction machine

In order to ensure that sweepers do not dispose

waste into drains, same staff that is responsible for

cleaning street should be made responsible for

cleaning adjacent drains as well.

Silt removed from surfaced rains and stored on the

shore of the drain should be collected as soon as

possible and transported directly to the landfill

Disposal of Waste:

The final disposal of the waste has to be through a sanitary landfill site, after removal of the

recyclable and biodegradable waste. This need to be processed separately and only inert

and non biodegradable waste should be taken to the landfill site. The handling of waste and

the landfill site has to be scientific to avoid accidents.

5.2 Proposed Waste Flow Processes

The municipal wastes generated in the town will be collected using the following different

types of collection systems as follows -




46

FIGURE 5-1PROPOSED WASTE FLOWCHART FOR ATHANI




47

47

5.3 Storage of waste at Source

No waste should be thrown on the streets, footpaths, open spaces, drains or water bodies,

nallas etc. Waste should be stored at source of waste generation in three bins/ bags, one for

food waste/ bio-degradable waste, another for recyclable waste such as papers, plastic,

metal, glass, rags etc, and the third one for wastes such as batteries , containers for

chemical plastics pesticides, discarded medicines and other toxic or hazardous household

waste, if such waste is generated in high quantities at the household level.

5.4 Segregation of Waste at Source

The TMC has a need to conduct IEC campaigns to achieve waste segregation at source. The

local body may draw up a program of conducting awareness campaign in various wards of

the town utilizing the ward committees, local NGO’s and resident welfare association.

Detailed IEC programme is provided in Chapter 8. The waste segregated at source is a

resource itself.

[Recent Source segregation Promotional activity carried out by Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagaran Palike]

5.5 Door to Door Collection and routing plan

Collection of municipal wastes from Households and commercial establishments like

provision stores and institutions like colleges, temples, theatres, malls etc would be part of




48

door to door collection system. The primary transportation vehicles like push carts, auto

tippers will be used for door to door collection. The deployed door to door collection

vehicles would visit each and every waste generator in the deployed area. The collected

waste will be disposed by these vehicles directly to the Landfill site.

The collected waste will be disposed by these vehicles into the landfill site directly. There is

no provision of Secondary Storage proposed. The containers bins used for secondary

storage are not viable for efficient SWM system.

Door to door collection of waste would be introduced for collection of waste from

residential and commercial waste generators in Athani. Athani TMC would be responsible

for conducting door to door collection operations in the allotted packages. The service

provider shall provide the man power, vehicles and equipments required for the door to

door collection mechanism.

The residents and other waste generators are expected to store the waste and hand over

the waste to the door to door waste collection staff. TMC should insist the waste generators

to dispose the waste only through door to door step mechanism and avoid throwing the

waste into open points and drainages. The door to door waste collection staff would collect

the waste each and every day including national holidays and Sundays.




49

TMC should make it mandatory to waste generator that waste need to be segregated at

source. Also it has been advised to procure 2 Plastic bins at waste generator, so that waste

can be stored separately. The segregated dry waste and wet waste will be collected by twin

compartment Auto- Tipper. Auto Tipper will carry this waste to Dry Waste collection centers

to deposit dry waste separately and only wet waste will be carried to Landfill site for further

processing and disposal. The dry waste or Recyclable material can be collected at regular

intervals as may be convenient to the waste producer and the TMC.

The door to door collection operations will be done using a combination of auto tippers,

push carts. The numbers of each type of vehicles required for door to door collection have

been calculated in the estimates for each individual package.

One auto tipper is suggested for 1400 HH (Assuming daily two trips to the landfill

site) for individual Door to Door collection.

One Push Cart is suggested for 200 HH in congested and slum areas.

Optimized Route Micro-plan for Auto tippers –

TABLE 5-1 MICRO-PLAN FOR AUTOTIPPERS

Athani TMC

Microplanning of Door to Door Collection

Ve

hic

le

No

.

Trip

s

War

d N

o.

Ro

ute

Zo

nes

No

. of

HH

(2

01

7)

Star

t

Po

int

Are

a C

ove

red

End

Po

int

Auto tipper

1

1 15,14

Zone 8

736 TMC Gasti plot,Rani channama circle,Kendra shala,Hippargi galli,Kurbar galli.

Landfill Site

2 15 Zone 9

679 TMC Bus stand road,Shankar Nagar,Jamkhandi road,CSR kittur high school, SMS college,LIC office,Sangameshwar nagar,Jamkhandi road,Vidyavartak school,Bus stand.

Landfill Site

Auto tipper

2

1 5,7 Zone 3

721 TMC Bajantri galli, Ashray colony,Urdu School,Sharmalaya road,Shrungar Bhatti,Gausiddha maddi,Gausiddha maddi mandir,Sharmalaya road,Madar galli.

Landfill Site

2 3,6 Zone 4

951 TMC Sangal galli,SMR ITI,Bangantri galli,Bijapur galli,Vadar galli,Gausiddha maddi raod,Bangantri galli.

Landfill Site

Auto tipper

1 4 Zone 2

692 TMC Bijapur Road,Gausiddha maddi,Gausiddha maddi mandir,APMC.

Landfill Site




50

Athani TMC

3 2 13,12

Zone 7

800 TMC Hppargi galli,Godgindi galli,Patait galli,Pattar galli,Budhwar peth,Patait galli(Budhwar peth road),Hanuman mandir road.

Landfill Site

Auto tipper

4

1 8,9 Zone 5

1194 TMC Ambedkar Nagar,Siddharth Nagar,Urdu school,Bus stand road,CSR kittur high school,Jamkhandi road,SMS college,Sai nagar,Bus stand.

Landfill Site

2 10,11

Zone 6

683 TMC Budhawar Peth Road,Modgi math,Gajji galli,Budhawar Peth Road,Modgi math,Gajji galli,Garkin math,Bukhad road,Market road.

Landfill Site

Auto tipper

5

1 1,2 Zone 1

564 TMC Modgi math,Bukhad galli,Gajji galli,Garkin math,Siddheshwar road,Shadi mahal,Siddheshwar Nagar.

Landfill Site

2 16,17,18

Zone 11

860 TMC KEB,Police station,Kendra shala,Apradh galli,Joshi galli,Kumbhar bhavi galli,Patait galli.

Landfill Site

Auto tipper

6

1 19,20,23

Zone 12

1065 TMC Shantinagar,Vikrampur badavne,GYM,Hari mandir,,College,IB road,Miraj road,Shivaji road,Miraj road,Basweshwar ganpati circle mandir,BSNL Office,Huggar galli,Adsar galli,Akbal galli,Hanuman mandir road,Tase galli,Maratha galli,Jat road.

Landfill Site

Auto tipper

7

1 16 Zone 10

802 TMC Hospital,Shantinagar,Bus stand road,Vikrampur,College,IB road.

Landfill Site

Auto tipper

8

1 21,22

Zone 13

953 TMC TMC,IB Road,GYM,Vikrampur badavne,Shantinagar,Niravari ilake office,Hari mandir,Vidyanagar,IB road,Maratha galli,Miraj road,Basweshwar ganpati circle mandir,BSNL Office,Jat road.

Landfill Site

5.5.1 Streets sweeping

Conducting street sweeping operations, cleaning and removal of waste from public places,

office areas, administrative areas, markets, parks and other general places are considered

for collection of waste using sweeping mechanism. The street sweeping staff would clean

these areas regularly considering the quantity of waste generated in these generators. The

requirement of Push Carts and tractor trailer for the street sweeping are explained in




51

Chapter 9. The sweepers should be compulsorily given safety equipments. The table below

gives the details of the safety equipments to be given to sweepers.

TABLE 5-2: DETAILS OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

S.N Safety

equipment Safety against Specifications Picture

1 Face mask Protect against dust/

infection Standard surgical mask

2 Full arm

Uniform Protection against dust Factory wear uniforms

3 Safety

shoes

Minor wounds while

sweeping

PVC make, water proof

shoes

4 Hand gloves Protection against

infection

Standard toilet cleaning

gloves

5 Eye glasses Protection against dust Transparent factory

wear

6 Head cover Protection against dust Standard surgical wear

5.5.2 Targeted Waste Collection of Veg etable Market and Hotels

The Bulk Waste generators which generate more waste will be cleaned daily. Separate Auto

Tippers required to be deployed for waste collection from Vegetable Market, Kalyan

Mandap and Hotels.

Type of Vehicles Proposed (DPR) Existing nos. Nos. to be procured

Push carts 6 bin 33 0 33

Auto tippers 8 6 2

Tractor trailers 4 4 0

5.6 Slaughterhouse Waste

The ULB should collect all the slaughterhouse waste directly from the Generators and

disposed to the processing site in the windrows for aerobic composting. An alternative




52

method which can be used is that the Ulb shall treat the slaughter waste in RCC compost

pits of adequate size using bioculture. Good quality manure is produced in 6-8 weeks.

Leachate from the slaughter waste compost pit is collected and treated in a RCC tank and

the treated leachate may be used for spraying on windrows.

5.7 Biomedical Waste

Currently, the hospital and nursing home waste collection, transportation & disposal is done

by a biomedical waste collection agency. It is proposed that this system should be continued

in the future as well.

5.8 Dry Waste and E-waste Collection Centre

Dry waste collection centers are the decentralized units dedicated for collection of in

organic/ dry waste in the urban cities. The TMC can generate revenue by conducting this

operation.

The dry waste collection centers would function as a social enterprise. The collection

centers would buy the recoverable from the waste generators and sell it to the whole sale

scrap dealers. The additional monetary benefits would be used for O & M of the facility.

The TMC should insist on the private parties that the dry waste collection centers should be

set up and operated.

It is suggested that 1 dry waste collection centers (DWCC) need to be installed at Chamakeri.

The TMC should construct a second DWCC as soon as adequate land becomes available in

the town. Segregation of garbage into wet and dry waste is a simple and easy to identify.

However, segregating dry waste is more challenging.

Dry waste includes materials such as paper, plastic, glass, wire, cloth, leather, wire,

thermocol, metal, wood, rubber, rexine and fabric.

Households will need to encourage separately store dry waste at their premises. The TMC

would collect dry waste from their homes. Once a week, collection vehicle will separately

collect dry waste from homes, which will then be taken to Dry Waste Collection Centers

(DWCCs). Citizens on their own could also take their dry waste directly to DWCCs. This waste

will be segregated into different types of dry waste and then sold to recyclers.




53

However, this will only works if the dry waste is free of any wet or food waste. People will

have to separately store the dry waste in their homes and if it is mixed with wet waste it will

only cause problems to them. The Pourkarmikas will not collect mixed waste from the

citizens and dry waste will be collected in the twin compartment tipper.

Set up Dry Waste Collection Centre (DWCC)

Reduction of waste is also possible by setting up purchase / processing centers for dry

waste, like plastics, paper, etc.

Dry waste–shall be stored and delivered to the dry waste collection vehicle which shall be

provided by TMC or to the licensed DWCC set up on municipal / Government / private lands

NGO’s, RWA’s, SHGs, collectives.

SHG’s/Waste pickers need to be identified and encouraged to come forward to maintain the

DWCC. Such centres would ensure that the recyclable material is sold through properly

created channels to ensure that the recycled goods are not misused. According to dry waste

the DWCC shall pay the Pourkarmikas/Waste-pickers or any individual who bring the waste

to the centres as notified by TMC from time to time, this will encourage the public to

segregate the waste at source. A plastic bailing unit and weighing machine should be

present at the DWCC.

Waste managers at DWCC shall perform secondary and tertiary sorting of the waste, DWCC

before finally selling it to recycling centre’s. Collecting in bulk provides these informal sector

workers with larger returns, and creates more jobs. They aim to keep as much waste out of

the landfills/ waste dumps as possible and to help make waste useful and profitable. In the

process they also educate people about the importance of segregation, and provide safe

and hygienic work conditions to waste management workers.

These DWCC will further segregate the dry waste collected and sell them to a chain of scrap

dealers. The plastic waste is reused/ recycled for manufacturing various products.




54

For Collection of E – Waste – E-waste should be collected and transported to the DWCCs

which shall have separate containers for this waste. As per the guidelines of hazardous

waste management division of Central Pollution Control Board, there is a need to encourage

recycling of all useful and valuable material from e-waste so as to conserve the ever

depleting natural resources.

5.9 Construction and Demolition waste

Construction and demolition waste has been defined as ‘waste which arises from

construction, renovation and demolition activities. Also included within the definition are

surplus and damaged products and materials arising in the course of construction work or

used temporarily during the course of on-site activities’. The various streams of wastes to be

considered will include; Excavated materials, Concrete, Tiles, brick, ceramics, asphalt

Concrete, Plaster, Glass, Metal and steel, Plastics, Wood, asphalt, and Concrete rubbles, etc.

It is mandatory that every waste generator shall keep the construction and demolition

waste within the premise or get the waste deposited at collection centre so made by the

local body or handover it to the authorized processing facilities of construction and




55

demolition waste; and ensure that there is no littering or deposition of construction and

demolition waste so as to prevent obstruction to the traffic or the public or drains. Town

Municipal council should dump all C & D waste into designated areas, which has been

identified at Chamakeri.

5.10 Zero Waste Management

It is proposed that the ULB should begin zero waste practices in 2 wards during the DPR time

frame, and this area should be widened and broadened in a phase-wise manner in the

coming years. The process to achieve the same is explained in the following flow chart.

By definition, zero waste management begins at source, namely by segregating waste

generated into three main categories. These categories are broadly as follows –

1. Wet Waste

2. Dry Waste

3. Inert Waste

Segregated waste will be collected at source in the designated zero waste ward. The wet

waste will be composted using aerobic composting or vermicomposting as prime methods

or will be deposited in a biogas plant within the ward. The byproducts (compost and/or

biogas) produced after processing of the wet waste will be used for gardening and

plantations within the same wards. Biogas/biomethanation plants of small scale (500kg)




56

shall be sufficient for each ward. The dry waste produced within the same designated

ward(s) shall be collected by dedicated rag pickers and shall be bailed or sold to scrap

dealers. 2-3 rag pickers are proposed at each ward level for this purpose. Plastic and tetra

packs shall be bailed and the remainder along with metal and paper shall be sold as

recyclables. The quotations provided by a few scrap dealers are attached in the annexure for

further reference. The inert waste or C&D waste generated shall be deposited to low lying

areas and shall be used as filling material in construction of roads (within the wards).

IEC and Public awareness activities play a huge role in the achievement of zero waste

management. The ULB shall employ campaigns, rallies, and leaflet and pamphlet

distribution within the designated ward to educate the common man about the advantages

of zero waste management. Motivational activities should be conducted to promote the

same. Elaborate details for conducting IEC campaigns are given in Chapter 8.9 Public

Awareness and IEC.




57

6 Proposed Processing facility

The integrated waste management facility at Athani is proposed to be set up at existing

dumping ground. The area available at the processing and landfill site is 13.6 acres located

at distance of 7 kilometers from the town.

6.1 Technology Selection

The moisture content in Indian waste is high due to the high food and other organic content

in waste. In Athani if the silt wastes are removed from the waste stream, the organic matter

is about 40-60%. Such high moisture contents (19.64%) lead to low calorific value on as

received basis. Thermal processing is difficult and would require energy addition. Further as

mixed wastes are received there is always a threat of combusting plastics which can lead to

dioxins and furans release. It is recommended that no thermal processing technologies be

adopted in Athani.

Compost, vermicompost and Biomethanation plants are working successfully in many places

in India. These technologies recover the organic matter and make them into compost which

is a good soil conditioner and useful for soil management. Biomethanation has many useful

by-products like biogas, compost and potential use of the liquid as pest repellent etc. From

the agrarian environment of Athani the adoption of organic recovery solutions like

composting and vermicompost are the preferred options. We do not recommend

biomethanation at present as segregation is a primary requirement for successful operation

of biomethanation plants and this is not yet in practice. The Physical processing

technologies are useful to recover some of the non organic matter and should be integrated

into the main technology solution linked to organic waste recovery through composting.

Based on the above analysis it is recommended to have Composting and Vermicomposting

based waste management facility. This would be supported by the recycling of plastics and

other in organics. This technology proposed is simple and easy to implement with potential

to meet the overall objectives of waste management elucidated above. This is cost effective.




58

6.2 Aerobic Composting

Aerobic composting is a process of microbial degradation where organic matter is broken

down by a succession of organisms in a warm, moist aerobic environment (controlled

conditions.

Composting is a form of recycling. Like other recycling effort, the composting of municipal

solid waste can help decrease the amount of solid waste that must be sent to a landfill

thereby reducing disposal costs. Composting also yields a valuable product that can be used

by farmers, landscapers, horticulturists, government agencies and property owners as a soil

amendment or mulch. The compost product improves the condition of soil, reduces erosion

and helps suppress plant diseases.

Composting is an age old practice and the word compost is as old as agriculture itself. The

solid wastes of plant and animal origin are utilized for conservation of carbon and

mineralization.

6.2.1 Use of Inoculums

Special inoculum containing several pure strains of developed, laboratory-cultured micro-

organisms, which are essential in the decomposition of organic matter, can be used for

accelerated decomposition and quality improvement.

Microorganism used can be:

Bacillus sp.

Trichoderma sp.

Aspergillus sp.

Phanerochaete sp.




59

6.2.2 Layout Planning of Facil ity

The integrated facilities have been planned at waste site. Detailed layout plan and other

drawing of the waste processing and disposal facility are given in annexure.

TABLE 6-1 DETAILS OF LANDFILL LAYOUT

Existing Area of Athani Site 53226

Items to be Considered Existing Proposed Area Sq.mt

Site Office and Lab Yes

Landfill Site No 1 Yes 2221

Landfill Site No 2 Yes 2614

Lab Yes 96

Office Yes 48

Toilet yes 37

Security Cabin Yes 25

VCP Shed 1 Yes 354

VCP Shed 2 Yes 354

Vehicle Parking Yes 165

Vehicle Washing area Yes 96

Windrow compost pad (open) Yes 1200

Monsoon Shed Yes 600

Machine Shed yes 600

Windrow compost pad Yes 988

Weighbridge yes 30

Leachate Collection Tank yes 18

Leachate Sump yes 18

Road Areas yes 1430

Compound Wall Yes 290

Total 11184

Items to be Considered Existing Proposed Length (M)

Storm Water drains Yes 2886

Leachate Drain (Sump) yes 17

Leachate Drain (Windrow) yes 65

Total 2968




60

FIGURE 6-1 LAYOUT PLAN FOR SWM SITE ATHANI

The overall concept is to design waste processing and landfill site in coherence with the

existing facilities. It proposed to place the Waste Processing facilities towards the central




61

side of land. Adjacent to security building and additional office and lab building would be

constructed. Toilet facilities would also be provided. A parking area for vehicles, additional

composting facility, and vehicle cleaning unit is provided.

TABLE 6-2 DETAILS OF COMMON FACILITIES PROPOSED AT SITE

Sr.No. Component Details

1 Boundary Wall Compound wall is proposed to be built at landfill site

2 Internal Roads Total roads already exist.

3 Entrance gate Gate is present at the entry of the facility.

4 Weighbridge It is proposed to have 30 tons weighbridge of electromechanical type with 7 m x 3m loading platform at the entry of the waste management facility. The weigh bridge system would have a vehicle monitoring and staff time monitoring system.

5 Office building,

Lab and toilet

block

It is proposed to have office Building 5.9 X 9.3 Sq. M, Lab 9.8 X 9.3 Sq.

M & 4.5 X 3.8 Sq. M two toilet blocks with separate provision for men

and women.

6 Vehicle Parking It is proposed to have a vehicle parking at landfill site.

7 Power facilities Power connection is available at the facility. In addition it also

proposed to have a back up D G set of 60 KV capacity.

8 General Services The general services include the lighting of the facility for minimum

20 lux. No night operations are proposed and hence limited lighting is

adequate. Fire fighting tools are services are proposed including

preparation of a fire fighting requirement assessment and plan

preparation.

9 Plantation around

the boundary

It is proposed to have plantation around the landfill site as a buffer

area.

TABLE 6-3 DETAILS OF STRUCTURES PROPOSED

Name of the building / civil structure Cost / Sq. M , Cost / RMT Or Unit cost

Total Cost (Rs. in Lakh)

Compound wall / fencing 5569 16.15

Weighbridge, accessories and facilities 5.61

Windrow, Monsoon, Machine Shed platform 2530 60.72

Processing shed (screening, packaging etc), Monsoon Shed

4176 50.11

Laboratory 12664 25.17

Office building + toilets etc

Leachate collection and treatment system 3.48

Strom Water Gutter 1320 38.10

Leachate Collection Drain 772 0.50

Total cost 201.24




62

6.3 Processing Decomposed Garbage

The un-segregated garbage when completely decomposed turns into black color, earthy

aroma and free from pathogens. This decomposed material is passed through the process

machineries, which are simple and highly effective.

The contraries that are non-degradable materials like plastics, metals, glass, rubber and

other inert materials are easily separated in four stages of screening. The sieving operations

eliminates bits, sticks, gravels, metals and glass pieces making the end product highly

uniform in size and quality.

Use of inoculum like consortium of degrading microorganisms has been recommended

mainly to reduce period of decomposition to around 40 to 45 days and also to prevent foul

smell and leachate generation.

6.4 Proposed Infrastructure at Landfill Site

6.4.1 Windrow Platform

This is an area where the entire waste received is turned at regular intervals. A windrow

platform of 30 X 40 sq. m is proposed to be constructed at the landfill site at Athani. In the

instant case the concrete yard is designed in such a way that the fresh garbage received

during the first 30 days is decomposed so that the volume and weight of the organic matter

is considerably reduced. Inertisation is attained and the stability of organic matter is

expected after 30 days. Decomposed matter is processed to obtain coarse organic manure

(semi processed organic manure). The semi processed organic manure is allowed for

stabilization for another 15 days and screened so that the final end product in the form of

organic manure is received after passing through 4mm sieve. Such organic manure is a

completely decomposed organic matter which is sanitized and stabilized.

6.4.2 Leachate Tanks

Leachate tanks are designed in such a way that the leachate generated during the course of

decomposition of organic fraction of waste is collected in the drains leading to leachate

tanks. Leachate tank of 6 X 3 X 1.8 cum is proposed at the current landfill site.




63

6.4.3 Office building and Laboratory

An office building with a laboratory and toilet facility is proposed at the landfill site.

6.4.4 Tree Plantation

The landfill site already has a few trees in its area. A total of 3 rows of plantation is

proposed.

6.4.5 Processing Machinery, Vehicles and Equipments

Mainly, three machineries are proposed to be present at the landfill site, namely 35mm

sieve trommel, 14 mm sieve trommel, 4 mm sieve trommel. Their respective feeder and

reject conveyors are also proposed.

A tractor trailer (already existing with the TMC) shall be used for internal transport of waste

in the landfill site. A front end loader with backhoe is proposed to be used for turning of

waste in the windrows.

6.4.6 Machinery shed

The shed of 40m X 30m X 5m is proposed for Trommels (35/14/4mm) and their conveyors.

This shed will also be used as a monsoon shed, to accommodate the processing machinery;

provision is made to process the waste even during rainy season as 8 to 10 days material will

be protected from rain water. This shed is also to be used for storing accessories, various

parts of the machineries, processing equipment’s, oil & lubricants etc. Packaging of compost

and its storage will also be carried out in this shed. Compost packaging and storage unit

should also be accommodated here.

6.4.7 DG set

A DG set is proposed as an alternative power source.

6.4.8 Power Supply

A total power supply of 100 kW per day is necessary to take care of composting activity

including lighting in the composting area. A transformer with poles and sodium light is also

found to be necessary in order to help continuous supply of power.




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6.4.9 Rain Water Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is accumulation & deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather

than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from roofs, and in many places the water

collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation.

This water can be used for watering plants, vehicle cleaning etc. The harvested water can

also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as

groundwater recharge.

For Construction of Rainwater Harvesting Project, which would carry rainwater runoff from

rooftops & along the roof lining, buildings for Office and commercial sectors needs specific

requirements as stated below.

• Maximum roof coverage area should be considered, which includes monsoon shade,

machine shade and vermicomposting shades and any other temporary or extended

shades which are along the office building.

• Pipelines carry the water to the recharge pits provided inside the premises.

• Every recharge pit is measuring of 4 x 3 x 3 cum.

6.4.9.1 RECHARGE P IT BU ILD I NG

• Dig a pit 4m wide near the office or structure till you reach the water level.

• Dig one more meter deep and put a layer of charcoal and 1/2 meters of river sand

which acts as a strainer. If required, use an iron sheet all around the pit to keep the

pit from collapsing. Remove the sheet after you put charcoal and one and half

meters of river sand.

• Connect one pipe to the DOWNPIPE that comes from the roof.

• A strainer at the top will keep leaves and other wastes from going down along with

the rainwater.

• Rainwater displaces the dense hard water underground. If water comes up to the

surface, put half a meter of ordinary sand on top of river sand. This will prevent the

water from overflowing. Once a week, pour bleaching powder solution through the

pipe on the roof. This will cleanse the pipe thoroughly on regular basis.




65

FIGURE 6-2 DETAILS OF DIFFERENT LAYERS IN RECHARGE PIT

6.4.9.2 MAINTENANCE O F REC H ARGE P I T

The Recharge Pits have to be cleaned regularly as it would have clogged with run-off sand,

mud, leaves etc. Clean the recharge pit once a year. Dig out the filler material. And fill it

once again with clean materials.

6.5 Design of recommended processing and disposal options

The detailed drawings of the processing and disposal facilities have been provided in

annexure.

6.5.1 Waste Segregation Facil ity

The waste arriving at the integrated waste management facility should be weighed at the

gate and data recorded. The vehicles arriving are smart segregated. The balance of the

materials will be taken to the windrow platform and tipped, which is followed by aerobic

composting process.

6.5.2 Aerobic composting facil ity

Aerobic Composting is used for stabilizing organic matter. Composting results in production

of stable product i.e. compost which depending upon its quality can be used as soil

conditioner or potting medium. In this section the detailed design and technical

specifications of the compost facility are discussed.




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Aerobic Waste decomposition processes: an overview

Aerobic composting involves the stabilization of the organics into compost by

microorganisms, which require the oxygen in air for their survival and growth. During this

process of conversion heat is released. There are ideal limits for different parameters within

which these microorganisms survive. Adequate moisture is required for the microorganisms

to survive and composting to take place. If these conditions are ensured to be stable the

compost quality and time of composting process can be controlled. In batch conditions the

composting process continues at progressively reducing rate as the oxygen becomes a

limiting factor or organics get consumed. To ensure the survival of these organisms the

availability of oxygen in the waste being composted has to be ensured through provision of

air. For economic reasons the time of composting is restricted till the major conversion is

done and subsequently compost maturing is taken up till the compost is safe for application

to plants. The organics typically have high moisture and in the compost process this is

removed. There are different possible configurations of holding waste and providing air for

aerobic composting. The selection of this is based on economics and competence in

handling technology.

The various parameters that affect the composting process and the compost quality are

organisms’ population, carbon Nitrogen ratio, temperature, aeration and moisture. The

above-mentioned controlling parameters need to be monitored in the industrial scale plant.

In large composting operations it is necessary to monitor the wastewater, which comes out

of the organic waste, called leachate. The production of this leachate has to be minimized

and whatever leachate is generated has to be collected and reused for maintaining the

moisture content of the heap and as an inoculum.

Design choices

There are many alternative approaches, which have been adopted for composting of

municipal solid wastes based on the broad principle of aerobic composting. The following

approach has been adopted for Athani.

The waste as received is pre-sorted. The waste is formed into windrows and aerated. Roof is

proposed for the composting yard. The design is based on a 35-day waste composting cycle




67

with 15-day additional provision in concrete yard for additional waste load and for

management during monsoons.

Sizing of plant

The composting plant has been grouped into 3 parts. The inertising part, which is the basic

composting process consisting of the wastes windrowing process including aeration so that

a stabilized material is produced. The second part is the compost segregation plant also

called the processing facility where the stabilized wastes are segregated into compost and

rejects and finally maturation and storage part.

The Process Flow

The proposed type of waste processing facility is Windrow Composting system. Turning of

windrows is to be done using front end loader with backhoe. The step-by step process

operations are given below. The various aspects, which come into play at each of the steps,

are also given.

FIGURE 6-3: SQUEEZE TEST TO ESTIMATE MOISTURE CONTENT




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Waste processing facility

Step 1: The waste is transferred from segregation facility to the aerobic composting yard.

Step 2: The segregated waste is sent to the windrow platform. The windrow is then sprayed

with bio culture slurry.

Step 3: The windrow is maintained for 7 days. The temperature is monitored to ensure that

the composting process is ongoing. The leachate from the windrow comes out and is

collected in the drain. The drain is connected to the leachate tank. The leachate from

leachate tank is used for making the inoculum slurry.

Step 4: At 7 days from start the first windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would have

reduced by 15% compared to start with moisture reduction and degradation. While re-

forming the windrow addition of inoculums slurry and water to maintain the moisture is

done using the trailer mounted slurry tank. The temperature profile in the second windrow

is monitored. The leachate from the windrow may come out and is collected in the drain.

Step 5: At 14 days from start the second windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would

have reduced by about 15% compared to start of windrow 2 with moisture reduction and

degradation. The balance of the waste is reformed into the third windrow. Addition of water

is undertaken if required. The temperature profile in the third windrow is monitored. No

leachate is expected from now on.

Step 6: At 21 days from start the third windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would

have reduced by about 15% compared to start of windrow 3. The wastes are reformed into

the fourth windrow. Addition of water is undertaken if required. The temperature profile in

the fourth windrow is monitored.

Step 7: At 28 days from start the fourth windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would

have reduced by about 5% compared to start of windrow 4. The wastes are reformed into

the fifth windrow. Addition of water is undertaken if required. The temperature profile in

the fifth windrow is monitored. This is the maturing stage of the compost.

Step 8: At 35 days the waste is now composted and it is transferred to the processing line

initial hopper.




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Step 9: The aerobic composting waste is fed into the trommel in the processing line. It is

transferred to the conveyor, which lifts it into the first rotary sieve. The rotary sieve has 35

mm punched holes.

The waste not passing through the sieve is the reject, which is then transferred using the

belt conveyor to the reject platform. The material passing is then transferred to the second

rotary sieve using belt conveyors. The second sieve has 14 mm holes. A third sieve of 4 mm

punched holes is also provided for fine composting, to be sold as Grade I compost. The

materials not passing through the sieve is transferred out using a chute. The materials

passing through the sieve is transferred using a chute to a heap. The compost at the heap is

further processed with admixtures or directly bagged for sale.

The material of size between 35 mm and 14 mm is sold as grade II compost and the

materials less than 4 mm is grade I compost. Additional products with different admixtures

are made and sold as niche products. The present design does not provide the mixing and

grinding facility for compost upgradation, as this would depend on marketing plans. Space

for provision of these facilities is provided. Bagging is proposed manually.

Step 10: Materials recovery from the rejects is undertaken and the recyclables are stored in

the recyclables shed.

The reject are taken out for disposal in landfill daily. The recyclables are sold when adequate

quantity is available for transport. The compost is sold as per demand.




70

TABLE 6-4MATERIAL FLOW

Process Material Flow Athani (TMC)

Pro

cess

ing

Ist Stage Incoming Waste

Feed Material Town Garbage

Material Properties Mixed MSW TPD Volume Reject

Incoming Garbage Inoculants Addition 18.10 30.16

Moisture Addition

Sanitisation (at 55-65o

C) for two weeks

Ist Heap / Windrow Formation (Moisture: 55 - 65%)

14.48 19.75

5.43

IInd Heap / Windrow Turning (Moisture: 55 - 62 %)

12.67 17.95

Decomposition (at 55-65o C)for two weeks

IIIrd Heap / Windrow Turning (Moisture: 55%)

10.86 12.93

IVth Heap / Windrow Turning (Moisture: 55 - 62 %)

9.95 9.87

Shifting in Rain shed 9.05 8.98

IInd Stage

Feed Material Digested Compost (from Yard)

Material Properties Moist, Bumpy, Heterogeneous, Sticky

Coarse Segregation Lump breaking, opening up , segregation and screening of fine material. (Below 35 mm)

9.05 8.16 1.81

Screening and Separation of material 7.24 5.88

2.71 (Below 14 mm)

Oversized Rejections 4.52 3.67




71

Process Material Flow Athani (TMC)

(For recycling or sanitary land filling)

IIIrd Stage

Feed Material Screened material (Below 14 mm)

Material Properties Moist, Lumpy, Sticky

Curing Shifting of material to curing section for further digestion / maturation &moisture management

2.83 2.30

0.57

Addition of Rock Phosphate, mixing & turning

2.26 1.84

Shifting of material to refinement line.

Co

mp

ost

Ref

inem

ent

Sect

ion

IVth Stage

Feed Material Screened Material (Below14mm)

Material Properties Moist , Sticky

Refinement Screening and separation below 4 mm, Oversized rejections sent for re-sanitisation.

1.81 1.47 0.45

Separation of heavy impurities as sand , glass , stones etc.

1.36 1.10 0.09

Standardization and Quality control.

Mixing of additives ( Liquid/ Granules ) to improve quality of end products.

1.27 1.03

-0.09

Storage Finished good packing and shifting to storage section.

1.36 1.10

Rejects going into the Landfill 2.81




72

FIGURE 6-4 : SWM WASTE PROCESS FLOW CHART

TABLE 6-5: ARRANGEMENT AND TURNING OF WINDROWS

In general, as the average windrow shape is between an oval and trapezoid a factor of 0.66 is assumed to estimate windrow volumes, therefore the equation for volume of the windrow is: Volume = Height X Width X Length X 0.66 Windrow dimensions should allow conservation of heat generated during composting process while also maintaining diffusion of air to the deeper portions of the windrow Windrows should be turned frequently, once a week over 5 weeks to maintain aeration, porosity and enhance degradation Frequency of turning depends upon: • moisture content, • porosity of material, • rate of microbial activity, and • desired composting time




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6.6 Vermi composting

The mostly organic waste arriving at the facility is directed to the vermicomposting

decomposing yard. The waste is windrowed for a period of 15-20 days to undergo partial

decomposition. The vermi composting process starts with partially decomposed waste. A

separate covered shed with 2 TPD capacity is already present at the site..

The earthworms eat the partially decomposed waste and produce casting. The casting of the

worms is the vermicompost. The degradation process in vermi composting takes places

inside the worm body by microorganisms. The selection of worms to obtain the best yield

per worm is available. The crux in this process is to get the worms to survive. The conditions

for survival of the worms have to be maintained in terms of the food availability, food

quality, moisture content and safety from predators. Another important aspect is that the

vermi castings have to be routinely removed. The whole vermi composting operation has to

be done manually and require more care and effort. In terms of the infrastructure

requirement the vermi composting takes off from the aerobic composting and simple

covered sheds are adequate.




74

7 Design of Landfill

7.1 Design and Development of Sanitary Landfill Facility

The construction of landfill facility for all the cells shall be as per the specification and

drawings. Design of each cell of landfill facility is decided as per the topographical conditions

of the site area, subsequently development should be in same sequence. The Design

Fundamentals of Sanitary Landfill site at Athani is presented in the table below.

TABLE 7-1DESIGN FUNDAMENTAL OF SANITARY LANDFILL SITE

Sr.No. SLF Components Units Details

1 Total Waste to be disposed in SLF for next 25 year Ton 191625

2 Waste to be disposed in SLF every year Ton 7665

3 Waste to be disposed in SLF daily Ton 21

4 Present Available area for SLF activity Sq.m 4436

5 Number of proposed Cells Number 2

6

Dimension of Proposed Landfill Cell L1 (Height of Cell

Total 10 m - 5 M below ground and 5 M above ground

Level)

Length (M) 70

Breadth (M) 27

7

Dimension of Proposed Landfill Cell L2 (Height of Cell

Total 10 m - 5 M below ground and 5 M above ground

Level)

Length (M) 67

Breadth (M) 38

8 Required Area for next 25 year for SLF + Bund area Sq.m 5859

9 Existing Area can cater to the requirement for next Years 19

10 Additional Landfill are Required for ULB after complete

use of Existing Site

Sq.m 1423

11 Bulk density of compacted solid waste Ton / M3 0.8

12 Waste application height meters (above

ground level)

5

13 Bottom liner slope (Transversely) % Towards center

of each cell.

1%

14 Leachate drainage slope (Longitudinal) % Towards

leachate sump.

1%

15 Inner side slopes of Embankment (V: H) 01:02.5

16 Outer side slopes of Embankment (V: H) 01:02.5

7.2 Bio Remediation at previous engineering site

Bio-remediation is use biological organism to solve environmental problem. It is the

collective range of cleanup methods by using natural micro-organism (such as bacteria,

plant, Fungi etc) to degrade hazardous organic contaminants to environmentally less toxic.




75

FIGURE 7-1: OPTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF EXISTING MSW DUMP ON THE SITE

Process of Bio-augmentation - Since the treatment is proposed only for the remaining

degradable waste on site, the process of bio-augmentation is very simple and cost effective.

• Step 1 – Loosening of waste using tractor or backhoe loader.

• Step 2 – Spraying of Bio-culture on the waste ( for decomposition of remaining waste)

• Step 3 – Sieving the degraded waste - Sieved out waste can be used as manure.

• Step 4 – Rejected waste will be recyclable and inert. - The recyclable waste will be recycled and the inert waste will be used for leveling at dumping site.

TABLE 7-2: AREA AT LANDFILL SITE AFTER BIOREMEDIATION AND SEGREGATION

Area of the previous engineering landfill site 12075 sq m

Assuming Depth of previous engineering landfill site 2.5 m

Volume of Waste to be Bio remediated from previous engineering landfill site 30187.5 cu m

Assuming Density of Waste 0.7

Total weight of Waste in previous engineering landfill site 21131.25 Ton

Inert waste (10%) to be resent to landfill 2113.125 Ton

Area required to be deducted (to resent inserts to landfill) 301.9 sq m

Net area available from previous engineering landfill site after Bio Remediation 11773 sq m

Existing Area can cater to the requirement for next 19 Year

Total area available for landfill site after application of Bio remediation to previous engineering landfill site 16209

Sq.m

Total Area can cater to the requirement for next 69 year

Existing

Dumping Site

Bio Remediation

Segregation

Compost Plastic Paver Block

Construction

Inert

Packaged &

Sold Off

RDF & Road

Construction Debris for Road

Construction

For Land

filling

New

Sanitary Landfill Site

Recyclables




76

The following method of Bio remediation; i.e. Bio Augmentation will be suitable for the

treatment of the dumped waste. In Bio Augmentation, the current solid waste has to be

loosened with a tractor or Excavator. After the loosening, the culture will be sprayed on the

solid waste. It will increase the rate of degradation of the waste. After this stage, sieving of

the degraded waste will be done and sieved out waste will be manure and can be used as

compost. The rejected waste which will be inert or recyclable can go into landfill or into

suitable processes for recyclable waste.

TABLE 7-3 PERCENTAGE RECOVERY OF RECYCLABLE WASTE

Sl. No.

Fractions Resource Description

% recovery

Application Remarks

1 Finest Fraction

Organic matter + fine Soil Bio-Earth A grade

30% Manure in organic farming

As a soil improver, restoring alkaline or saline soils to fertility, improves soil breathing and water retention capacity

2 Coarser Fraction

Coarse Organics and sand Bio-Earth B grade

30% Manure cum soil aggregate in farm applications

Used to control soil erosions, as a organic manure in tree pits, improves soil breathing and water retention capacity

3

Heavy Fraction

Pebbles (Between 20 and 40 mm)

10% Construction and filling in low lying areas

Used for road shoulders

4 Pebbles (Between 40 and 80 mm)

8% Construction and filling in low lying areas

Used for road shoulders

5 Tender cocoanut shells

2% As a Fuel Used to produce bio-bricks and in hydroponic cultivation

6 Light fraction

Plastic and other recyclables

10% Recycling

Reduces the use of virgin materials

7 Non recyclable combustibles

P2F (Plastic to Fuel)

Increasing diesel prices making P2F more attractive

8 Residuals Inert materials 10% Land filling Extends the life span of land fill sites

On the landfill site of the 10% of inert waste need to be re dumped on landfill after

bioremediation. As explained above, the required area considering the volume to be

deposited on landfill after Bioremediation and segregation along with the volume required

for sanitary landfill site is given.

7.2.1 Construction Procedure

Construction of landfill should be followed in the sequence given below:




77

S. No. Activity Possible Parallel / Independent Activities

1. Grading and leveling Service road around the site, fencing & green belt area

2. Side soil bund

Power supply, water supply, Workshop, leachate pond,

office buildings, compost yard, weigh Bridge, waste

segregation platform

3. Bottom liner system Storm water drain around the side soil bund

4. Leachate collection and

conveying system Leachate collection sump

5. Side liner system Bottom liner system

6. Leachate collection sump Installation of pumps

7. Installation of pumps for

Transferring leachate

8. Storm water drain around the

side soil bund Peripheral service roads, green belt

9. Monitoring wells

10. Approach Road Strom water drain

11. Green belt area

12. Top liner system

7.2.2 Grading, Leveling and Base Formation

Before the construction of landfill facility, site shall be properly cleared from any shrubs and

bushes. A benchmark has to be fixed at an immovable known point. Site shall be leveled and

compacted. As the highest ground water table is at about 1 m from ground level, it is

suggested to have filling by hard murum of 0.5 m thick and compacting the same. The filler

material is leveled to get the desired slope of 1 %.

FIGURE 7-2: LINE PLACEMENT AT EDGES OF LANDFILL




78

FIGURE 7-3: LINE PLACEMENT AT EDGES OF LANDFILL

7.2.3 Side Soil Bunds

In order to prevent the sliding movement of the waste, earth bunds has to be constructed

over the sides of landfill. The soil bunds are of trapezoidal shape. As per the design, the

landfill is 6 meters above the ground level and 4 meters below groud level. Total height

considered is 10 meter. The inside slope is of 1:2.5 (V: H). Soil bunds shall be of hard

murrum with required specification. The soil has to be tested as per the parameters

mentioned in Quality assurance plan. During construction of bunds, soil has to be laid in

layers of about 30 cm and each layer has to be well compacted before going for next layer.

During compaction the soil shall be at its optimum moisture content so as to achieve

maximum compaction. Soil bund is of 3 meters height with inner and outer slopes of 1:2.5

(V: H). The top width of soil bund is 3 meters.

FIGURE 7-4: PLACEMENT OF THE HDPE LINER OVER THE CLAY LINER

FIGURE 7-5: PLACEMENT OF THE GRAVEL DRAINAGE LAYER AND GEOTEXTILE OVER THE CLAY LINER




79

FIGURE 7-6: LEACHATE COLLECTION PIPES ARE TO BE CONNECTED TO A SUMP, THROUGH THE LINER

7.2.4 Bottom & Side Liner System of Sanitary La ndfil l Facil ity

A liner system is the barrier that separates waste from the environment. The bottom and

sideliner system must effectively stop the migration of leachate from the landfill for many

years. In order to prevent the migration of leachate from the landfill facility, the bottom and

side lining system is of minerallic type, with different layers and specifications. First after

grading and leveling the site, filling by hard murum is carried out as per the designed slope.

Over the filled material, 90 cm thick clay liner has to be laid. While laying clay liner, the

permeability of clay should be lesser than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec and the moisture content shall be

at its optimum moisture content. Clay layer of bottom liner shall be laid in layers of about 45

cm thick and should be well compacted with a vibrating Roller of 4 to 5 tons. After

compaction the clay layer shall be left out for natural drying and settlement for at least 5 to

6 days. If any cracks develops in clay liner that has to be grouted with bentonite.

Over the clay liner, a High Density Poly- Ethylene (HDPE) liner of 1.5 mm thick has to be

provided. The joints of the HDPE liner have to be welded by Lap joint method. HDPE liner

shall be of two sides textured. Over the HDPE liner, a Geo-textile membrane of 1.5 mm thick

of non-woven type & Poly-propylene (PP) make should be laid. The textile portion of geo-

textile shall be facing upside. The purpose of Geo-Textile is to protect HDPE sheet from any

shock loads, which may be due to vehicle movement. Over Geo-Textile liner, a drainage

layer of thickness of about 30 cm has to be laid uniformly on entire bed of bottom area. This

drainage layer is for effective collection and conveyance of leachate coming out from waste.

Therefore, the permeability of the drainage layer shall be greater than 1 X 10-2 cm /sec.

The sideliner system should be same as bottom liner.




80

BOTTOM AND SIDE LINER SYSTEM

7.2.5 Leachate Collection & Conveyance System:

In order to collect and convey the leachate to the collection sump, the leachate collection

channel has been designed. The leachate collection drain, from the middle of each cell as

shown in drawings has to be constructed first. The generated leachate will be collected in

the channel due to bottom transverse slope of 1.0%, and conveyed by gravity to sump due

to longitudinal slope of 1.0%. For collection and conveyance of leachate to sump, a

perforated HDPE pipe of 30 cm ID has to be laid as shown in drawings. The pipes should

have rectangular slots of size 20 mm x 5 mm, placed at spacing of 100 mm/cc in the

longitudinal direction and 50 mm spacing laterally. The slots shall be placed along the length

of the pipe only on the sides with 20 mm side of slot being parallel to the longitudinal axis of

the pipe, in a zigzag pattern as shown figure below:

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING PLACEMENT OF RECTANGULAR SLOTS IN LEACHATE COLLECTION PIPE




81

The leachate collection channels have to be packed with drainage material. The slopes of

the pipe should be such that, the leachate should flow easily into the leachate collection

sump later on the leachate from sump has to be transported for treatment.

FIGURE 7-7: WELDING OF LEACHATE PIPES

7.2.6 Leachate Collection Sump

RCC sump of 6 X 3 sq. m temporarily covered with RCC slab has been recommended to be

constructed for collection of leachate from “leachate collection system”. The construction of

the sump shall be gradual with the filling of the waste. A clear depth of 1 meter has to be

maintained between the bottom of sump and leachate connection pipe. About 20mm thick

plastering has to be done at the inner and outer side of sump. Epoxy powder (which acts as

water proof agent) has to be used during plastering. The RCC slab has been provided with a

manhole of 1 m x 1 m through with a monkey ladder. The manhole has to be covered with

hinged steel gate in order to avoid the entry of rainwater into the sump. The collected

leachate from sump has to be transferred to leachate pond by pumping. After closure of

Sanitary landfill Facility, appreciable quantity of leachate is not expected to be generated,

however, if any leachate is generated it has to be transferred to leachate pond.

7.2.7 Installation of Pumps for Transferring Leachate

The leachate has to be pumped to the leachate pond. Two pumps (non-corrosive type) of 2

HP each (discharge 25 m3 /hr and total maximum head of 25 m) have to be installed in each

leachate collection sump. These pumps may be installed at the RCC slab of collection sump

with proper rainwater protection. While one will be active the other will serve as standby.

During heavy rainfall, both the pumps can be operated. The sump has to be covered and

protected against rainwater.




82

FIGURE 7-8: SUPPORT OF LEACHATE PIPES

7.2.8 Storm Water Drainage System of Landfil l

Storm water drainage is one of the main components of landfill facility. The arrangement

shall be such that, the storm water from landfill facility has to be collected effectively in

drainage system and conveyed away from facility with in short time. Storm water drain shall

be of trapezoidal shape with brick lining. The inside part of drain has to be plastered with

cement motor. Storm water drain shall be constructed all along the outer periphery of soil

bund.

7.2.9 Monitoring Wells

Monitoring wells have to be constructed around the facility for periodic monitoring of the

quality of ground water. The monitoring wells to be provided along the four corners of

landfill facility. The groundwater at a regular time interval must be monitored for the

specified parameters. The frequency of monitoring can be monthly in the first 5 years of

operation of the facility, thereafter quarterly up to 25 years or till the life of the facility is

exhausted and semi-annually after closure of the facility (for 5 years after closure of the

facility).

7.2.10 Approach Road and Service Road at the Facil ity:

A main approach road of 6 m wide from the main gate is suggested.




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7.2.11 Green Belt Development:

The green belt development around landfill facility will ensure the reduction in soil erosion

and air pollution due to dust suppression. This also increases aesthetic value of the area. As

per the design, about 3 m wide green belt along the periphery and shall be developed

accordingly.

7.2.12 Office Building & Laboratory:

In order to manage the operation and maintenance of the facility and to maintain the record

of daily waste disposal, an office with necessary furniture and other facilities has to be

established at the site area. A laboratory will have to be set up in order to analyze waste

samples and to carry out monitoring activities with regard to air and water and some time

soil if required.

7.2.13 Other Infrastructure Facil ities:

Apart from above, other facilities such as electricity for lighting arrangement in SLF area,

weighbridge, fire protection equipment, personnel protective equipment, drinking water,

storage area for equipment, shelter for machinery & vehicles and security cabin will be

required during operation and maintenance of SLF. Periodically, crawler dozer will be

required for layer wise compaction of waste. A 300-micron thick LDPE/HDPE sheet, sand

filled bags will also be required for intermediate covering of waste during rainy seas.

7.2.14 Final or Top Cover

The prime function of a final cover or the top liner system is to minimize infiltration of

precipitation. Other functions include preventing the contamination of surface run off, wind

dispersion of municipal solid waste and direct contact of the municipal solid waste with

humans and animals. For long-term performance with minimum maintenance, the final

cover is designed to promote surface drainage and minimize erosion. After the operational

life, each cell of landfill facility has to be closed and covered with suggested top cover

system, as shown below:

Over the foundation layer, 30 cm thick gas drainage layer has to be laid with 16-32

mm size gravel.




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TOP LINER SYSTEM

The gas outlet pipe should be connected to the gas drainage layer. The gas outlet

pipe is to remove the gas generated from consolidated waste after complete closing.

Over the gas drainage layer, 60 cm thick clay layer should be laid. The permeability of

clay should be less than 1 X 10-7 cm/sec. During laying of clay layer, the moisture

content in clay should be as per the optimum moisture content in order to achieve

permeability factor shown above. The clay liner shall be laid in two layers each of

thickness 300mm. Each layer of clay shall be well compacted with a vibratory roller

of 4 to 5 tons.

Over the clay liner, 30 cm thick storm water drainage layer has to be laid with 16-32

mm size gravel. The permeability of drainage layer should be more than 1 X 10-2

cm/sec.

Over the drainage layer, 45 cm thick native soil should be provided for vegetation in

two layers. The first layer has to be compacted, other two layers has to be left loose

for the growth of vegetation. A vegetation cover has to provide at the top of the soil

in order to prevent the soil erosion due to precipitate and also for better landscaping

7.2.15 Tentative Cost Estimate for Sanitary Landfil l

The tentative cost estimate for development of the sanitary landfill and other infra-

structural facilities is presented in the following tables:




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TABLE 7-4 COST ESTIMATE FOR SANITARY LANDFILL SITE

Sr.No Description of Work Quantity Unit Rate/Unit

Cost (Rs in Lakhs.)

1 Grading and leveling 5859 m2 13 0.74

2 Filling material 4734 m3 180 8.53

3 Soil bund 2929 m3 180 5.28

4 Bottom liner system 0.00

5 30 cm thick drainage layer (K=1X10-2 cm/sec) 4394 m2 180 7.92

6 1.5 mm thick geo-textile 4394 m2 135 5.94

7 1.5 mm thick HDPE liner 4394 m2 451 19.80

8 90 cm thick clay liner (K<1 X10-7 cm/sec) 4394 m2 360 15.84

9 Side liner system (same as bottom liner) 703 m2 1171 8.24

10 Leachate collection drain including HDPE pipe 220 RM 6307 26.11

11 Leachate collection sump (RCC) & pump for transferring leachate to ETP

33.6 m3 12615 4.24

12 Cover liner system 2929 m3 1171 34.31

13 Leachate Pond 143 m3 12615 18.01

Sub-total 154.95

Adding 10% contingency 15.50

Total for sanitary landfill facility (25 years) 170.45

Total for sanitary landfill facility (12.5 years) 85.22

Total for sanitary landfill facility (12.5 years) – as per 2016-17 DSR 95.45

7.2.16 Leachate from Landfil l

The leachate from the landfill is mainly due to the rain water. Therefore, the leachate

depends on the rainfall in the town.

TABLE 7-5 LEACHATE GENERATION

S.N Particulars Details Units

1 Annual Peak Precipitation 513.8 mm

2 Area of the Land fill 12075 sq. m

3 Monsoon duration 90 days

4 Leachate Generate from the SLF 69 cum

Leachate from the Waste processing, composting and SLF shall be collected & treated

together in Planted Gravel Filter.

TABLE 7-6 ESTIMATION OF LEACHATE TANK


1 Leachate Generate from the SLF 69 cum / Day

2 Leachate from Windrow & Waste processing area 22 cum / Day

3 Total Volume of Leachate Generation 91 cum / Day

4 Capacity of the Tank required 100 cum / Day

5 Total required length of the tank 10.5 M

6 Total required Width of the tank 3.8 M

7 Total required Depth of the tank 2.5 M




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8 Total Volume of the Tank 100 cu m

7.2.17 Treatment of Leachate – Phytorid Treatment Plant

It is proposed to treat leachate from the landfill site using Phytorid Treatment Technology.

The treatment process has to have low operation and maintenance cost.

This is the technology developed by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

(NEERI), Nagpur for the treatment of municipal and industrial waste water. The technology

combines the physical, biological and chemical process without requiring any mechanical

equipment (thus eliminating the need for electricity and maintenance of equipment). The

Technology provides clean and aesthetic solution for the treatment of wastewater which is

generally thrown in open at the disposal points. BOD and COD removal is reported to be

achieved as 80 – 90 %. The components of the technology include

Primary Settling cell (PSC) for the purpose of anaerobic pre- treatment of suspended

solids.

Secondary Advanced Filter cell (SAFC) that contains different sized stones and gravel

wherein anaerobic digestion occurs.

Tertiary Biological wetland Cell (TBWC) made up of life supporting media (again stone

and gravel) and planed with aquatic flora such as Typha, Scirpus, Cyperus, Peltandra,

Phragmites etc.

This is fairly new technology and has been tested successfully a few places in Maharashtra




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FIGURE 7-9 PHYTORID TREATMENT

7.3 Material Specifications for Sanitary Landfill

The specifications and quality aspects of the Landfill facility is very important, in order to

achieve designed performance of sanitary landfill facility. Liner system of landfill facility has

been designed in consideration with following points;

To prevent migration of waste, leachate to the adjacent subsurface soil or ground

water or surface water.

Material specified for liner has adequate chemical properties, physical properties

and engineering properties to prevent failure on account of loads, climatic

conditions, and contact with waste or leachate.




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Slopes at bottom and sides area designed to withstand Liner material safely without

any sliding movement.

7.3.1 Material Specifications for Liners and Drainage System

7.3.1.1 BOTTOM & S I DE L I NE R

1) 1X90 cm thick compacted clay or compacted amended soil with permeability less than

1X10-7 cm /s with the following specifications:

Permeability to be checked before and after laying

Free of any stones, kankars and any other foreign material

Moisture content to be maintained during laying as per OMC. (Optimum Moisture

Content)

To be compacted so as to achieve Proctor Density

To be laid in 2 layers each of 30 cm thick

Permeability & moisture content has to be checked in each layer.

To be kept covered during installation so that moisture is not evaporated.

2) 1X 1.5mm thick HDPE Geo-membrane of following specification:

Tensile strength at yield greater than 18 KN / m.

Tensile Strength at break greater than 30 KN / m.

Tear Resistance greater than 150 N

Puncture Resistance greater than 250 N

3) 1 X 1.5 mm thick Geo-textile;

Type – Non woven

Make – PP

200 GSM

4) 1 X30 cm thick Leachate drainage layer;

Material – Sand or any other granule with permeability greater than 1 X 10 –2 cm

/sec

Size Gradation – 16 to 32 mm

Dust free

Kankar free




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Rounded gravels

Free of any angular or sharp aggregates

To be laid as 30 cm thick uniform layer

7.3.1.2 LEACH ATE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The construction details of leachate drain is as follows:

Longitudinal slope of leachate collection pipe shall be 1.0%.

The bottom and sides of HDPE pipe has to be filled with the mixture of cement,

bentonite and sand.

The HDPE pipe has to be covered with 200 GSM geo-textile to prevent clogging of

slots by drainage material / other solids.

Over HDPE pipe Gravel size of 16mm to 32mm has to be laid uniformly.

The specification of material to be used for leachate drain is given below:

1) 1 X 1.5mm thick geo-textile – 200 GSM

2) Mixture of sand, cement and bentonite shall be in ratio

94%: 3%: 3% respectively.

3) Specification for HDPE pipe.

Internal Dia. –285 mm

Outer Dia. – 300mm

Wall Thickness –15mm

Pressure Rating- 4 Kg/cm2

7.3.1.3 TOP L INE R SY STEM

1) 1 X 60 cm thick compacted clay or compacted amended soil with permeability less than

1X10-7 cm /sec.

Permeability to be checked before and after laying

Free of any stones, kankars and any other foreign material

Moisture content to be maintained during laying as per OMC.

(Optimum Moisture Content)

To be compacted so as to achieve Proctor Density

To be laid in 2 layers each of 30 cm thick




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Permeability & moisture content has to be checked in each layer.

2) 1 X 30 cm thick drainage layer

Material – Sand or any other granule with permeability greater than 1

X 10 –2 cm /sec

Size Gradation – 16 to 32 mm

Dust free

Kankar free

Rounded gravels

Free of any angular or sharp aggregates

To be laid as 30 cm uniform layer

3) 1 X 45 cm, fertile soil for vegetation

To be laid in two layers; the bottom layer to be compacted mildly and

the top layer to be kept loose for growing vegetation.

Vegetation cover with Grass, shrubs etc. having root length <30 cm

7.4 Operation Plan of Sanitary Landfill

7.4.1 Construction and Operational Plan

The operation of a landfill shall consist of the following steps:

Operation before waste is transported to landfill facility

Operation during disposal of waste into landfill facility

Closer plan

Record keeping

Monitoring

7.4.2 Operation before Transportation of Waste

7.4.2.1 S ITE DEVELO PMENT :

The following construction activities shall be carried out along with construction of landfill

facility before disposal of waste.

Construction of perimeter fence, entrance gate, weighs bridge and green belt.

Construction of main access road near the entrance gate with parking area.




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Construction of service road along the perimeter of the site and well as construction

of approach road.

Construction of waste inspection facility, equipment workshop and garage, vehicle

cleaning area.

Installation of direction sings, site lighting, firefighting facilities, communication

facilities.

Construction of water supply and waste water/sewage disposal.

Construction of surface water drainage system.

Construction of main leachate pipe, sump and leachate pond.

Installation of environmental monitoring facilities.

Construction of emergency exit gate.

7.4.2.2 S ITE PROCE DU RE S : RECO RD KEEPI NG & WASTE I NSPECT IO N :

Records shall be kept on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. In addition a site Manual shall

be kept at the site office giving all site investigation, design and construction details the

following records shall be maintained during operation of landfill

(i) Landfill Manual: The site manual shall contain the following information:

Data collected during site selection

Environmental assessment report

Site investigation and characterization data

Detailed topographical map

Design of landfill components

Landfill layout and its cells

Construction plans

Details of leachate management plan

Details of gas management plan (optional)

Environmental monitoring program

Closure and post-closure plan

All permissions / license from concerned authorities.

(ii) Site Reports: The daily, weekly and monthly reports shall comprise of the following:

Weighbridge data (daily inflow and outflow for each vehicle)




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Waste inspection data (daily)

Materials, stores etc. (daily)

Bills/accounts (daily)

Visitor record (daily)

Complaints record from nearby areas (daily

Topographic survey at operating cell (daily/weekly)

Photographic record at operating cell (daily/weekly)

Environmental monitoring data (weekly/monthly)

Waste filling plan and actual progress i.e., cell construction (daily/weekly) and review

(monthly)

Leachate generation and gas generation (weekly/monthly/extreme events)

Weather/climatic data (extreme events)

Accidents etc.

Others.

(iii) Vehicle Inspection:

Each vehicle carrying the waste shall be checked for:

Incoming weight (full)

Outgoing weight (empty)

Available of relevant documents

Visual check at weigh-in (if feasible)

Visual inspection after discharge at tipping area (inspection report to be filed for

each vehicle). A visual inspection checklist must be framed which should list visual

features for identification of unacceptable material. This checklist shall be filled for

every unloading by a vehicle in tipping area at the working cell in the landfill.

7.4.3 Operation during Disposal of Waste into Landfil l Facil ity

At the design stage, the cells of a landfill are clearly demarcated. Operation of a cell

requires planning and execution of daily activities such as daily waste filling plan and

demarcation, waste discharge & inspection, waste placement, waste compaction, daily

covering of waste, prevention of pollution & fires, etc.




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7.4.3.1 DAIL Y WASTE F I LL ING PL AN AND DEM ARCATIO N AT S ITE :

On the completion of a cell and before the start of a new cell, a waste-filling plan for daily

cells shall be evolved. A study of the landfill base contour maps and the final cover levels of

the cell allow such a plan to be developed. If a cell is to be operational for 365 days, all 365

cells must be marked in plan and in sectional drawings. These may require revision as a

landfill is constructed because waste quantities may vary in an unforeseen manner. The

area and height proposed to be filled every day should be demarcated at the site on a daily

or weekly basis using temporary markers or bunds.

7.4.3.1.1 WASTE D I SCHARGE & INSPECT ION

Waste shall be discharged by tipping at the working area of a landfill, within the area

demarcated for the cell. A designated operator shall visually inspect every discharged load.

Working area personnel shall be trained and competent at waste identification in order that

they can recognize waste, which may be non-conforming. In the event of reasonable doubt

as to the waste acceptability, the operator shall inform the waste reception facility and/or

the site manager immediately.

7.4.3.2 WASTE PL ACEMENT (SP R EAD ING ) & COMP ACT ION

Once waste has been discharged it shall be spread in layers and compacted in a well-defined

manner to ensure that the completed slopes of a daily cell are at the designed gradients.

Waste placement (spreading) can be done by the following methods:

Face tipping method: Waste is deposited on top of existing surface and spread

horizontally by tipping over an advancing face.

Inclined layering method (onion skin tipping): Similar to (a) but inclined layering

(gentile slope) done instead of advancing of face.

Working upwards: Waste is deposited on the lower surface and pushed upwards.

It is necessary to level and compact the waste as soon as it is discharged at the working

area. Steel wheeled mobile landfill compactors (smooth / cleared / spiked / special wheels)

are generally accepted as the best equipment for this purpose. They have largely replaced

the small crawler tracked machines, which were previously in general use.

7.4.3.3 POLLUTIO N PRE VENTIO N & SAFE TY DU RI NG OPER ATIO N :




94

The following measures are needed to ensure that the landfill operation shall not adversely

affect local environment within and outside the landfill.

Traffic: Heavy lorry traffic shall give rise to nuisance, damage to road surface and

verges and routing problems. The following measures are helpful.

o Routing to avoid residential area.

o Using one-way routes to avoid traffic conflict in narrow roads.

o Carrying out road improvements, for example strengthening or widening

roads, improved provision of footpaths, improvement of sight lines, provision

of passing places, provision of new roads.

o Limiting the number of vehicle movements.

o Restrictions on traffic movement hours, which are staggered with respect to

peak traffic hours.

Noise: Adverse impacts on the local community from noise may arise from a number

of sources including: throughput of vehicles and fixed and mobile plant for example

compactors, generators at the site. Peripheral noise abatement site measures shall

be adopted.

Odor: Offensive odors at landfill sites may emanate from a number of sources,

including waste material, which have decomposed significantly prior to land filling,

leachate and leachate treatment systems, and landfill gas. Good landfill practices

shall greatly reduce general site smell and reduce impact from odors, which could

lead to complaints from the local community, site users and site staff.

Good practice includes: (a) adequate compaction; (b) speedy disposal and burial of

malodorous wastes; (c) effective use of appropriate types of daily cover, (d)

progressive capping and restoration; (e) effective landfill gas management; (f)

effective leachate management and (g) consideration of prevailing wind direction

when planning leachate treatment plants, gas flares, and direction of tipping.

Litter: Poor litter control both on and off site is particularly offensive to neighbors.

Good operational practice shall be adhered to in terms of temporary fencing, waste

discharge, placement, compaction and covering to minimize the occurrence of

windblown litter.




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Bird Control: Birds are attracted to landfill sites in large numbers where sites receive

appreciable amounts to bio wastes. Measures, which can be used to mitigate birds’

nuisance, include good landfill practice, working in small active areas and progressive

prompt covering of waste, together with the use of bird scaring techniques.

Vermin and Other Pests: Landfills have potential to harbor flies, rodents and vermin,

particularly where the waste contains biomaterials. Modern land filling techniques

including prompt emplacement, compaction and covering of wastes in well-defined

cells are effective in the prevention of infestation by rodents and insects.

Dust: Dust from landfill operations is mainly a problem during periods of dry weather

but can also arise from dusty waste as it is tipped. Dust is generally associated with

(a) site preparation and restoration activities, (b) the disposal of waste comprising of

fine particles, for example powders, and (c) traffic dust. Dust suppression can be

effected by (a) limiting vehicle speed; (b) spraying roads with water and (c) spraying

site and powder type waste with water; (d) covering powder type waste with daily

soil cover.

Mud on the Road: Mud on the public highway in one of the most common causes of

public complaint. It is therefore, in the interest of the landfill operator to provide

adequate wheel cleaning facilities to ensure that mud is not carried off site by

vehicles.

Landfill Fire Management: Fires in waste on landfill sites are not uncommon and it is

important for site operators to be aware of the dangers, how to treat fires and to

address the problems associated with them. All fires on-site shall be treated as a

potential emergency and dealt with accordingly.

Landfill Safety Aspects: Training of employees shall include: site safety, first aid and

the handling of dangerous materials where appropriate. Since landfill sites can pose

dangers to both site operator and users, emergency plans shall be laid down. Landfill

sites shall be regarded as potentially hazardous locations and the operator shall have

a written safety plan for the site. Safety hazards present at landfill sites may include;

(a) moving plant and vehicle; (b) steep slopes; (c) bodies of standing water; (d)

contaminated, putrescible, toxic flammable or infective material and (e) noxious,

flammable, toxic or hazardous gas. All employees and visitors to the site shall be




96

made aware of the potential hazards and the safety procedures to be implemented

including fire safety.

7.4.4 Closure and Monitoring Plan of Landfil l Facil ity

As each cell is completed and as the final cover level is reached in successive cells, the

following interconnectivities are established:

(a) The leachate collection system of each cell is sequentially connected (if so designed)

The surface water; drainage system at the cover of each cell is sequentially connected (of so

designed)

(b) Upon completion of all cells a final check is made of the proper functioning of all inter

connected systems.

An access road is provided on the landfill cover to enable easy approach for routine

inspection of the landfill cover.

7.4.4.1 POST CLOSURE VEGE TATI VE ST AB IL IZ AT ION (LO NG TERM )

If a landfill cover is intended to be used for a specific purpose e.g. park or vehicle parking

area, then the cover shall be stabilized in such a manner that the end-use is achieved.

However, if no specific end-use is envisaged, then long-term vegetative stabilization shall be

undertaken to return the land to its original and natural vegetative landform.

Vegetation is by far the most common and usually the preferred stabilization option after

closure of landfills. If a self-perpetuating vegetative cover can be established, not only can

wind and water erosion be minimized, but also the landfill can be returned to some

semblance of its original appearance and land use. In favorable climates, re-vegetation may

require only modest effort or may occur by natural process during a reasonably short period

of time. However, in arid climates or a harsh environment, establishment of vegetation may

be a difficult and costly process and alternative techniques may be examined for vegetative

stabilization.

While the specific procedures are unique to each landfill and climatic regime, the following

representative elements of the process shall be adopted in all procedures.

(a) Short-term Vegetation: It is common practice, in both humid and dry environments, to

rely largely on grasses for the primary initial source of short-term land cover. Usually several




97

species are included in the initial seeding mixture to increase diversity and reduce the

chance of total community failure. Short-term vegetation is usually assisted by irrigation.

(b) Long-term Vegetation: To achieve the ultimate goal of attaining a self-sustaining and

stable community, a transition between short term and long-term vegetation must occur. In

some cases, this may be left to invasion by native species after short-term vegetation is

assured and soil development is well under way. In other cases – for example, when

irrigation has been used temporarily to establish the short-term community, it may be

necessary or desirable to enhance the natural succession process by replanting with a more

diverse mix of species suited to the next stage of community succession. The need for

artificial enhancement of the successional process shall depend on the success of previous

short-term efforts and on the ultimate intended land use. All vegetation efforts, however,

shall work toward self-generation and minimum management in the long term.

7.4.5 Record Keeping

7.4.5.1 DURI NG CO NST RUC TIO N OF L INE R S AND CO VER S

During the construction of liners and covers, inspection shall be carried by

independent agency / KPCB (or its nominee) at least twice during each cell to ensure

that construction procedures and quality assurance plan are being followed.

Immediately upon the completion of construction of a liner in each cell, the

complete set of construction records and quality control test results as listed in

Chapter –5 shall be provided by the TMC to the KPCB for verification and record

keeping. The same will also be done upon the completion of cover system in each

cell.

7.4.5.2 DURI NG OPE RATIO N

The owner/operator shall monitor and keep a record of the following in the

operation period:

o Functioning of the leachate management system (including levels in leachate

holding tank) (weekly).

o Functioning of the surface water run-off system (weekly)

o Functioning of the gas management system (weekly)

o Waste filling records shall be kept on daily basis.




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o Leachate sampling and monitoring shall be done 1 to 2 times a month. The

results shall be recorded and compared with the permissible limits provided

by the KPCB.

o After a major storm, the occurrence of the storm and functioning of various

systems shall be recorded.

The KPCB (or its nominee) shall inspect all facilities at least twice a year. The

owner/operator shall provide a copy of the environmental monitoring record to the

KPCB on a yearly basis.

7.4.5.3 DURI NG CLO SURE AND POST CLOSURE PERIO D :

Period inspection and routine maintenance at a closed landfill site shall be carried out for a

period of 15 years after closure. The KPCB shall inspect all facilities during the closure and

post closure period at least once a year. The owner/operator shall provide a copy of the

environmental monitoring record to the KPCB once a year. The following components of a

closed landfill shall be inspected visually after landfill closure to confirm that all functional

elements are working satisfactorily and inspection report will be recorded. A maintenance

schedule with specified reporting formats is drawn up after each inspection.

(a) Cover System:

The final cover is inspected 2 to 4 times a year (a) to check that vegetation growth is

occurring satisfactorily and that plants are not showing stunted growth (b) to detect if any

erosion gullies have been formed thereby exposing the barrier layers, (c) to earmark

depressions that may have developed with time and (d) to identify pounding of water on

the landfill cover. At least one inspection shall be carried out during or immediately after

the peak of the monsoon season.

Closed landfills show significant settlement. Rectification measures shall not only re-

establish the initial slope of the cover (for proper surface water run-off) but shall also ensure

that all the components of the landfill cover system continue to perform as originally

envisaged. TMC shall have sufficient equipment and funds to periodically carry out

maintenance work in the form of soil filling, re-grading the cover and re-vegetating the

landfill cap.




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In areas where extensive erosion gully formation is observed, filling of cover material,

regarding of cover slopes and re-vegetation must be routinely undertaken.

(b) Surface Water Drainage System:

The surface water drainage system is also inspected 2 to 4 times a year (i) to identify cracks

in drains due to settlements. (ii) To delineate clogged drains requiring immediate clean up

and (iii) to study the level of deposited soil in the storm water basin and initiate excavation

measures. Broken pipes and extensively cracked drains may require replacement after

filling soil beneath them to establish slopes for gravity flow. In extreme cases where long-

term settlement shall be excessive, it shall become necessary to make sumps and operate

storm water pumps for removal of accumulated water in the drainage system.

(c) Leachate Management Systems:

A weekly operating record of leachate management systems shall be kept in the post-

closure period. Periodic inspection of the leachate collection systems (2 to 4 times a year) is

undertaken to identify broken pipes, leaking gas (if any) and damaged or clogged

wells/sumps. Repair work requires skilled manpower and shall be carried out by the

agencies operating the gas treatment and leachate treatment facilities. One may often have

to install new gas extraction wells and leachate collection wells if the damaged / clogged

facilities are inaccessible and irreparable.

7.4.6 Environmental Monitoring Systems:

Ground water monitoring wells, air quality monitoring systems shall be periodically carried

out to check that all systems are functioning satisfactorily and that well cap sampling ports

are not subjected to damage due to excessive settlement or vandalism.

Environmental monitoring systems have to be maintained during the entire post-closure

period. Wherever possible, monitoring instruments must be periodically re-calibrated.

Sampling devices shall be routinely detoxified and also regularly checked for proper

functioning of the opening and closing of valves or spring-loaded mechanisms.

The activities to be carried out under environmental monitoring plan are as follows:

TABLE 7-7 ACTIVITIES TO BE CARRIED OUT UNDER ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN

Sl. No.

Activities to be Carried Out

Parameters to be Monitored Duration of Monitoring




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Sl. No.

Activities to be Carried Out

Parameters to be Monitored Duration of Monitoring

1 Monitoring of groundwater quality at up and down streams in monitoring wells

pH, TDS, Cl, Sulphates, Nitrates, Total Hardness (as CaCO3), Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), Fe, Zn, As, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, CN, Pb, Hg & Ni

Monthly

2 Monitoring of ambient air quality at landfill

Suspended Particulate matter, CH4, SO2, NH3& CO Bimonthly

3. Monitoring of leachate quality before and after treatment

pH, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, Ammonia Cal Nitrogen, Kjeldahl Nitrogen, CN, Nitrates, Total Hardness (as CaCO3), Cl, F, Sulphates, Kjeldahl N, BOD, COD, Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), Heavy Metals such as, Hg, Pb, Cd, total Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, CN etc.

Monthly during rainy season

4. Monitoring of landfill gas quality CH4, CO2 & CO Monthly

5. Monitoring of surface water quality from drain channel at the exit of landfill

BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, Cl-& Heavy Metals Monthly during rainy season

7.4.7 Post-Closure Criteria:

After closure of the landfill, the owner/operator of the landfill shall maintain the

integrity of the final cover systems including making repair, as necessary to rectify

the settlement, subsidence or erosion of the cover.

After closure of the landfill, the owner/operator shall continue to operate all

leachate, gas and surface water management systems as well as continue

environmental monitoring of the landfill for a period of 15 years or until such time

that harmful leachate is not produced for 5 continuous years.

The landfill shall be abandoned after 15 years of closure, if concentrations of contaminants

in all liquid and gaseous emissions from the landfill are observed to be below prescribed

limits. However, if the emissions continue to be hazardous, the landfill management

strategy shall have to be evolved.




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8 Institutional Aspects and Capacity

Building

The subject of solid waste management has remained neglected for the past several

decades with the result that the level of service is highly inadequate and inefficient. For

improving the solid waste management services it is essential to adopt modern methods of

waste management, have a proper choice of technology, which can work in the given area

successfully. Simultaneously, measures must be taken for institutional strengthening and

internal capacity building so that the efforts made can be sustained over a period of time

and the system put in place can be well managed. Institutional strengthening can be done

by adequately decentralizing the administration, delegating adequate powers at the

decentralized level, by inducting professionals into the administration and providing

adequate training to the existing staff. It will also be necessary to fix work norms for the

work force as well as for supervisory staff and the output expected from the vehicles and

machinery utilized. NGO/private sector participation also needs to be encouraged to make

the service competitive and efficient

8.1 Decentralization of Administration

In the Town of Athani, the SWM services can be performed effectively by decentralization of

administration. The SWM functions are proposed to be decentralized as under:

8.1.1 Ward Level administration

The ward level administration should be fully responsible for ensuring storage of segregated

waste at source, primary collection of waste, street sweeping and taking the waste to bulk

community waste storage sites clearing debris and cleaning surface drains and public

spaces. The cleaning of each street, lane, by-lane, markets and public space should be

regularly supervised by the ward-level supervisors. Qualified supervisors having a diploma

of sanitary inspectors should be appointed as a ward level supervisor and he could be

designated as sanitary sub inspector. He should work under a sanitary inspector who should

supervise at least three wards.




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8.1.2 Town Level Administration

The Town level administration should supervise and support the zonal level administration.

The central SWM department should also be responsible for the procurement of vehicles,

equipment, and land for processing and disposal of waste. As a head office it should take

policy decisions and co-ordinate the activities of all the zones and the wards and be

answerable to the chief executive officer and elected body for the efficient functioning of

the department. It should look after the recruitment of manpower, human resources

development, training etc.

8.2 Delegation of Powers

Authority and responsibility should go hand in hand. For fixing accountability there should

be adequate delegation of fiscal and disciplinary powers to the officers and the supervisory

staff responsible for managing solid waste and carrying out all day-to-day functions

smoothly.

The Head of the SWM department should also have the power to punish subordinates

including supervisory staff. Adequate in-built checks may be introduced to ensure that the

delegated powers are not misused.

8.3 Work Norms

Norms of Work for Street Sweepers

The sweepers may be assigned “Pin point” individual work assignments according to the

density of the area to be swept. The yardsticks given earlier may be adopted.

As per normative standards of GOK one sweeper is allotted for every 1000 M of road length.

The norms of work for the supervisors may also be prescribed and monitored by the

Municipal Council, for the extent of sweeping areas and the number of garbage collection

points to be inspected each day by the various levels of supervisors and inspection of

processing and disposal sites etc. to ensure adequate output of the supervisory staff.

All Supervisory Officers right from sanitary sub-inspectors to Health Officer and Engineer in-

charge of SWM department must remain on the field for 4 hours in the morning between

the time of street sweeping and lunch break. The timings for the middle level supervisor




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could be from 7.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and for senior levels from 8.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon or

8.30 to 12.30 in the morning. The junior level supervisors should supervise them till the end

of the working hours of the street sweepers and transport staff. This supervision will have a

direct impact on the quality of service.

For capacity building of the department, senior officials should be frequently exposed to

developments taking place in various parts of the State and country by sending them out on

Town visits and to attend seminars, workshops and training courses. They should also be

involved in all decision making processes.

The sweepers may be directed to sweep the roads and footpaths in the area allotted to

them as well as to collect the domestic, trade and institutional wastes in their handcart from

the households, shops and establishments situated on the road/street allotted to them. The

above sweeping norms are for cleaning the streets in the first 4 hours of the working day. In

the remaining hours of the day, if there is a continuous 7/8 hours duty, or in the evening

session, if there is broken duty, the sweepers should be assigned pin point work for cleaning

the streets in slums and unauthorized settlements to ensure hygienic conditions in the town

and prevent the problems of health and sanitation arising in such areas.

The roads, which have a central verge or divider, should be considered as two roads. In such

cases, the length of the road allotted for sweeping should be reduced to half or alternatively

separate sweepers may be engaged for sweeping two sides of the road.

Norms of work for supervisors may be prescribed and monitored by the local body for

inspection of sweeping done, clearance of waste storage depots, transportation of waste

carried out, etc. Inspection of processing and disposal sites by various levels of supervisors

may also be prescribed to ensure adequate output of all the supervisory staff.

The first level supervisors could be asked to inspect the work of all the sweepers at least

once in two days. The sanitary sub-inspectors should inspect all the beats twice a week and

the sanitary inspector at least once a week. All temporary waste storage depots must also

be inspected by the same level of supervisors with the same frequency. All Supervisory

Officers right from Sanitary Sub Inspector to Health

Officer/Chief Engineer in-charge of SWM department must remain on the field for 4 hours in

the morning between the time of street sweeping and lunch break. The timings for the




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lower and middle level supervisor should extend beyond the duty hours of the sanitation

workers in the afternoon and evening to verify whether work has been done properly. This

supervision will have a direct impact on the quality of service.

For capacity building of the department, senior officials should be frequently exposed to

developments taking place in various parts of the State/ country by sending them out on

town visits and for attending seminars, workshops and training courses. They should also be

involved in all decision making processes

8.4 Induction of Environmental/Public Health Engineers

The subject of solid waste management, so far being handled by Health Officers (who are

medical doctors), and now needs to be handled by environmental engineers or public health

engineers with the support of mechanical/automobile engineers to handle the workshop

facilities. Qualified engineers should, therefore, be inducted as under.

i. Public Health/Environmental Engineers of the level of Executive Engineer to head

the SWM department.

ii. Qualified Sanitation Diploma holder/Sanitation Officer @ 1 S.O. per Zone.

iii. Qualified Sanitation Diploma holder Sanitary Inspector (S.I.) @ 1 S.I. per 50,000

population.

iv. Qualified sanitation diploma holder Sanitary Sub-inspector. per 25,000

population or part thereof.

8.4.1 Need of Manpower

A. Professionals and supervisors for Collection and Transportation

Sr. No Grade Present Required as per Norm (till 2022*)

1 Environmental Engineers 0 1

2 Sanitation Officer 0 1

3 Sanitary Inspector 1 1

4 Sanitary Sub-inspector 2 2

5 Pourkarmikas 31

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6 Drivers 13

7 Supervisory Staff at DWCC 0 1

8 Security Person at Landfill site 0 1

9 Processing Plant Manager 0 1

*After yr 2022 numbers would require to be updated as per prevailing norms in yr 2022.




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B. Professionals and supervisors.

Sr. No Grade Qualification Experience Number

1 General Manager B. E. 2 -3 years 1

2 Shift In charge Diploma 1 - 2 years 1

3 Mechanic ITI 3 years 1

4 Plant Operator H.S.C. 1 - 2 years 1

5 Chemist B. Sc 1 years 1

6 Accounts Officer B. Com 3 years 1

7 Skilled Worker 2 -3 years 2

8 Semi Skilled Worker 2

9 Un Skilled Worker 4

10 Driver 2 -3 years 4

11 Contracted Labour 6

Total 24

8.5 Human Resource Development

Human Resource development is very essential for internal capacity building for any

organization. Training, motivation, incentives for outstanding service and disincentives for

those who fail to perform are essential for human resources development. Concerted

efforts should be made by the Municipal Council to inculcate among its officers and staff a

sense of pride in the work they do and to motivate them to perform and give their optimum

output to improve the level of services of the Town and the image of the Town Municipal

Council.

8.5.1 Training

Solid Waste Management has been a neglected subject for the past several decades.

Systems have, therefore, not developed to improve the service. Knowledge of new

technology and methods coupled with training at all levels is necessary. No specialized

courses have so far been designed to meet need of different levels of staff. Short and

medium term courses should, therefore, be designed for the sanitation workers and

supervisory staff. Special training and refresher courses may also be conducted as under:-

8.5.2 Special Training to Unqualified Staff

Unqualified supervisory staff should be given in service training to qualify for supervising

sanitation works. They may be sent out for training to the All India Institute of Local Self




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Government or such similar institutions which designs special courses for sanitation

supervisors.

8.5.3 Refresher Courses for All Levels of Staff

Refresher courses should be conducted for the sanitation workers as well as supervisory

staff at least once in every 5 years, or they should be sent for training to get an exposure to

advance in this field.

8.5.4 Exposure to Municipal Commissioner/ Ch ief Executives

It is necessary to give an orientation to the Municipal Commissioners/Chief Executives of the

local bodies and make them aware of this important aspect of Urban Management. They

may therefore be given exposure to SWM through short training programs.

8.5.5 Exposure to Elected Members

Whereas the Municipal Commissioners or the Chief Executives are responsible for day-to-

day affairs of the urban local bodies, the elected members are the policy makers and their

sanctions are essential for any major investments or improvements in SWM services. It is,

therefore, necessary that the members of the elected wing such as the Mayors/Presidents

of the Corporations/Municipalities and other important office bearers of the local bodies

are given appropriate orientation towards the need of modernization of solid waste

management practices in the urban areas and the importance of the same in terms of

health and sanitation in the cities/towns. If these members are given an appropriate

exposure, they would automatically support adequate financing for solid waste

management services and strengthen the hands of chief executives in the implementation

of modern methods of waste management and they would also help in getting public

support through their network of field workers.

8.5.6 Design SWM Courses

SWM courses may be designed and regularly updated for Engineering, Medical and applied

science disciplines. Academic institutions at the national and state levels should be involved

in this exercise by the concerned departments of Central and State Governments




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respectively. The syllabus of the engineering colleges, medical studies as well as sanitary

inspectors’ diploma courses should lay adequate emphasis on solid waste management.

Following Table Summarizes the training requirement for specific category of Solid Waste

Management workers

TABLE 8-1: TRAINING REQUIREMENT FOR MUNICIPAL WORKERS

Sr. No Designation Training Requirement

1 Municipal Commissioner / Chief

Officer / President of ULB

Training on Public Private Partnership, Project Finance

Exposure Visits to Best Practices in MSWM

2 Environment Engineer Training on Staff Management, Operation and

Maintenance of Solid Waste Management Facilities

Exposure Visits to Best Practices in MSWM

3 Sanitary Inspector Training on Collection, Transportation, Processing and

disposal practices of MSWM

Training on IEC Practices

4 Pourkarmikas / Street Sweeping

Workers

Training on Health and Safety during MSWM

8.5.7 Promotional Opportunities

Adequate promotional opportunities should be available in the decentralized SWM

hierarchy to maintain the interest of the supervisory staff to remain in the department.

Special Training to Unqualified Staff

Unqualified supervisory staff should be given in service training to qualify for

supervising sanitation works.

Refresher Courses for Supervisory Staff

Refresher courses should be conducted for the supervisory staff at least every 5

years, or they should be sent for training to get an exposure to advance in this field.

8.6 The Entire Administration of SWM Department to Be Under

One Umbrella

With a view to avoid the problems of lack of coordination and passing of responsibility to

others, it is necessary to have one person exclusively in charge of SWM in the Town. The

overall control in relation to collection, transportation, processing and disposal of all waste,

including workshop facilities, should lie with him. He should also be responsible for the

cleaning of open drains under 24” depth, collection of silt, construction waste and debris




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and vehicle deployment and maintenance. This work should not be left to the Engineering

Department, which should however continue to be responsible for the removal and

transportation of silt from the underground drains, storm water drains or surface drains

exceeding 24” depth, and the left over waste material from their Engineering and major

road works.

8.7 Inter Departmental Co-Ordination

Since the SWM department depends greatly upon the support of various departments of

the Municipal Council, more particularly the Engineering department, the Chief Officer may

hold regular monthly co-ordination meetings to sort out problems faced by the SWM

department such as expeditious repairs of roads, drains, water-supply pipe-lines etc. which

cause hindrance to street and Town cleaning. The reinstatement of roads dug up by utility

services should also be given priority.

The procurement procedures for the SWM equipment also need to be expedited and

simplified in such meetings. A Rate-contract system should replace time consuming

tendering procedures.

There should be an Apex Committee comprised of representatives of various utility services,

headed by the Chief Officer to co-ordinate the laying of underground services in the Town

by various utilities and the reinstatement of the roads as soon as the underground services

are laid. The Apex Committee should ensure that repeated digging of road is avoided for

laying of services by various utilities at time. The works to be carried out by various utilities

on a particular road should be coordinated to prevent frequent digging of roads.

Laying and maintaining of services in slums, provision of public health engineering services

and water supply for public toilets and road construction in the slums to improve overall

health and sanitation in the Town may also be regularly reviewed in the co-ordination

committee meetings.

8.8 Encouragement to NGO’S and Waste Collector Co -Operatives

NGOs may be fully involved in creating public awareness and encouraging public

participation in SWM planning and practice.




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The Municipal Council may also encourage NGOs or co-operative of rag pickers to enter this

field and organize rag pickers in doorstep collection of waste and provide them an

opportunity to improve their working conditions and income. The Municipal Council can

give incentives to NGOs in their effort of organizing rag pickers in primary collection of

recyclable and/or organic waste, and provide financial and logistic support to the extent

possible.

8.8.1 NGO/Private Sector Participation

SWM services are highly labour intensive on account of increased wage structure of the

Government and municipal employees this service is becoming more and more expensive.

Besides, the efficiency of the labour force employed in the Municipal Council is far from

satisfactory. High wage structure and inefficiency of the work force results into steep rise in

the cost of service and yet the people at large are not satisfied with the level of service

being provided by the Municipal Council. Efforts to increase the efficiency by H.R.D. and

institutional strengthening will, to some extent improve the performance but they may not

be enough. It is, therefore, necessary that the Municipal Council seriously consider

augmenting NGO/private sector participation in solid waste management.

Private sector participation or public private partnerships may be considered by Municipal

Council keeping in mind the provisions of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act

1970 of the Government of India under which state governments can prohibit contracting

out the services already being provided by the Municipal Council. Therefore, while

considering any measure of privatization it is necessary to keep in mind the provisions of the

above law, the directions that may have been issued by the state government under this law

in those areas which are not prohibited and where Municipal Council is not currently

providing a service. This will check growth in the establishment costs, bring in economy in

expenditure and introduce an element of healthy competition between the private sector

and the public sector in solid waste management services. There should be a right mix of

private sector and public sector participation to ensure that there is no exploitation of

labour as well as of the management.




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NGO/private sector participation can, therefore, be considered in newly developed areas,

under-served areas and particularly in areas where Municipal Council have not been

providing service. Some examples are given below:

NGO/private participation is recommended in the areas of door to door collection of

domestic waste, door to door collection of commercial waste, door to door collection of

hospital waste, hotel waste, construction waste, and yard waste, and in the area of

awareness and creating public participation. The private sector may also be brought in for

the operation and maintenance of compost plants and other treatment plants and O& M of

engineered landfill facility.

Major repairs and maintenance of vehicles at a private garage may also be considered

seriously.

8.8.2 Incentives to the NGO/Private Sector

Solid waste management, processing and disposal are an area where the private sector has

still not shown much interest. The private sector has, therefore, to be given some incentives

by way of long term contract, assured supply of garbage at the plant site, lease of land at

nominal rates for entering this field.

NGO as well as Private sector participation may be encouraged in such a way that it does

not affect the interests of the existing labour; it does not violate the provisions of the above

law, does not exploit the private labour and yet reduces the burden of the Municipal

Council. This will substantially help in improving the quality of service of the Municipal

Council, effect economy in expenditure and also give scope to the private sector to enter

the waste management market.

8.9 Public Awareness and IEC

8.9.1 Introduction

Everyone is concerned with the growing problems of waste disposal in urban areas with the

scarce availability of land for processing and disposal of waste and environmental

remediation measures becoming ever more expensive. It is therefore necessary to not only

think about effective ways and means to process and dispose of the waste that we generate




111

each day, it is also essential to seriously consider how to avoid or reduce the generation of

waste in the first place and to consider ways to re-use and recycle the waste, so that the

least quantity of waste needs to be processed and disposed off.

8.9.2 Reduce Reuse Recycle (R-R-R)

In Nippani there is very negligible action on Reduce, Reuse and Recycling of waste. The

quantity of packaging waste material and non-bio-degradable waste is going up alarmingly

every year. This increases the burden on local bodies to deal with the problem of no

biodegradable and non-recyclable components of waste landing up at processing and

disposal sites.

8.9.2.1 REDUCE O F W ASTE BY AL L CONCE RNE D :

All manufacturers producing a variety of domestic and non-domestic products, food as well

as non-food should be persuaded to seriously endeavor to use re-usable packaging

materials so that after the delivery of goods, the packaging materials could be collected

back and used over and over again. They could also consider minimizing or avoiding use of

unnecessary packaging materials by innovative methods.

Incentives & product discount should be given to consumers for the return of packaging or

bottling materials in good condition, to the waste producers or retailers to promote re-use.

The cost of packed articles and article without packaging material could be kept different

with a choice to consumers to take the article without the packaging material at low cost.

8.9.2.2 REUSE :

Efforts should be made to encourage collection of re-usable material through waste

collectors, waste producers, NGOs and private sector instead of allowing reusable waste to

land up on the disposal sites. Bottles, cans, tins, drums and cartons can be reused.

8.9.2.3 RECYCLING :

In this era of excessive packaging materials being used, a lot of recyclable waste material is

generated. All-out efforts are necessary to retrieve recyclable material from the households,

shops and establishments and fed to the recycling industries through intermediaries such as

waste purchasers, waste collectors/NGOs, etc.

8.9.3 Public Participation




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Public participation is the basis for improving the solid waste management. This requires lot

of effort. Public participation is essential in the following activities.

1. Reduce, Reuse & Recycling (R R R) of waste.

2. Not to throw the waste/litter on the streets drains, open spaces, water bodies, etc.

3. Storage of organic/bio-degradable and recyclable waste separately at source.

4. Primary collection of waste

5. Community storage/collection of waste in flats, slums, societies, commercial complexes,

etc. and other waste source generators.

6. Pay adequately for the services provided.

The local body should decide the methodology to be adopted for reaching the community

and seeking their cooperation and effective participation in SWM services. This is a very

difficult area of activity and unless this is done meticulously, desired results will not be

achieved.

The essential steps in this direction is to select representative samples of the community

and go through a consultative process to ascertain the perceptions of the people about the

SWM services being given to them, their expectations and extent to which they are willing

to support and participate in the process. Their choice of technological options available

also needs to be ascertained.

There is a need to interact with the community to identify problems of waste management

through site visits and consultation with local population at the time when the community is

generally available for interaction. It may either be in early morning or late evening. The

areas may be selected by following the method of drawl of representative samples.

Situation analysis may be done by the persons who know the subject reasonably well, know

local language and can communicate with local population effectively. Such persons may be

Non-Governmental Organizations, Community Based Organizations or knowledgeable

individuals. They should try to find out the prevalent situation of waste management in the

area under observation and ascertain the perceptions of the people about the services

provided. In this exercise the local councilors, local leaders, NGOs, etc., may be invited to

participate.

8.9.3.1 F INDI NG OUT OPT IO NAL SOLUTIO NS




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Having identified the deficiencies in the system and known the public perceptions, the next

essential step is to think of optional solutions to tackle the problems, workout the cost

implications and level of public participation needed.

8.9.3.2 CONSULT COMMUNIT Y O N OPTIO NS AV AIL ABLE :

There should be second round of consultative process where the options worked out may

be discussed with the community along with cost implications and their support required.

Their suggestions may be sought on each solution proposed. The community may be

encouraged to give their views. If we ask the people straight away the solutions of the

problems they may not be able to give right kind of suggestions as they have no exposure of

various technological options. Therefore, they must be first appraised of the options

available and then asked to give their considered opinion on what will work in their area and

how much they are willing to cooperate.

8.9.4 IEC & Capacity Building

There is a need for capacity building to promote the concept of waste segregation at source.

A detailed plan for capacity building has to be developed. An overview of the concepts, mass

awareness program involved and training is presented here. A budget for the mass

awareness campaign has been included in the estimates. The success of the segregation

concept is based on the consistent follow up over a long period of time. Multiple

approaches have to be adopted for creating awareness and participation including -

Conducting IEC campaigns

Providing access to repositories of information and resources (e.g. databases,

libraries

and web sites)

Trainings (public, customized or on-line)

Consultation (e.g. coaching, facilitating, expert advice and conducting research)

Publications

Coordinating alliances

Web based forum for interaction among different players

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns are critical for working with

individuals, communities and societies to promote positive behaviors. The IEC strategies

should combine approaches and methods that enable individuals, families, groups,

organizations and communities to play active role in achieving, protecting and sustaining the




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desired behavioral change. Solid Waste Management is an activity in which volunteerism

and public participation are the keys to success. It is not only the technology but public

attitude and behavior that are going to make the difference. A participation model for

implementation of Segregation and a table giving details of activities to be practiced are

presented below.

TABLE 8-2 ACTIVITIES TO BE PRACTICED FOR PARTICIPATION MODEL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SEGREGATION

Target Group Area covered in brief

Topics

Elected Representatives- Group 1

General Orientation on: Solid Waste Management- Technical, Institutional, Financial and legal aspects

Technical Aspects: 4R Concept-Reduce, reuse, recover, recycle Institutional Aspects: Collection & Storage Transportation Transfer Stations Role of NGOs/ CBOs Financial Aspects: Budgeting for SWM Cost recovery for SWM services Legal Aspects: MSW(M&H) Rules, 2016 MSWM in Kerala Municipalities Act Byelaw

Mobilization for Action, Human Resource Development

Interactive process for Strategic thinking (by communities, NGOs, professionals& ULB) to prioritize SWM issues and to identify resources to address them. Interactive process for improving the efficiency, effectiveness and the performance of local SWM systems. (iii) Steps for Improving SWM

Senior Officers General Orientation on SWM Plan Preparation and Implementation including technical & technological aspects

Need for Planning-present inadequacies and shortfalls. How to prepare an SWM Plan (preliminaries like quantitative and qualitative survey of MSW , Identification of technology options, community mobilization, facilitating alliances Implementation of SWM Plan Different technology options Role of different players

Financial Management

Budgeting for SWM Cost recovery for SWM Services

Legal Policy aspects

MSW Rules, 2016

Monitoring & What is Monitoring?




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Target Group Area covered in brief

Topics

Evaluation What is Evaluation? Record keeping and Documentation Importance of Monitoring& Evaluation Monitoring Tools

Human Resource Management for SWM

Human resource for SWM- Capacity Assessment Human Resource Development For SWM(developing personal and organizational skills, knowledge, abilities of staff; opportunities for employee training, employee career, performance, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key employee identification etc. ) Human Resource Management System for SWM(payroll, work time, benefits, recruiting, training, performance

Field Workers Orientation on Effective Collection, Segregation and Transportation of Solid Waste

Different Types of MSW Handling of Hazardous/dangerous items Primary Collection and Transportation Tips for effective collection and transportation

Source: AIILSG Analysis

As part of this project awareness creation has been included with the following objectives.

a) To undertake an awareness campaign to reach about 80,000 household, commercial

establishments and institutions on a door to door basis using Pamphlets and one to

one interaction over a period of 3 months.

b) To undertake a campaign for organizing awareness days at about 150 schools,

educational institutions and other centers across the city.

c) Carrying out 'Waste Management Waste Day Events' once a week for a period of 6

months.

These activities would be carried after the procurement of the vehicles and setting up of the

integrated waste processing management facility with scope for processing segregated

waste and recovering resources from the collected segregated waste. The message in the

IEC would be communicate the action taken by the TMC and the expectations from the

community for ensuring that an segregation based integrated waste management facility

becomes a reality.




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TABLE 8-3 ACTION PLAN FOR IEC

Sr.No. Target Groups

Target Group Details Action Plan

1 Waste Generator

Residential Areas (Women (household), Maids, children and Youths). Commercial Areas (Shopping areas, Vegetable markets, Offices, Hotels, Restaurants). Institutional Areas (Jr. High Schools, Colleges)

Holding locality-wise meetings, seminars, targeted community meetings with self-help groups, through street plays, technical and pictorial presentation along with aware them about health hazards and remedial measures and sanitation improvement. Informing and suggesting them about the segregated waste management and their important role.

2 Waste Collector

Sweepers Rag pickers Waste loaders Truck drivers Landfill supervisors

They all should be involved and sensitize about the need of segregated waste collection and sanitation Improvement. The waste collection, transportation and disposal of the waste in proper timing so that waste could not be overflow. The waste collector should be trained about the collection of segregated waste.

3 Waste Managers

Administrators and supervisors Control and monitoring team Complaint handlers Computer software operators and specialists

Presenting them about the Rules and Regulation and updating them about the ongoing activities and techniques for MSW management. Training programs for the technical staffs Providing the reviews of progress and monitoring activities

4 Leaders Political Leaders (Local MLA, MP) Religious Leaders Community Leaders

These leaders can be motivated to participate actively in promotional efforts of community involvement in segregated solid waste management.

5 School Teachers and Students

Primary Schools Jr. High Schools Public Schools

School teachers can be informed and involved in the segregated solid waste management scheme and can be motivated to educate the children for the sanitary improvement. The students can be educated and trained for the segregated waste management system and they can be great awareness creators for the societies. Some groups of students can be created as monitoring and awareness team for sanitation improvement which will make a great impact on societies and communities.

6 Media Print Media Electronic Media

Launching mass campaign for educating and motivating local communities and families about the need of segregation of Solid Waste and its management for sanitation and hygienic improvement.




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Sr.No. Target Groups

Target Group Details Action Plan

7 Elite groups or social organizations

NGOs, Societies CBOs Sr. citizens Association Rotary Clubs/ Lions Club

Sensitize and motivate local influential people like Sr. citizens, leading businessmen, social club members, NGOs and CBOs etc. to undertake or sponsor such activities for solid waste management for effective strategy of public participation and awareness.




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9 Summary of financial requirement

The summary of financial requirement for proposed Solid Waste Management DPR is given

in this section. It is recommended to set up and operate an efficient solid waste

management system in the town.

9.1 Requirement of Capital Cost

The table below gives details of the financial requirement as capital expenditure for improving efficiency of waste management.

TABLE 9-1 COST ESTIMATE FOR PROPOSED EQUIPMENTS, VEHICLES AND MACHINERY

Vehicles/Equipment 2017 - 22 Cost/ Vehicle Total Cost (Lakhs)

Plastic Bins (2 nos.) for Door-to-door collection

Gross Requirement No.s 21400 available at present No.s 0 To be Procured No.s 21400 Rs. 0.00121 Rs. 25.89

2.0 Cum Box Tipper for Door-to-door collection


Push Carts (6 Bin) for Street sweeping by ULB

Gross Requirement No.s 22 available at present No.s - To be Procured No.s 22 Rs. 0.137 Rs. 3.01

Push Carts (6 Bin) for Door to Door Collection in Congested Areas

Gross Requirement No.s 11 available at present No.s - To be Procured No.s 11 Rs. 0.137 Rs. 1.51

Tractor Trailer for Street Sweeping and C&D


Tractor Trailer for targeted Bulk Waste Collection (Veg Markets and Hotels)

Gross Requirement No.s 1 available at present No.s 1 To be Procured No.s - Rs. 7.25 Rs. 0.00

Jetting and suction machine for Drain Cleaning


Tractor Trailer at Landfill Site


Backhoe Loader at Landfill Site 75 HP


Total Rs. 40.82




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TABLE 9-2: ESTIMATED BUDGET EXPENDITURE (IN LAKHS)

Sl. No.

Description Total Estimated Amount

Contingency - 3%

Grand Total

1 Collection & Transport 40.82 1.22 42.04

2 Processing Facility 201.02 6.03 207.06

3 Sanitary Landfill & associated facilities 95.45 2.86 98.31

4 Mechanical Component at Processing Facility 70.81 2.12 72.94

5 Leachate Treatment Cost - {Phytorid Technology 11.20 0.34 11.54

6 Recycling facilities 10.00 0.30 10.30

7 Social Forestry 6.00 0.18 6.18

8 Rainwater Harvesting 2.47 0.07 2.55

9 Dry Waste and E Waste Collection Centre 4.46 0.13 4.60

10 BioMining/BioRemediation 5.00 0.15 5.15

Total Estimated Amount 447.24 13.42 460.66

9.2 Funding Pattern

Particulars Cost (Rs. In lakhs)

GoI share @ 35% of the project cost 161.23

GoK share @ 23.33% of the Project cost 107.47

Committed contribution by ULB @ 30% of Project cost 138.20

Deficit 53.76

Total 460.66




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9.3 Detailed BOQ and Estimates

Name of the work : Civil Work for Platform for Composting, Monsoon, Machine Shed @ Athani Sr No

Description of Item Unit No. Length (m) Width (m)

Height (m) Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate

Amount

1 Earth work excavation by mechanical means in hard/ordinary soil involving an average horizontal throw upto 2 mtrs and average lift upto 0.5mtrs. Excavated surface levelled and sides neatly dressed etc. the disposed earth to be levelled neatly after the breaking of clods completed as per specification MORTH clause 301 Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No.19.2.1 pg.no.142

Cum 1 60 40 0.15 360.0 360 30 10800

2 KSRRB M300-59.1. Loosening of the ground upto a level of 400mm below the sub grade level, watered, graded and compacted in layers ( which includes watering charges and compaction by vibratory roller)Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl No. 19.65, pg.no. 149

Cum 1 60 40 0.15 360.0 360 52 18720

3 KSRRB M400-6.2 Construction of granular sub- base by providing close graded material , spreading in uniform layers with motor grader on prepared surface , mixing by mix in place method by rotavator at OMC and compacting with vibratory power roller to achieve the desired density , complete as per specification.(Grade 2) Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle KSRB 20.5.2, pg.no. 155

Cum 1 60 40 0.125 300.0 300 1558 467400




121




Final Rate

Amount

4 KSRRB M600-1 Construction of dry lean cement concrete mix CC1:5:10 with OPC cement @ 160 Kg, with 25 mm down size graded granite metal coarse aggregate at 0.86 cum and fine aggregates @0.58 Cum Sub-base over a prepared sub-grade with (coarse and fine aggregate conforming to IS : 383) aggregate cement ratio not to exceed 15:1Aggregate gradation after blending to be as per Table 600-1 cement content mot to be less than 160Kg/Cum, optimum moisture content to be determined during trial length construction, concrete strength not to be less than 10 Mpa at 7 days, mixed in a batching plant, transported to site, laid with a paver with electronic sensor, compacting with 8-10 tones vibratory roller, finishing and curing complete as per specifications Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle KSRB 22.1, pg.no. 176

Cum 1 60 40 0.15 360.0 360 3932 1415520




122




Final Rate

Amount

5 Construction of un-reinforced plain cement concrete pavement (PQC)thickness as per design, over a prepared sub base with OPC cement at 360Kg per cum coarse aggregate @ 0.69cum and fine aggregate @ 0.46cum, with superplastisers @3lts conforming to IS9103-1999 Reaffirmed-2008, mixed in a concrete mixer of not less than 0.6cum capacity and appropriate weigh batcher as per approved mix design, laid in approved fixed side form work (steel channel, laying and fixing of 125 micron thich polythene film, wedges, steel plates including levelling the form work as per drawing) and spreading the concrete with shovels, rackers compacted using needle, screed and plate vibrator and finished in a continuous operation inclusing provision of contraction, expansion, construction and longitudinal joints, including groove cutting charges, joint filler, separation membrane, selent primer, joint sealent, admixtures as approved, curing compound, finishing to lines and grades as per drawing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. 22.6 pg.no.177

Cum 1 60 40 0.2 480.0 480 5836 2801280




123




Final Rate

Amount

6 KSRB 4.9.2: Providing TMT Fe-500 steel reinforcement for R.C.C. work including straightening, cutting, bending, hooking, placing in position, lapping and/ or welding wherever required, tying with binding wire and anchoring to the adjoining members wherever necessary complete as per design (laps, hooks and wastage shall not be measured and paid) cost of materials, labour, HOM of machinery complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 4.46.2 pg.no.17

Ton 4936 15168 20104 21.1 21 63453 1339433

7 KSRRB M300-55 Construction of Earthen shoulders with approved materials obtained from excavation from departmental land or other sources with all lifts & leads, spreading, grading to required slope and compaction complete as per specifications(Which includes watering charges & compaction by vibratory roller). Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. 19.62 pg.no. 148

2 60 0.5 0.45 27.0 0

2 40 0.5 0.45 18.0 0

Cum 45.0 45 424 19080

Total Amount Rs. 6,072,233




124

Name of the work : Civil Work for Monsoon, Machine Shed @ Athani Dimensions 36.1X30 M

Sr No

Description of Item Unit No Length Width Height Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate

Amount

1 Earth work excavation in hard soil for foundation of structures by mechanical means as per drawing and technical specification, including setting out, construction of shoring and bracing, removal of stumps and other deleterious matter, dressing of sides and bottom, backfilling the excavation earth to the extent required and utilising the remaining earth locally upto 1 km lead.(Depth upto 3 Mts) Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 2.23.1 pg.no. 7

Foundation F1 14 2 1.8 1.65 83.2

Foundation F2 7 1.8 1.6 1.65 33.3

Cum 116.4 116.4 56 6479

2 KSRB 4-2.1 Providing and Laying in position plain cement concrete of mix 1:3:6 for Foundation and bedding with OPC cement @ 220 Kgs, with 40 mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @ 0.892cum and fine aggregates @0.465 cum machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms. thick, well compacted, in foundation, including cost of all materials, labour, machinery, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 4.2 pg.no.12

Foundation F1 14 2 1.8 0.15 7.6

Foundation F2 7 1.8 1.6 0.15 3.0

Cum 10.6 10.6 5637 59667




125


Sr No


Final Rate

Amount

3 KSRB 4.2.2 Providing and Laying in position Reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20 with OPC cement @ 320 kgs, with 20mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @0.69 cum and fine aggregates @ 0.460 cum, with superplasticisers @ 3 liters conforming to is 9103-1999 reafirmed-2008, machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms thick, vibrated for all works in foundation for footings, columns and plinths etc., including the cost of all material, labour, HOM of machinery, compacting, curing complete but excluding the cost of reinforcement as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle KSRB 4.2.2,Sl.No.4.11, pg.no. 13

Foundation F1 14 1.85 1.65 0.45 19.2 0

Foundation F2 7 1.65 1.45 0.45 7.5

Columns upto Plinth Level 21 0.3 0.45 1.525 4.3 0

Cum Total 31.1 31.1 6540 203346

4 KSRB 4.2.8: Providing and laying in position Reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20, machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15cms thick, vibrated for beam, Roof slab including cost of all materials, labour, machinery, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No.4.13, pg.no. 14

Plinth Beam 3 34.49 0.23 0.38 9.0 0

Columns above plinth level 21 0.3 0.45 4.525 12.8 0

Cum Total 21.9 21.9 6473 141581




126


Sr No


Final Rate

Amount

5 KSRB 2.3: Filling available excavated earth in sides of foundations upto plinth in layers not exceeding 20 cms. In depth, compacting each deposited layer by ramming after watering with lead upto 50m. and lift upto 1.5 m. including cost of all labour complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.no. 2.10, pg.no. 6

Foundation F1 14 2 1.8 1.5 75.6

Foundation F2 7 1.8 1.6 1.5 30.2

Filling below Plinth Beam 3 34.49 0.23 0.07 1.67

105.8

Deduction

Foundation F1 14 1.85 1.65 0.45 19.2 0

Foundation F2 7 1.8 1.6 0.45 9.1

Columns upto Plinth Level 21 0.3 0.45 1.525 4.3

32.6

Total 73.2 73.2 133 9763

6 KSRB 4-6.1: Providing and removing centering, shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of form work for foundations, footings, bases of Columns for mass concrete including cost of all materials, labour complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle,Sl.No.4.28, pg.no. 15

Footing F1 14 7 0.45 44.1 0

Footing F2 7 6.2 0.45 19.5

Columns below plinth 21 1.5 1.525 48.0 0

111.7 111.7 237.3 26499




127


Sr No


Final Rate

Amount

7 KSRB 4-6.5: Providing and removing centering, shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of form work for columns, pillers, post and struts, square/ rectangular/ polugon in plan including cost of all materials, labour complete as per specifications. Specification No. 4.6.2Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No.4.35, pg.no. 16

Columns above plinth level 21 1.5 4.525 142.5 0

365.9 365.9 384 140605

8 KSRB 4-6.7: Providing and removing centering, shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of form work for sides and soffits of beams, beams haunching, cantilever, girders, bressumers and lintels etc not exceeding 1 M in depth including cost of all materials, labour complete as per specifications. Specification No. 4.6.2Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No.4.34, pg.no. 16

Plinth Beam 3 69.44 0.38 79.2 79.2 269 21279


Tonne 5.08 5.08 63453 322022




128


Sr No


Final Rate

Amount

6 Fabrication supplying and erecting M.S. Angular trusses of all spans as per approved drawing and design. The entire trusses is anchored in RCC column by using 4 nose of M.S. anchor bolts at each support with 10mm thick base plate and shoe plate. The work includes cutting, straightening, placing in position of M.S. angles and welding wherever necessary and applying one coat of red oxide primer coat to all the members including cost of all materials, labour charges, and hire charges of machineries for cutting, welding, grinding and erection equipments, with all lead and lift, transportation, etc., complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No. 7.30, pg.no. 41

Kg 26802 26802 128 3433336

7 KSRB 8.3-2 Providing and laying to required line and slope roofing with semi-corrugated (Trafford) asbestos cement sheet 6mm.thick fixed with galvanized iron J or L hooks, bolts and nuts 8mm dia. C.I. plain and bitumen washers, over the existing purlins, rafters and trusses including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No.8.6, pg.no. 46

Sqm 4 36.1 5.85 844.7 844.7 414 349469

8 KSRB 8.3-4 Providing and fixing Ridges and hips with asbestos cement sheet roofing with G.I. J or L hooks, bolts and nuts 8 mm. dia. G.I. plain and bitumen washers, serrated or plain wings, adjustable ridges, including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No.8.8, pg.no. 46




129


Sr No


Final Rate

Amount

M 2 36.1 72.2 72.2 340.2 24562

9 Providing and laying to required line walls with GI sheet fixed with hook, bolts and nuts 8mm. Dia. GI plain and bitumen washers, at the existing angle section including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. As per Market rate

2 33.1 3 198.6

1 30 3 90.0

1 27 3 81.0

Sqm 369.6 370 515 190159

10 KSRB 15-18.1 Applying red lead ready mix priming coat over new steel or other metal surface including preparing the surface after thoroughly cleaning oil, grease, dirt and other foreign matter, and sourced with wire brushes, fine steel wool, sand papers including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 15.73 pg.no.121

Sqm 739.2 739 29 21474

11 KSRB 15-18.2 Providing and applying enamel metal paint two coats (excluding priming coat) over new steel or other metal surface brushing to give an even shed after cleaning oil, grease, dirt and other foreign matter including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 15.74 pg.no.121

Sqm 739.2 739 82 60540





130

Name of the work : Civil Work for Storm Water Gutter @ Athani

Length of Storm Water Gutter 2956 M Sr No

Description of Item Unit No. Length Width Height

Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate

Amount


Cum 1 2956 0.75 0.65 1441.1 1441 32 45393


cum 1 2956 0.75 0.1 221.7 222 5637 1249823




131

Name of the work : Civil Work for Storm Water Gutter @ Athani

Length of Storm Water Gutter 2956 M Sr No

Description of Item Unit No. Length Width Height

Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate

Amount

3 KSRB 4.2.2 Providing and Laying in position Reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20 with OPC cement @ 320 kgs, with 20mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @0.69 cum and fine aggregates @ 0.460 cum, with superplasticisers @ 3 liters conforming to is 9103-1999 reafirmed-2008, machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms thick, vibrated for all works in foundation for footings, columns and plinths etc., including the cost of all material, labour, HOM of machinery, compacting, curing complete but excluding the cost of reinforcement as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle KSRB 4.2.2,Sl.No.4.11, pg.no. 13

cum 1 2956 0.65 0.1 192.14 192

2 2956 0.1 0.45 133.02 133

325 6540 2126693


3951.68

1868.19

5819.87

6.11 6.11 63452.55 387750





132

Name of the work : Civil Work for Leachate Collection Tank @ Athani Sr

No. Description of Item Unit Total

Qty. No. Length Width Height Qty. Final

Rate Amount


Cum 68 1 7.2 4.2 2.25 68.04 56 3786


Cum 3 1 7.2 4.2 0.1 3.024 5637 17048

3 KSRB 4.2.8 Providing and Laying in position reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20 with OPC cement @ 320kgs, with 20mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @ 0.69cum and fine aggregates @ 0.46cum,with superplastisiser @ 3lts conforming to IS9103-1999 Reaffirmed-2008,machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms thick, vibrated for Footing, Retaining walls, return walls, walls(Any thickness), including attached pilasters, bed blocks, etc., including the cost of all materials, labour, machinery, curing




133




Rate Amount

complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 Belgaum circle, Sl.No.4.13, pg.no. 14

Footing 1 7.2 4.2 0.35 10.58 0

Tank Walls 1 2 6.2 0.2 1.8 4.464 0

Tank Walls 2 2 3.2 0.2 1.8 2.304 0

Cover Slab 1 6.4 3.4 0.125 2.72 0

Hauch 1 2 6 0.007 0.084 0

Hauch 2 2 3 0.007 0.042 0

Cum 20 20.20 6378 128823

4 KSRB 4-6.5: Providing and removing centering, shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of form work for columns, pillers, post and struts, square/ rectangular/ polygon in plan including cost of all materials, labour complete as per specifications. Specification No. 4.6.2Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No.4.35, pg.no. 16

Footing 1 22.8 0.35 7.98 0

Tank Walls 1 2 12.8 1.8 46.08 0

Tank Walls 2 2 6.8 1.8 24.48 0

Cover Slab 1 19.6 0.125 2.45 0

Cover Slab sides 2 12.014 24.03 0

Hauch 2 6.014 12.028 0




134




Rate Amount

Sqm. 117 117.046 384 44981


Tonne 2 2.335 63453 148162

6 Providing Internal Cement Plaster 12mm thick in a single coat in cement mortar 1:4 to brick masonry including rounding off corners wherever required smooth rendering,: providing and removing scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 Belgaum circle Sl. No. 15.10 pg.no.113

Tank Walls 1 2 6.2 1.8 22.32

Tank Walls 2 2 3.2 1.8 11.52

Sqm. 34 33.84 162 5482

Total Amount Rs. 348,281




135

Name of the work : Civil Work for Compound Wall @ Athani

Length of Compound Wall 290 M Sr No

Description of Item Unit No. Length (m)

Width (m)

Height (m)

Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate

Amount


Foundation 290 0.8 0.8 0.8 148

Cum 148 148.5 56 8315

2 KSRB 4.2.8: Providing and laying in position Reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20, machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15cms thick, vibrated for beam, Roof slab including cost of all materials, labour, machinery, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No.4.13, pg.no. 14

For Foundation 290 0.8 0.8 0.15 27.84

For Fencing 81 0.36 0.36 0.3 3.13

Cum 30.97 31.0 5637 174589




136




Width (m)

Height (m)

Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate

Amount

3 KSRB 6-1.3: Providing and constructing Burnt Brick Masonry for Superstructure, with approved quality of non- modular bricks of standard size of class designation 3.5 Newton per sqmm with cement mortar 1:6, including cost of materials, labour charges, scaffolding, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 6.3 pg.no.28

a 290 0.69 0.15 30.015 0

b 290 0.46 0.15 20.0 0

c 290 0.36 0.35 36.54

wall 261.0 0.23 1.8 108.05

column 81 0.36 0.36 1.8 18.79

Deduction of PCC for fencing 81 0.36 0.36 0.3 3.13

Cum Total 210.3 210.3 5466 1149385

4 Providing Internal Cement Plaster 12mm thick in a single coat in cement mortar 1:4 to brick masonry including rounding off corners wherever required smooth rendering,: providing and removing scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 15.10 pg.no.113

Sqm 2 290 1.8 1044 1044 162 169128

5 Angle iron 40x40x6mm Code No. 0019, pg. No. VII Weight /M




137




Width (m)

Height (m)

Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate

Amount

Kgs 81 0.9 3.5 253.75 254 38 9642.5

6 Providing barbed GI wire fencing of 12x12 gauge drawn into stone pillars or iron pillars including in holes wherever necessary excluding the cost of pillars but including the cost of barbed wire and binding wire etc., complete. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle,Sl.No.37.5, pg.no. 262

M 4 290 1160.0 1160 28 32016

7 Providing and finishing external walls in two coats with waterproof cement paint of approved brand and shade to give an even shade after throughly brooming the surface to remove all dirt and loose powered material, free from mortar drops and other foreign matter including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2015-16 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 15.53.1 pg.no.118

Sqm 2 290.0 1.8 1044.0 1044 69 72036





138

Name of the work : Civil Work for Leachate Collection Drain @ Athani

Length of Leachate Collection Drain 65 M Sr No

Description of Item Unit No. Length Width Height Qty. Total Qty Final Rate Amount


Cum 65 0.55 0.6 21.45 21 30 644

2 Providing and Laying in position plain cement concrete of M 7.5 using 40 mm down size graded granite / trap metal for haunching of 300mm internal diameter half circular stoneware pipes, concrete machine mixed laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms thick, well compacted, including cost of all materials, labour, HOM of machinery, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. As per Market Rate

M 65 65 65 762 49550


Summary of Cost Estimates Sr No Component Cost in Rupees Cost in Lakhs

1 Civil Work for Common Facilities @Athani 2,517,407 25.17

2 Civil Work for Composte, Monsoon, Machine Shed Platform @ Athani 6072233 60.72




139

Summary of Cost Estimates Sr No Component Cost in Rupees Cost in Lakhs

3 Civil Work for Monsoon, Machine Shed @ Athani 5128572 51.29

4 Civil Work Storm Water Gutter @ Athani 3809658 38.10

5 Civil Work for Leachate Collection Tank @ Athani 348281 3.48

6 Civil Work for Compound Wall @ Athani 1615112 16.15

7 Leachate Collection Drain 50193 0.50

8 Weigh Bridge 561000 5.61

Total 20,102,456 201.02

Name of the work : Civil Work for Dry Waste Collection Centre at Athani

Area of DWCC 40 Sqm Sr No


Final Rate

Amount


Foundation 6 0.5 0.5 1 1.5

Cum 1.5 2 56 83




140




Final Rate

Amount


Cum 6 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 1.5 5637 8456


Filling in plinth 1 5 8 0.3 12 0

Cum 12 12.0 133.35 1600

4 Providing and laying flooring with M15 cement concrete 40 mm thick using broken granite 20 mm and down size laid to line and level in one layer and finish with a floating coat of neat cement, including cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 14.8 pg.no.101

Sqm 1 5 8 0 40.0 40.0 333 13320




141




Final Rate

Amount

5 Fabrication supplying and erecting M.S. Tubular trusses of all spans as per approved drawing and design with prefabricated steel applications using quality material and are durable, reliable and corrosion and abrasion resistant. Welding shall conform to latest structural welding code. Quality shall be on various parameters like shape, size, design gauge and polish. The entire trusses is anchored in RCC column by using 4 nose of M.S. anchor bolts at each support with 10mm thick base plate and shoe plate. The work includes cutting, straightening, placing in position of M.S. pipes and welding wherever necessary and applying one coat of red oxide primer coat to all the members including cost of all materials, labour charges, and hire charges of machineries for cutting, welding, grinding and erection equipments, with all lead and lift, transportation, etc., complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl.No. 7.29, pg.no. 41

Kg 1610 1610 110 177100

6 Providing and laying to required line walls with GI sheet fixed with hook, bolts and nuts 8mm. Dia. GI plain and bitumen washers, at the existing angle section including cost of materials, labour, complete as per spections. Ref. As per Market rate

Top 1 5 8 40.0 0

Short Side 2 5 3 30.0

Long Side 2 8 3 48.0

Sqm 121.9 122 490 59731




142




Final Rate

Amount

7 Providing chain link fencing 50 mm size of 8 gauge properly stretched between existing rectangular poles and fixed with suitable bolts & nuts, the free ends shall be welded to the pole and block pipe at top and bottom as required including cost of all materials, labour, lead and lifts and as per the directions of the Engineer-in charge of the work and including providing 2 coats of approved quality paint over one coat of shop painting. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 37.3pg.no. 262

W1 1 8 1.5 12.0

W2 1 8 1 8.0

W3 2 6.25

12.5

Sqm 32.5 33 657 21353


Length of Fencing for DWCC 41 M Sr No


Height (m)

Qty. Total Qty

Final Rate Amount




143




Final Rate

Amount

3 Supplying and fixing M.S. Rectangular poles made out of 2 equal angles of 65x65x6 mm welded together and fixed in CC (1:2:4) with 2 nos 16 mm dia. M.S. hold fast rods each of leangth 25 cms. Including cost of all materials, cutting, bending scaffolding wherever necessary, nicely finishing the welded joints with all lead lifts and as per the directions of the Engineer-in charge of the work and including providing 2 coats of approved quality paint over one coat of shop painting. ( excluding cost of earthwork and concrete ) Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 37.2 pg.no. 262

RM 26 3.5 91.0 91 920 83720

4 Providing chain link fencing 50 mm size of 8 gauge properly streched between existing rectangular poles and fixed with suitable bolts & nuts, the free ends shall be welded to the pole and block pipe at top and bottom as required including cost of all materials, labour, lead and lifts and as per the directions of the Engineer-in charge of the work and including providing 2 coats of approved quality paint over one coat of shop painting. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle Sl. No. 37.3pg.no. 262

Sqm 26 2 52.0 52 657 34164




144




Final Rate

Amount

5

Providing barbed GI wire fencing of 12x12 gauge drawn into stone pillars or iron pillars including in holes wherever necessary excluding the cost of pillars but including the cost of barbed wire and binding wire etc., complete. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle,Sl.No.37.5, pg.no. 262

M 3 26 78.0 78 28 2153

6 KSRRB M300-8.1. Planting and maintaining of flowering plants and shrubs in central verge MORTH Specification No. 307 (Duranta) Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle, Sl.No.19.86, pg.no. 151

M 26 22 579




145




Final Rate

Amount

7 Providing and fixing M.S. Gate as per Chief Architect Drawing, using 50mmx50mm 14 gauge M.S. hollow pipe frame work bent to ornamental shape as shown in the drawing and 35mm x 6mm and 16mm x 16mm square rods for verticls alternatively spaced at 4cms c/c in two halves and 40mm x 6mm M.S. flats for horizontal member and at the top cast iron spikes are provided at alternate vertical members as the shown in the drawing etc., complete. All the steel surface should be thoroughly clean free of dust and painted with anti corrosive paint (shop paint) etc., complete. The work includes cost of all materials, labour charges for all items of work, hire charges for welding, cutting and grinding equipment, and electricity charges with lead and lift, loading and unloading charges, etc., complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka circle, Sl.No.7.37, pg.no. 43

Sqm 1 3 1.6 4.8 5 2947 14146


Bio-digester Toilet as per SBM Guidelines including fitting, Transport

1 30000 30,000

Total Amount Rs 446,405




146

146

9.4 Requirement of Operation and Maintenance cost

The table below gives details of required Operation and Maintenance cost for collection and

transportation of proposed Solid Waste Management System.

TABLE 9-3: REQUIREMENT OF MANPOWER

Man power requirement Required

Collection & Transportation, Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning

Drivers for Door to door collection - Auto Tipper 8

PKs for door to door collection Auto Tipper 8

PKs for door to door collection Push Cart ( Congested Areas) 11

Drivers for street sweeping and C&D collection (Tractor Trailer) 2

PKs for street sweeping and C&D collection (Tractor Trailer) 6

PKs for street sweeping (Sweeper) 22

Drivers for Tractor Trailer for Bulk Waste Collection 1

PKs for Tractor Trailer for Bulk Waste Collection 3

Driver for Jetting and Suction Machine 1

PK for Jetting and Suction Machine 1

DWCC

Supervisory Staff 1

PK at DWCC 2

Processing Site

Driver for Tractor Trailer and backhoe loader at Landfill site 1

PK for Tractor Trailer at Landfill site 1

Processing Plant Manager at Landfill Site 1

PK at Landfill Site 2

Security Guard 1

TABLE 9-4 O&M COST REQUIREMENT FOR MANPOWER

Total required

Permanent

Contract/ outsource

Salary / month/ person

Monthly expenses

Yearly expenses

Drivers – Auto tippers and Tractor Trailer

12 2 10 12150.6 151,883 1822590

JCB operator 1 0 1 12700.6 15,876 190509

Pourkarmikas 56 18 38 14025.6 666,216 7994592

Supervisor DWCC 1 0 1 14526.6 18,158 217899

Processing Plant Manager at Landfill Site

1 0

1 15765.6 19,707 236484

Security Guard 1 0 1 11204.6 14,006 168069

Total salary of permanent staff (existing) in Lakh Rs.

56.60

Total Salary of Proposed Staff (in Lakhs)

72 52 10630143

Total Salary of Proposed Staff (in Lakhs) in Lakhs Rs.

106.30

Total Salaries of Staff 162.90




147

TABLE 9-5 O&M EXPENDITURE

Fuel (Rs. 55/Lit.) No of Vehicles

Fuel required (L/Day)

Monthly expense

Annual Expense

Auto tipper 8 5 72,000 864,000

Tractor Trailer for Street Sweeping 2 8 28,800 345,600

Loaders vehicle at land fill site 2 14 50,400 604,800

Jetting and Suction Machine 1 8 14,400 172,800

Tractor Trailer for Bulk Waste Collection 1 8 14,400 172,800

Bio-culture @ Rs. 60/- per Kg , plus transportation cost. 800 gms per tonne 17,371 208,452

Power consumption No. of Units

Power consumption 100 15,000 180,000

Annual Maintenance Charges - AMC

AMC for Vehicles at 5% of capital cost for Collection and Transport 659,088

AMC for Equipment and Machinery at 5% of capital cost for Mechanical Component at Processing Facility

354,065

Water Charges

Water Supply 15 10 4500 54,000

Baggage and packing cost Lumpsum 5,000 60,000

Transportation Lumpsum 4,000 48,000

Office + Laboratory Supplies and Maintenance Lumpsum 4,000 48,000

Additives Lumpsum 4,000 48,000

Misc Lumpsum 4,000 48,000

Salaries Rs. 1,62,90,143

TOTAL PROPOSED O&M EXPENDITURE Rs. 2,01,57,747

9.5 Revenue from Sale of Compost and User Charges

The sale of compost and requirement of charges to be collected from residential households

and commercial entities to run Solid Waste Management Facility is explained in the table

below.

TABLE 9-6: PROPOSED REVENUE GENERATION

Waste Generators No of Generators

Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Population 51708 52380 53059 53747 54442 55146

Total HH / Properties 10700 11021 11352 11692 12043 12404

Non Slum HH Total 8676 8936 9204 9480 9765 10058

Non Slum HH big 2603 2681 2761 2844 2929 3017

Non Slum HH small 6073 6255 6443 6636 6835 7041

Slum HH 2024 2085 2147 2212 2278 2346

Veg. Markets + Marriage Halls 2 2 2 2 2 2

Hotels – big 16 17 17 18 18 19

Hotels - small 49 49 49 49 49 49

Meat shops, Slaughterhouse 11 11 12 12 12 13




148

Waste Generators No of Generators

Bulk Generators (a+b+c) 78 79 80 81 81 83

Petty Shops 435 448 461 475 490 504

Institutions 15 15 16 16 17 17

Other Commercials (d+e) 450 464 477 492 506 522

User Charges (Rs / Month)

Non Slum HH big 40 50 60 70 80 90

Non Slum HH small 35 40 45 50 55 60

Slum HH 25 30 35 40 45 50

Veg. Markets + Marriage Halls 300 400 500 600 700 800

Hotels big 250 300 350 400 450 500

Hotels small 150 200 250 300 350 400

Meat shops/Slaughterhouse 100 150 200 250 300 350

Petty Shops 20 30 40 50 60 70

Institutions 100 110 120 130 140 150

Total Recovery from User Charges

Non Slum HH big 0.73 1.17 1.49 1.84 2.23 2.72

Non Slum HH small 1.49 2.19 2.61 3.07 3.57 4.22

Slum HH 0.43 0.55 0.68 0.82 0.97 1.17

Veg. Markets + Marriage Halls 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016

Hotels big 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10

Hotels small 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.20

Meat shops/Slaughterhouse 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Petty Shops 0.07 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.30

Institutions 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Total Monthly 2.84 4.21 5.17 6.21 7.35 8.79

Revenue from User Charges (in Lakhs)

34.09 50.54 62.00 74.53 88.15 105.46

Compost Sale

Total Compost Generated (MT/Year)

991 1004 1017 1030 1043 1057

Sale Value of Compost (Rs/ Kg) 2.5 2.5 2.66 2.84 3.02 3.22

Revenue from Sale of Compost 24.77 25.09 27.07 29.20 31.50 33.99

Revenue from Recyclable waste 2.31 2.81 3.80 4.39 5.63 6.34

Total Revenue 61.18 78.44 92.86 108.12 125.28 145.79

O&M Expenses Proposed 201.58 214.68 228.63 243.50 259.32 276.18

Recovery Proposed 30.35% 36.54% 40.62% 44.40% 48.31% 52.79%

9.6 Revenue Proposed

Sl. Description Rs. In Lakhs

1 O&M Expenses Proposed 201.58

2 Revenue by sale of compost and by-products (A) 24.77

3 Revenue by way of User Charges (B) 34.09




149

Sl. Description Rs. In Lakhs

4 Revenue from sale of recyclables (C) 2.31

Total revenue proposed (A + B + C) 61.18

Deficit = Proposed total O&M cost – Proposed total revenue generated 140.40

5. 75% of Proposed PK cost to be obtained from untied grants such as SFC etc. 59.96

6. 100% SFC grant for permanent staff member 56.60

9.7 Breakup of Financial Aspect

Sl.

No. Particulars

Capital Cost (Rs. In Lakhs) O & M

Cost (Rs.

In Lakhs)

Civil

Components

Vehicles &

Machineries

a Door-to-door collection & transportation 37.8 8.64

b Street sweeping & other cleaning activities and

transportation 3.0 5.18

c Dry waste collection centre 4.6 10.3

d Secondary collection & transportation 1.2 1.73

e Waste Processing (Aerobic Composting (organic

waste) Including civil works total capital cost) 207.1 72.94 13.24

f Waste disposal and Leachate treatment 109.9 0.0 7.85

g Bio-mining if considered 5.2

h Salaries for Staff 162.90

i Others (Social Forestry, Rainwater Harvesting etc) 8.7 2.04

335.4 125.3

Total Cost 460.66 201.58

Cost / ton 23.87 Lakhs 2861




150

Annexure 1. Legal Aspects

The legal framework for solid waste management stems from the Municipality Act, the state

policy on solid waste management and the MSW rules 2016 and associates rules. It is

advisable to incorporate in the responsibilities of the various stakeholders to enable

enforcement of proper solid waste management.

The following legal provisions may be incorporated in the ULB by-laws -

Duties of waste generators.-

(1) Every waste generator shall,

(a) segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely

bio-degradable, non bio-degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and

handover segregated wastes to authorized waste pickers or waste collectors as per the

direction or notification by the local authorities from time to time;

(b) wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads etc., in the pouches

provided by the manufacturers or brand owners of these products or in a suitable wrapping

material as instructed by the local authorities and shall place the same in the bin meant for

dry waste or non- bio-degradable waste;

(c) store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his

own premises and shall dispose off as per the Construction and Demolition Waste

Management Rules, 2016; and

(d) Store horticulture waste and garden waste generated from his premises separately in

his own premises and dispose of as per the directions of the local body from time to time.

(2) No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid waste generated by him, on

streets, open public spaces outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.

(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as specified

in the bye-laws of the local bodies.

(4) No person shall organize an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons at

any unlicensed place without intimating the local body, at least three working days in

advance and such person or the organizer of such event shall ensure segregation of waste at

source and handing over of segregated waste to waste collector or agency as specified by




151

the local body.

(5) Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated

during the course of his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers,

coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall deposit such waste at waste

storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.

(6) All resident welfare and market associations shall, within one year from the date of

notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of

waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of

segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the

authorized waste pickers or the authorized recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be

processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the

premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or

agency as directed by the local body.

(7) All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area shall, within one

year from the date of notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body,

ensure segregation of waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules,

facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material

to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorized recyclers. The bio-degradable

waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation

within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste

collectors or agency as directed by the local body.

(8) All hotels and restaurants shall, within one year from the date of notification of these

rules and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source as

prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams,

handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised

recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through

composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste

shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local body.

Duties and responsibilities of local authorities and village Panchayats of census towns and

urban agglomerations.-




152

The local authorities and Panchayats shall,-

(a) prepare a solid waste management plan as per state policy and strategy on solid

waste management within six months from the date of notification of state policy and

strategy and submit a copy to respective departments of State Government or Union

territory Administration or agency authorised by the State Government or Union territory

Administration;

(b) arrange for door to door collection of segregated solid waste from all households

including slums and informal settlements, commercial, institutional and other non

residential premises. From multi-storage buildings, large commercial complexes, malls,

housing complexes, etc., this may be collected from the entry gate or any other designated

location;

(c) establish a system to recognise organisations of waste pickers or informal waste

collectors and promote and establish a system for integration of these authorised waste-

pickers and waste collectors to facilitate their participation in solid waste management

including door to door collection of waste;

(d) facilitate formation of Self Help Groups, provide identity cards and thereafter

encourage integration in solid waste management including door to door collection of

waste;

(e) frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of these rules within one year from the

date of notification of these rules and ensure timely implementation;

(f) prescribe from time to time user fee as deemed appropriate and collect the fee from

the waste generators on its own or through authorised agency;

(g) direct waste generators not to litter i.e throw or dispose of any waste such as paper,

water bottles, liquor bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, fruit peel, wrappers, etc., or burn

or burry waste on streets, open public spaces, drains, waste bodies and to segregate the

waste at source as prescribed under these rules and hand over the segregated waste to

authorised the waste pickers or waste collectors authorised by the local body;

(h) setup material recovery facilities or secondary storage facilities with sufficient space

for sorting of recyclable materials to enable informal or authorised waste pickers and waste

collectors to separate recyclables from the waste and provide easy access to waste pickers

and recyclers for collection of segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic, metal,

glass, textile from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities; Bins for




153

storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable

wastes shall be printed white and those for storage of other wastes shall be printed black;

(i) direct street sweepers not to burn tree leaves collected from street sweeping and

store them separately and handover to the waste collectors or agency authorised by local

body;

(j) provide training on solid waste management to waste-pickers and waste collectors;

(k) collect waste from vegetable, fruit, flower, meat, poultry and fish market on day to

day basis and promote setting up of decentralised compost plant or bio-methanation plant

at suitable locations in the markets or in the vicinity of markets ensuring hygienic

conditions;

(l) collect separately waste from sweeping of streets, lanes and by-lanes daily, or on

alternate days or twice a week depending on the density of population, commercial activity

and local situation;

(m) transport segregated bio-degradable waste to the processing facilities like compost

plant, bio-methanation plant or any such facility. Preference shall be given for on site

processing of such waste;

(n) transport non-bio-degradable waste to the respective processing facility or material

recovery facilities or secondary storage facility;

(o) involve communities in waste management and promotion of home composting, bio-

gas generation, decentralised processing of waste at community level subject to control of

odour and maintenance of hygienic conditions around the facility;

(p) educate workers including contract workers and supervisors for door to door

collection of segregated waste and

transporting the unmixed waste during primary and secondary transportation to processing

or disposal facility;

(q) ensure that the operator of a facility provides personal protection equipment

including uniform, fluorescent

jacket, hand gloves, raincoats, appropriate foot wear and masks to all workers handling solid

waste and the same are used by the workforce;

(r) frame bye-laws and prescribe criteria for levying of spot fine for persons who litters or

fails to comply with the provisions of these rules and delegate powers to officers or local

bodies to levy spot fines as per the bye laws framed; and




154

(s) create public awareness through information, education and communication campaign

and educate the waste generators on the following; namely:-

(i) not to litter

(ii) minimise generation of waste;

(iii) reuse the waste to the extent possible;

(iv) practice segregation of waste into bio–degradable, non-biodegradable (recyclable

and combustible),

(v) practice home composting, vermi-composting, bio-gas generation or community

level composting;

(vi) wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when generated in the pouches provided

by the brand owners or a suitable wrapping as prescribed by the local body and

place the same in the bin meant for non- biodegradable waste;

(vii) storage of segregated waste at source in different bins;

(viii) handover segregated waste to waste pickers, waste collectors, recyclers or

waste collection agencies; and

(ix) pay monthly user fee or charges to waste collectors or local bodies or any other

person authorised by the local body for sustainability of solid waste management.

Legal Provisions related to Solid Waste Management and Sanitation under Karnataka

Municipal Act 1964

Clause Sub clause Provision

75

Compulsory acquisition of land -Whenever a municipal council requires any immovable property for the purposes of this Act, the Government may, at the request of the municipal council procure the acquisition thereof under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and the immovable property shall be transferred to the municipal council and shall thereafter vest in such council.

Chapter V Obligatory and Discretionary Functions of Municipal Councils

Obligatory functions of municipal councils related to Sanitation –


87 C

cleansing public streets, places and sewers, and all spaces not being private property, which are open to the enjoyment of the public, whether such spaces are vested in the municipal council or not, removing noxious vegetation and abating all public nuisances

e regulating or abating offensive or dangerous trades or practices

r providing covered metallic receptacles and covered metallic receptacles mounted on wheels for use by servants employed by the municipal council for the removal of night soil and rubbish and




155


disposing of night-soil and rubbish and, if so required by the Government, preparation of compost manure from such night-soil and rubbish

Discretionary functions of municipal councils related to Sanitation –


91 k

Supplying, constructing and maintaining receptacles, fittings, pipes and other appliances whatsoever on or for the use of private premises for receiving and conducting the sewage thereof into a sewer under the control of the municipal council

Chapter IX Powers and Offences

Powers connected with Drainage and Water Works


193 Municipal control over drains, etc.

194 Powers for making drains

195 Sufficient drainage of houses

196 Power of owners and occupiers of 1[buildings or vacant lands]1 to drain into municipal drains

197 Right to carry drain through land or into drain belonging to other persons

199 Provision of privies, etc

201 Power to close existing private drains

203 Encroachment on municipal drains, etc

206 Power of carrying water mains, etc

Powers for the prevention of nuisance

224 1

Depositing dust, etc. - Whoever deposits or causes or suffers any member of his family or household to deposit any dust, dirt, dung or ashes, or garden, kitchen or stable refuse, or filth of any kind, or any animal matter or any broken glass or earthenware or other rubbish or any other thing that is or may be a nuisance, shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.

2

Except with the permission of the municipal council, disposal of any nightsoil into any sewer, drain, culvert, tunnel, gutter or water-course, same, shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.

225

Discharging sewage, etc - Whoever causes or allows the water of any sink or sewer or any other liquid or other matter which is or which is likely to become offensive, or causes or allows any offensive matter from any sewer or privy to run, drain or be thrown into a surface drain in any street, without the permission in writing of the municipal council or who fails to comply with any condition prescribed in such permission, shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.

227 1 Removal of nightsoil

The municipal council may from time to time fix the hours during which only it shall be lawful to remove any night-soil or other such




156


offensive matter.

(b) at any time, whether such hours have been fixed by the municipal council or not,-

(i) uses for any such purpose any cart, carriage, receptacle or vessel not having a covering proper for preventing the escape of the contents thereof and of the stench therefrom, or

(ii) wilfully or negligently slops or spills any such offensive matter in the removal thereof, or

(iii) does not carefully sweep and clean every place in which any such offensive matter has been slopped or spilled, or

(iv) places or sets down in any public place any vessel containing such offensive matter, or

(v) drives or takes or causes to be driven or taken any cart, carriage, receptacle or vessel used for any such purpose as aforesaid through any street or by any route, other than such as shall from time to time be appointed for that purpose by the municipal council by public notice,

shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.

233 1 Provision of bathing facilities -The municipal council may set apart sufficient public places for the purpose of being used as bathing places

234

Fouling water.—Whoever, bathes in any stream, pool, tank, reservoir, well, cistern, conduit and aqueduct belonging to the municipal council, or washes, or causes to be washed therein any animal or anything whatever, or throws, puts or casts or causes to enter therein any animal or anything, shall be punished with fine which may extend to fifty rupees.

235 1

Regulation of washing of clothes by washermen.— The municipal council may, by public notice, prohibit the washing of clothes by washermen in the exercise of their calling, except at such places as it shall appoint for this purpose;

2 The municipal council shall provide suitable places for the exercise

236 1

Abatement of nuisances from wells, etc.— If, in the opinion of the municipal council, any pool, ditch, quarry excavation is or is likely to become a breeding place of mosquitoes or in any other respect a nuisance, the municipal council may, by notice in writing, require the owner thereof to fill up, cover over or drain off

238

Using offensive manure, etc - Whoever, except with the written permission of the municipal council, and in the manner, if any, enjoined in such permission stores or uses nightsoil or other manure or substance emitting an offensive smell shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.

239 Tethering cattle, etc.—Whoever tethers cattle or other animals, or causes or suffers them to be tethered by any member of his family or household, in any public street or place so as to obstruct or




157


endanger the public traffic therein, or to cause a nuisance, or who causes or suffers such animals to stray about without a keeper, shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.

240

Feeding animals on filth.—Whoever feeds any animal which is kept for dairy purposes or is intended for human food on excrementitious matter, stable refuse, filth, or other offensive matter, or permits such animal to feed or to be fed on such matter, shall be punished with fine which may extend to fifty rupees.

241 2

Consumption of smoke - (2) If any person shall, after such direction, use or permit to be used, any such furnace not so constructed, supplemented, or altered, or shall so negligently use, or permit to be used, any such furnace that the smoke arising there from shall not be effectually consumed or burnt as far as may be practicable, every person so offending being the owner or occupier of the said works or buildings or being an agent or other person employed by such owner or occupier for managing the same, shall be punished with fine which may extend to fifty rupees and upon any subsequent conviction with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees:

242 iv Prohibition of nuisance.—Whoever, carries meat exposed to public view, shall, be punished with fine which may extend to one hundred rupees

Regulation of markets, sale of goods, etc.


243 2

Licensing markets, slaughter houses and certain businesses - Whoever uses or permits the use of any place contraty to the direction, or without the licence required by sub-section (1), or in contravention of any of the conditions or during the suspension of the licence shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees

244 2

Opening, closing and letting of markets and slaughter houses - Any person who, without the permission or licence of the municipal council, sells or exposes for sale any articles in the said markets, or uses the said slaughter houses, shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.

246

Slaughter houses, etc., beyond municipal limits.—It shall be lawful for the municipal council with the sanction of the Deputy Commissioner, to establish slaughter houses, or places for the disposal of carcasses of animals beyond the limits of the 1[municipal area]1 and all provisions of this Act and of bye-laws in force thereunder relating to such places within municipal limits shall have full force therein, as if such places were within the municipal limits.

Chapter XIII Rules and Bye - Laws


324 1 Power to make bye-laws - Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, every municipal council may from time to time make, alter or rescind bye-laws –




158


(a) for the regulation and inspection of markets, all public places used for the sale of articles, and slaughter houses and all places used by or for animals which are for sale or hire or the produce of which is sold, and for the proper and clean conduct of business therein, for regulating the sale of fruits, flowers and vegetables, or meat, fish, eggs and animals in the municipal markets or other specified places, and for fixing the rents and other charges to be levied for the use of any of them which belong to the municipal council

(l) for the regulation of advertisements and their display

2 In making any bye-laws under sub-section (1), the municipal council may provide that a contravention thereof shall be punishable,—

5

Every bye-law made by a municipal council under this section shall not have effect until it has been approved by the Government; and every such bye-law shall be submitted to the Government along with a copy of the notice published under sub-section (4) and of every objection or suggestion received with respect to the draft bye-law.

7

Every bye-law as approved by the Government shall be published in the prescribed manner and shall come into force from such date as may be specified by the municipal council and where no date is specified on the date of such publication.

325 1

Power of Government to make model bye-laws and adoption of such bye-laws by municipal councils. –

(1) In respect of any of the matters specified in section 324 the Government may, after previous publication of the draft for not less than one month, make model bye-laws, and such bye-laws may be different for different classes of 1[municipal areas]1. 1. Substituted by Act 36 of 1994 w.e.f. 1.6.1994.

2

A municipal council may by resolution adopt the model bye-laws in respect of any matter, and such bye-laws shall come into force in such 1[municipal area]1 from such date as the municipal council may specify in a notice published in the prescribed manner. 1. Substituted by Act 36 of 1994 w.e.f. 1.6.1994.

3

If a municipal council proposes to adopt the model bye-laws in respect of any matter subject to any modifications, the procedure specified in sub-sections (4), (5) and (6) of section 324 shall be followed as if the modifications were bye-laws proposed to be made by the municipal council. The modifications as approved by the Government shall be published in the prescribed manner and the model bye-laws shall subject to such modifications come into force from such date as may be specified by the municipal council and where no date is specified on the date of such publication.

4

a) The Government may by order direct any municipal council to adopt the model bye-laws in respect of any matter, within such period not being less than three months from the date of receipt of the direction by the municipal council. (b) If the municipal council fails to take any action for adopting the model bye-laws with or




159


without modifications, the Government may by notification declare that the said model bye-laws shall come into force in the said 1[municipal area]1 from such date as may be specified in such notification, and such bye-laws shall come into force accordingly. 1. Substituted by Act 36 of 1994 w.e.f. 1.6.1994.

5 The provisions of this section shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in section 324.




160

Annexure 2. Solid Waste Chemical Analysis




161

Annexure 3. Waste Generation Estimation

Waste Generation from Households Samples

Daily Survey Report Survey Location Residential (Household)

S.No. Ward No.

Street Name Name of the respondent Weight in kg Average

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average

1 10 Dhende Galli Anil Jadhav 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6

2 8 ST Stand RameshwarLingan 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

3 10 Dangi Galli GulabZar 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

4 8 Siddharth Nagar ShashikantPattan 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0

5 9 Siddharth Nagar KavitaGatkamble 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5

6 10 Pendhar Galli ShokatMakandar 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8

7 10 Pendhar Galli Shankar Kallal 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9

8 3 Pendhar Galli ChidanandShuromath 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

9 10 Parshetti Galli G. C. Solapur 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5

10 3 Sank Galli GaouravaHirakal 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0

11 3 Sank Galli Mallikarjun Sank 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8

12 7 Madhin Galli Raju Sale 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0

13 3 Gadyal Galli FarukGadyal 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

14 1 Kajagi Galli ManjulaVhankat 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

15 2 Kajagi Galli YallavaVyankhatyi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

16 4 Kagaji Galli SantajiKagaji 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0

17 22 Basav Nagar EshvarBhate 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

18 24 VikramPur Amol Shinde 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0

19 17 KumbharBhavi Galli C. M. Badiger 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5

20 14 Kurbur Galli Raju Mopgar 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0

Total 18.5 18.4 19.5 0.9

Waste Generation from Slum Households Samples


S.No. Ward No.

Street Name Name of the respondent Weight in kg


1 8 Wadar Galli DurgabaiGadivaddar 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4

2 11 Mulla Galli Asfic Zara 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

3 8 Waddar Galli TipawaGadiwaddar 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0

4 8 Waddar Galli SantobaiGadawadar 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4




162

Waste Generation from Slum Households Samples


S.No. Ward No.


5 9 Waddar Galli MuktabaiGadwadar 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

3.3 3.2 3.1 0.6

Waste Generation from Commercial Establishments Samples


S.No. Ward No.



1 8 Amberkar Nagar DilipShikalgar 2 1.9 2.1 2.0

2 10 Pendhar Galli BanenavajMiraj 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2

3 8 Amberkar Nagar SurajShikalhar 2 2 2 2.0

4 9 Amberkar Nagar SachinKambale 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.5

5 3 Gadyal Galli SafhikMulla 1.9 2 2 2.0

6 8 Madi Galli RagoSawdagar 2 2 2 2.0

7 8 Madi Galli Ramesh Shidagi 2 2.1 2 2.0

8 3 Gadyal Galli MohsimGadyad 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7

9 2 Kagje Galli Samir Shek 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

10 3 Baagdi Galli MurgeshNendeshwar 1 1.2 1.3 1.2

11 3 Sank Galli Suresh Karoli 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8

12 7 Godali Galli BhimaGodali 1.9 2 2.1 2.0

13 7 Godali Galli DhodibaBhadiger 2 2 1.9 2.0

14 13 Kurbur Galli BrijeshRathode 1 1 1.1 1.0

15 2 Gacchin Galli JaninMulla 2 2 2 2.0

26.9 27.2 27.6 1.8




163

Annexure 4. Survey Analysis

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

ATHANITMC

Questionnaire Format

1. Town

2. Name of Surveyor

3. Name of Town

Nippani CMC

Gokak CMC

Sankeshw ar TMC

Chikkodi TMC

Bailhongal TMC

Saundatti TMC

Ramdurg TMC

Mudalgi TMC

Athani TMC

Khanapur TP

4. Ward Number

5. Locality

6. Date

7. Location of Town

Latitude (decimal degrees, e.g. -42.454):

Longitude (decimal degrees, e.g. 115.55):

Personal Information

8. Name of Respondent

9. Age

10. Highest Educational Qualification of the Family head

Primary Education

Secondary Education

Higher Secondary

Graduate

Post Graduate

11. No of members in the House




164

12. Who gives the waste in your house?

Male

Female

Any

13. Age of Person Giving waste

14. At What time are most people at home

in Afternoon from 10am to 1 pm

Morning up to 10 Am

15. Daily Waste Generated in kg

16. Frequency of Door to Door Waste collection

Daily

Weekly

Once in 2 Days

Not Collected

17. Reasons for Door to Door Waste collection not Happening

No one is coming for D2D connection

Our area is not accesible for D2D collection vehicle

I am not at home w hen they come, time does not match

They do not come at a fixed time

Did not know about the system

Not Applicable

18. Do you know what is wet waste and dry waste

Yes

No

19. Do you segregate waste as wet waste & dry waste

Yes

No

20. Why don't you segregated Waste

No time

Do not w ant to /or have separate bins

Get confused on w hat to throw w here

21. If given separate bins will you segregate

Yes

No

22. Do you think your neighborhood is kept clean by the municipality

Yes

they do not collect w aste regularly

they do not sw eep roads properly

People throw garbage on road

23. Are there adequate Municipality container bins in the locality

Yes

No

24. Frequency of Waste Collection from Municipality Container Bin

Tw ice a Day

Daily

Once in 2 Days

Weekly

Randomly

25. Willingness to Pay & Contributions




165

26. Do you pay for Solid Waste Management System

Yes

No

27. How much do you pay / month

28. If not paying are you willing to pay for improved Services

Yes

No

29. How much you are willing to pay for improved SWM system / Month

Up to 20

21 to 30

31 to 50

51 to 70

30. Exposure to IEC

31. Do You Own A TV

Yes

No

32. Do you take daily newspaper

Yes

No

33. What Kind of Awareness program do you prefer

Community meeting

Pamphlet

Street plays

Announcements

Advertisements

34. Save Response




166

1. The following pie chart depicts the highest educational qualification of the family head

and the percentage.

This chart shows that majority of the population (family heads) have basic primary education

(42%), many have secondary education and are graduates and very few having postgraduate

education (2%).

2. This pie chart depicts the percentage of who gives waste to waste collectors

This chart shows that in majority of the households, the waste is given by the females.

3. This pie chart depicts the percentage of people who are at home at particular time

periods.

In this chart, it is seen that 97% of the population are available up to 10 am to give the

waste, whereas only 3% are not available between 10 am to 1 pm.

4%

15%2%

42%

37%

Highest Educational Qualification of Family

Head

Graduate

Higher Secondary

Post Graduate

Primary Education

Secondary Education

6%

90%

4%

Who Gives Waste in your House

Any

Female

Male

3%

97%

Time when people are at home

in Afternoon from 10am to 1 pm

Morning up to 10 Am




167

4. The following chart shows the frequency of door to door waste collection

In majority of the households, namely 66%, the waste is collected on a daily basis and 22%

of the households exists whose waste is not collected via door to door collection.

5. Frequency of people knowing the difference between wet waste and dry waste is

shown in this chart.

It is seen in this chart that 57% of the town’s population know the difference between dry

waste and wet waste.

6. This chart shows the frequency of people who segregate dry and wet waste at

household level.

Out of the above 57% population, 13% people carry out segregation of wet and dry waste

whereas 87% do not segregate the household waste.

66%

22%

6%6%

Frequency of door to door collection

Daily

Not CollectedOnce in 2 Days

43%

57%

Do you know what is wet waste and dry waste

No

Yes

87%

13%

Segregation of wet waste and dry waste

No

Yes




168

7. This pie chart depicts the reasons for not segregating waste at household level and

the frequency thence.

Out of the above 87%, when asked the reason for not segregating their household waste, 81

% of the people said that they do not have time for segregation while the remaining either

do not have separate bins or are not fully aware of the difference between dry and wet

waste.

8. This chart shows the frequency of people who are willing to segregate waste if given

separate bins for dry and wet waste.

Of the above population, 54% of the people are ready to segregate wet and dry waste if

provided with separate bins by the municipal council.

9. This chart shows the frequency of people who think that their neighborhood is kept

clean by municipality.

When asked if their respective neighborhoods were kept clean by the municipality, 63% of

the people were of a positive opinion whereas the others said that the waste was not

regularly collected or the roads are not swept properly.

6%

13%

81%

Reasons for not segregating waste

Do not want to /or have separate bins

Get confused on what to throw where

No time

46%

54%

Count of HH who will segregate if given separate bins

No

Yes

17%

10%

10%63%

Is your neighborhood kept clean by municipality

People throw garbage on roadthey do not collect waste regularlythey do not sweep roads properlyYes




169

10. Following pie chart depicts the frequency of waste collection from collection bins in

Athani.

58% of the population is of the opinion that the waste from container bins is collected in a

weekly basis.

11. Whether people pay for SWM system is shown in the following pie chart.

The above chart shows that only 6% of the population pays for the current solid waste

management system, whereas 94% do not.

12. This pie chart depicts the amount paid by people for SWM system.

The above chart shows that majority of the people paying for SWM system pay 20 or fewer

rupees (88%).

2%

11%

11%

18%58%

Frequency of Waste Collection from Municipality Container bin

Daily

Once in 2 Days

Randomly

Twice a Day

Weekly

94%

6%

Do you pay for SWM system

No

5%

5%

33%

17%

28%

6%6%

How much do you pay per month

1 2

8 10

15 120

240




170

13. This chart shows the frequency of people who are willing to pay (if not already

paying) for improved services.

Out of the people not currently paying for SWM system, 51% are willing to pay, whereas 49

% are not.

14. This chart shows the amount of money that people are willing to pay for improved

services.

Out of the above 51%, 90% of the people are willing to pay 20 rupees or less, 10% are willing

to pay 21 to 30.

15. This chart depicts the frequency of people who receive daily newspapers.

43% of the total population receives daily newspaper, whereas 57% do not.

49%

51%

Are you willing to pay for improved services (if not paying)

No

Yes

10%0%

90%

Amount willing to pay

21 to 30

31 to 50

Up to 20

57%

43%

Do you take daily newspaper

No

Yes




171

16. This chart depicts the preferred mode of awareness regarding SWM system and its

importance.

The above chart shows that majority of the people (63%) prefer advertisement as a medium

of awareness, 26% prefer advertisements as well as announcements whereas the others

prefer an assortment of ways such as pamphlets, street plays, etc.

63%

1%

26%

0%

1%

0%

1%2%

0%0%

0%

5%

1%

Preferred awareness programme

Advertisements

Announcements

Announcements|Advertisements

Community meeting|Advertisements

Community meeting|Announcements|Advertisements

Community meeting|Pamphlet|Advertisements

Pamphlet|Advertisements

Pamphlet|Announcements

Pamphlet|Announcements|Advertisements

Street plays

Street plays|Advertisements

Street plays|Announcements

Street plays|Announcements|Advertisements




172

Annexure 5. Existing and Proposed Route

Map for Collection and Transport Vehicles

GIS Based Route Optimization

In the MSWM DPR the digital base map are prepared. The roads are depicted as road

centerlines and respective road flanks as per their widths. The actual physical marking of the

routes of the vehicles is done on the base maps. These digital base-map are used as the

input and optimum routes have been identified for Solid Waste collection for door to door

household level.

The digital base map of TMC shows the road network, building footprints, waste dumping

site, and location of bulk generators. The road network comprises of road centerlines and

the road flanks (marked as per the road widths).

For the purpose of optimum route identification, initially all the road junctions (nodes, to be

treated as garbage collection points) are marked. This was followed by manual selection of

nodes to be retained as garbage collection point and discarding the others. The selection of

nodes was based upon the density of buildings in the zone under consideration.

Optimum route for Solid Waste collection was identified using ESRI’s Network Analyst

extension of ArcView GIS. This extension helps the user to use the networks more

efficiently. It gives the facility to find the best route to get from one location to another, or

the best way to visit several locations. It allows the user to either decide the order in which

the locations are to be visited, or the Network Analyst can find the best visiting sequence.

Network Analyst used Direction and Resistance as the minimum parameters for finding the

optimum route. As of now, all the roads have been marked as one way roads or

Bidirectional roads on basis of actual site scenario and the length of individual road segment

as the resistance. Thus, for given source and destination with intermediate nodes to be

visited, Network Analyst finds the existing connectivity and selects the geometrically

shortest route as the ‘Optimum Path’.

Garbage collection typically follows the sequence: from node to dumping site. The optimum

route is identified for Solid Waste collection from nodes. The existing routes and proposed

optimized routes for Solid Waste Collection are presented below.




173

Annexure 6. Designs for proposed Waste

Processing facility




174

Annexure 7. Machine, Equipment and

Vehicle Specifications

Machine and Equipment Specifications

Municipal Solid waste Processing plant

Coarse Segregation Trommel 35

This is a rotary screen which separates material on the basis of overall size. Trommel-35 rejects all material having overall size above 35 mm and all undersized material is forwarded to next equipment.

Technical Data

Structure : Various rolled steel sections

Viz. ISMC150, ISMC125,

ISMC100, ISMC75 ISA50, etc.

Covers : M.S. sheet 10 , 12 & 14 SWG

Drive: Friction Drive ( Tyre type)

Motor : Hydraulic ( Radial Piston type)

Tyre: Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type

Screen : M.S.- 7 SWG with punched hole of 35 mm

Ring: Fabricated, Heavy duty.

Surface : Blasting & Pickling

Primer : Epoxy Primer

Paint : Epoxy Paint

Hyd. Line : 20mm, High Pressure

Length – L – 4.5 m

Width – W – 1.8 m

Height – H – 4.5 m

[ These are broad specifications & may vary with the technological advancements]

DYNAMICS

Drive mode : Hydraulic *

Power Reqd : (PP- II) ^

Speed : 9 RPM

Capacity : 6.5 TPH (Intake)

* Taking Bulk density to be 1 Tons/m3

^ Connected to Power Pack II (15 HP)

Salient Features :

(1) Fully covered with heavy duty dust covers. (2) Easily replaceable screens. (3) Spiral flights to move material faster and prevent choking.




175


Coarse Segregation Conveyor - Process 35

This special conveyor is meant to take material coming through the screens of Trommel-35 and feed that material to Trommel - 14. This conveyor is of Chain belt type & is specially designed to meet requirements of MSW management’s plants.

Technical Data



ISMC75, ISA50, etc.

Covers : M.S. sheet 14 SWG

Gear Box : Worm reduction Gearbox

Motor : Hydraulic ( G-Rotor type)

Chain : Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type 3” pitch

Belt : 450 mm wide, 3 ply

8mm thick Rubberized

Sprockets: 3” pitch. Hardened



Paint : Epoxy Paint




Height – H – 3 m


DYNAMICS



Speed : 12 MPM

Capacity : 6.5 TPH(Intake)



Salient Features :

(1) Typical ‘Z’ shaped Design. (2) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS: 2062.




176


Coarse Segregation Conveyor -reject 35

Reject – 35 serves the purpose of removing all oversize refuge of Trommel – 35, off the process line. This conveyor is of chain belt type and is especially designed to handle bulky and irregular shaped material.

Technical Data



ISMC75, ISA50, etc.

Covers : M.S. sheet 12 & 14 SWG

Gear Box : Shaft mounted( SGR)

Motor : Hydraulic ( G-Rotor type)







Paint : Epoxy Paint






DYNAMICS



Speed : 12 MPM

Capacity : 3 TPH(Intake)



Salient Features :

Speed variation is possible.

(1) Shaft mounted gearbox eliminates chances of misalignment. (2) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS: 2062.




177


Coarse Segregation Trommel 14

This is a rotary screen which separates material on the basis of overall size. Trommel-14 rejects all material having overall size above 14 mm and all undersized material is forwarded to next equipment. The output of Trommel-14 is semi furnished organic manure.

Technical Data







Tyre: Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type





Paint : Epoxy Paint






DYNAMICS



Speed : 9 RPM

Capacity : 6.5 TPH (Intake)



Salient Features :





178


Coarse Segregation Transfer Conveyor

Transfer conveyor is meant to take material coming through screens of Trommel – 14 and drop the material in Semi-finish godown. This conveyor is of Chain belt type & is specifically designed to meet requirements of MSW management plants.

Technical Data



ISMC75, ISA50, etc.

Covers : M.S. sheet12 &14 SWG

Gear Box : Worm reduction Gearbox








Paint : Epoxy Paint


Length – L – 10 m




DYNAMICS



Speed : 12 MPM

Capacity : 6.5 TPH(Intake)



Salient Features :

(1) Typical ‘L’ shaped Design with special guide to prevent side shift. (2) Length & discharge height can be altered as per site conditions.




179


Coarse Segregation Conveyor -reject 14

Reject – 14 serves the purpose of removing all oversize refuge of Trommel – 14, off the process line. This conveyor is of chain belt type and is especially designed to handle bulky and irregular shaped material.

Technical Data






Motor : Hydraulic ( G rotor type)

Chain: Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type with 3” pitch





Paint : Epoxy Paint






DYNAMICS



Speed : 12 MPM

Capacity : 2 TPH (Intake)



Salient Features :





180


Refinement Section Finishing Reject Conveyor

This conveyor serves the purpose of removing all oversize refuge of Rotary screen, off the process line. This conveyor is of chain belt type and is especially designed for handling MSW Handling Plant.

Technical Data




Covers: M.S. sheet. 12 & 14 SWG

Gear Box: Worn Reduction Gearbox

Motor : Electrical

Chain : Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type with 3”pitch

Belt : 450 mm, Wide, 2Ply

8mm thick, Rubberized

Sprockets: 3” pitch.



Paint : Epoxy Paint

Length – L – 6 m




DYNAMICS

Drive mode : Electrical

Power Reqd. : 3HP

Speed : 12 MPM

Capacity : 2 TPH (Intake)



Salient Features :

(1) Length and Discharge height can be varied, depending on site conditions. (2) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS:2062

Trommel 04

a) Process To rotate the dry waste into Screening Compartment. Screening & Dropping the items below 4 mm on the Discharge Conveyor for processing Rejecting and Dropping the oversized material more than 4 mm on Rejecting Conveyor

b) Capacity 6.5 tons per hour

c) Material of Construction M.S. Fabricated body. Corrosion resistant paint.

d) Electric Drive 10 HP Electric Motor, 3 phase, With suitable Reduction Gear Box.

e)

Drive Fiction Drive (Tyre Type) Heavy Duty Chain Sprocket Heavy Duty Support Rollers 4 Nos. and




181

Thrust Rollers 2 Nos.

f) Screen Holes M.S. Screen 3 mm thick (10 SWG) with Punched holes Dia 4 mm

g) Screen Size Screen Size Dia 1000 mm x 3500 mm

h) Screening Compartment Spiral Flights to move material faster and prevent chocking.

i) Control Panel On / Off with suitable Dual Contactors


Hydraulic System

Hydraulic system is meant to run all Hydraulic motor driven equipment’s. It consists of Power Pack which convert electrical energy into Hydraulic energy, which in turn is connected to all the equipment’s. Hydraulically driven equipment’s supersede electrical driven performance, speed control and hazard management.

Technical Data

Power Packs Two

(a) P.P. I – 15 H.P. (b) P.P. II – 15 H.P.

Drive: Electrical

Manifold: Specially designed, MS

Pump : Twin Stage, Heavy Duty (3090 / 3070)

Motors : Radial Piston & Orbit

Line : Heavy Duty 20 mm

Cooling : Forced water circulation in

Cooling tank through radiator.

Controls: Local push button type control panel for each 20 H.P unit

Reservoir: M.S. fabricated, 400lt oil capacity

Working : Servo system 68

fluid

Salient Features :

(1) Cooling coil made from Cu to give better cooling. (2) All controls at push button type control panel. (3) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS:2062




182


Control System

This is a rotary screen which separates material on the basis of overall size. Trommel-14 rejects all material having overall size above 14 mm and all undersized material is forwarded to next equipment. The output of Trommel-14 is semi furnished organic manure.

Technical Data Body : All MS as per IS : 2062

Sheet 12 & 14 swg, ISMC100, ISMC75 ISA50, etc.

Control element : All Standard as L&T Siemen etc & electrical accessories Primer: Epoxy Primer Color: Epoxy Paint Enclosure: As per IPSS Display : Temp, Voltage , On ,

Off Mimic display


Salient Features : (1) All Switches / relays of standard & reputed make. (2) Rigid enclosure as per specifications with facility of cabinet light. (3) Emergency shut off switch at various locations.

Backhoe Loader Pallet Trucks

Bag stitching machine Weight Machine (100 kg)

40 ft Conveyor System for output of 4mm compost Technical Specification: For 40 ft. Conveyor system

Sr. No. Particulars Details

1 Motor 2 HP Geared Motor, Foot Mounted, O/p RPM: 51 RPM

2 Conveyor Belt 600X3plyX3mm Top X1.5 mm Bottom X5mm Nominal X CMR Grade.




183

3 Idlers 8 No’s

4 Return Rolls 4 No’s

5 Side Guides 4 No’s or as needed.

6 Height of Conveyor Stand 24 Inches.

Bailing Machine Technical Specification: Bailing Machine Double box

Capacity 25 Ton (Double Box)

Bale Size 30 (L) x 27 (W)x 14 (H) Inch

Bale Weight 50 to 80 kg

Platform Size 30 (L) x 27 (W)x 25 (H) Inch

No. of Cylinder 1 Nos.

Cylinder Size 140*90*1000 (Stroke) mm

Oil Tank Capacity 80 Liters. (oil is to be Brought by Buyer)

Production Rates 10 min. per Bale

Hydraulic System 32 Liters. (B series Gear pump)

Day Light Gap 47 Inch

Operation Hand lever operate

Electric Motor 7.5 HP (3 Phase)

Machine Weight (Approx.) Approx 1700 Kgs

Overall Dimension 96x36x105 Inch

Body Plate 9 + 35 mm

HDPE SMOOTH GEOMEMBRANE LINER OF 1500 MICRONS

PROPERTY TEST METHOD VALUES

Minimum average values

Thickness - mm ASTM D 5199 1.5

Density - g/cm3 ASTM D 1505 0.94

Tensile Properties ( Each direction ) ASTM D 6693

Strength at yield - N/mm width Type IV Specimen 25

Strength at break- N/mm width @ 50 mm /min 52

Elongation at yield - % G.L. 33 mm 15

Elongation at break - % G.L. 50 mm 800

Tear Resistance - N ASTM D 1004 222

Puncture Resistance – N ASTM D 4833 400

Carbon Black Content - % ASTM D 1603 2.3

Carbon Black Dispersion ASTM D 3015 A1 / A2




184

Vehicle Specifications –

1. TATA Ace BS4 Tipper – 2.0 Cum ACE Box Tipper BS4 Tipper with compartments.

2. Tractor Trailer – 40 HP tractor with 3 Ton Trailer

3. Backhoe Loader – ACE AX130, 2WD, 76 HP Engine, Standard Tyre, Excv Bucket : 0.24

Cu.m, loader Bucket : 1.00 Cu.m

4. Jetting & Suction Machine - Chassis Mounted 3000L sucking cum jetting machine




185

Annexure 8. Normative Standards for

Municipal Solid Waste Management

Government of Karnataka

Directorate of Municipal Administration

Normative standards for Municipal Solid Waste Management

Name of the SWM Tools, Equipment and

Vehicles Unit requirements per annum Unit Manpower required

Door to door collection

One command area = 1000 house holds / shops

Push carts with 6 bins 1 no. for 200 households / Shops 1 per pushcart

Tricycle with 8 bins 1 no. for 250 households / Shops 1 per tricycle

Auto Tipper 1 no. for 1000 households / Shops 1 driver + 1 helper per auto

tipper

Street Sweeping

Brooms 4 nos for each sweeper 1 sweeper for every 1000 m of road length

Pushcarts 1 no for every 2 workers

Metal Tray/

Metal plate

2 nos for every sweeper

Ghamela 1 no for every loaders/sweepers

Hand gloves 4 sets for every loader/sweeper

Face mask 2 nos for every worker

Gum boots 1 set for every worker

Uniforms 2 sets for each worker

Tractor trailers 1 no. for every 25 Kms of street sweeping with 7 years of life

1 driver + 3 loaders (2 to 3 trips/day, 2.0-2.5 tons per trip, 200 Kgs to 300 Kgs of waste / Km )

Tipper Trucks 1 no. for every 40 Kms of street sweeping with 7 years of life

1 Driver+ 4 loaders (2 to 3 trips/day, 4.0-4.5 tons per trip, 200 Kgs to 300 Kgs of waste / Km)

Secondary Collection & Transportation




186

3.0 cum Containers

(1.2 Tons Cap.)

1 Container for every 1000 households or approx. for 1.0 ton of waste which ever is higher

4.5 cum Containers

(1.8 Tons Cap.)

1 Container for every 1500 households or approx. 1.6 tons of waste which ever is higher

Twin Container Dumper Placer

1 no. for every 10 to 14 nos of 3.0 / 4.5 Cum Containers – 5 to 7 trips a day

1 Driver + 1 Helper

Cleaning of Markets/Slaughter Houses

Tools & Equipment as same as street sweeping

Requirements are as same as street sweeping

1 worker / 400 m2 area, for two time cleaning everyday

Tractor trailers 1 no. for every 6 to 8 tons of waste, 3 to 4 trips a day

1 driver + 3 loaders

Unloading distance is less than 10 Kms,

Tipper Truck 1 no. for every 10 to 14 tons of waste,

3 to 4 trips a day

1 driver + 4 loaders

Unloading distance is more than 10 Kms,

Commissioner

Directorate of Municipal Administration

Bangalore




187

Annexure 9. Office Memorandum for GOI

share




188

Annexure 10. Minimum Wages Act GOK

2017




189




190

Annexure 11. Quotations

detailed project report municipal solid waste...

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