detailed combustion analysis of fecal matter to optimize thermal processing technologies · 2019....
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Detailed Combustion Analysis of Fecal Matter to Optimize
Thermal Processing Technologies
JEFF PIASCIK [email protected] Piascik, Taylor Myers, Stuart Woolley
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Outline
Introduction
Motivation and ISO/PC 318
Analytical framework and methods
Results
Utility of results and adequacy of simulant
Future work
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Introduction
Why thermal treatment?
Pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion
The Biogenic Refinery
Thermal treatment and the Biogenic Refinery
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Motivation
Goals: Pathogen treatment Volume reduction Energy independence Value added products
How does feedstock influence system design?
Optimize thermal treatment with ISO/PC 318
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Analytical Framework
Volatiles Driven off in pyrolysis (no O2) Contain some energy
Char Consumed in combustion (O2) Contains some energy
Inorganics (Ash) Remain after combustion Contain no accessible energy
How can we represent a feedstock undergoing thermal treatment?
Pyrolysis Combustion
HeatHeatCO2, H2O, etc.
HeatCO2, H2O, etc.
O2
O2
VolatilesCharInorganics
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Analytical Framework
How can we quantify the process?Volatiles Mass fraction Energy content Volatilization profile
Char Mass fraction Energy content
Inorganics (Ash) Mass fraction
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Methods | Measurement
Micro-combustion calorimetry, bomb calorimetry and muffle furnace Micro-combustion
calorimeter for volatiles
Bomb calorimeter for total energy
Muffle furnace for ash fraction
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Methods | Sampling
What samples were used?
Feces India (A) United States (B)
Pit latrine Kenya (C)
NASA Simulant Onabanjo, 2016
A B C
Samples After Furnace
Dry Samples
Onabanjo, T., Kolios, A. J., Patchigolla, K., Wagland, S. T., Fidalgo, B., Jurado, N., … Cartmell, E. (2016). An experimental investigation of the combustion performance of human faeces. Fuel, 184, 780–791.
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Results | Mass Fraction and Energy Content
What was the composition of our samples?
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Results | Volatile Heat Release Profiles
How are volatiles released during pyrolysis?
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Discussion | Utility in Thermal Treatment
Accurate energy balance and thermal profiling improves the design process
Optimal energy liberation for ISO 30500 and ISO/PC 318
Facilitate optimal sample drying techniques and biochar production
How may these results be used in system design?
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Discussion | Adequacy of Simulant
Combustion: Very good Similar total energy content Similar ash fraction
Pyrolysis: Not so much Different char fractions Different volatilization profiles
How effective is NASA simulant in capturing pyrolysis/combustion?
“ Results from this study suggest that NASA synthetic feces may not be ideal as a model for the energy content of human fecal char.”
WARD, 2014
Ward, B. J., Yacob, T. W., & Montoya, L. D. (2014). Evaluation of solid fuel char briquettes from human waste. Environmental Science and Technology, 48(16), 9852–9858.
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Discussion | Future work
Additional fuel characterization Thermogravimetric analysis Differential scanning calorimeter Mass spectrometry
Simulant more suited for thermal treatment?
What gaps are suggested?
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Thank you!Contact: [email protected]
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Fernando Montoya, University of Maryland | Graham Miller, Duke University Brian Stoner, Duke University | Brian Hawkins, Duke University | Santiago Septien, UKZN
This work is, in whole, supported by a grant, OPP1173370, from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through Duke University’s Center for WaSH-AID. All opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Foundation, Duke, or the Center.