destini baldonado independent study may 2008

8/2/2019 Destini Baldonado Independent Study May 2008

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_GCCB_ LGM\TB_\ Tbmlfnh` Nh}nr~!Om|bd Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl| nh m Anddcb \lfggc

\bttnh`

O~

Db|tnhn Omcdghmdg

Tb|dm~# Mzrnc ?># ?::6

\oanttbd nh zmrtnmc ecenccabht ge tfb rb}nrbabht| egr m Am|tbr ge \lnbhlb egr Tbmlfbr|

Hbp Abvnlg Nh|tnttb ge Anhnh` mhd Tblfhgcg`~\glgrrg# HA 606:=



MO\T_MLT

Hbp Abvnlg \lnbhlb \tmhdmrd| egr tfb 6tf

`rmdb lghtmnh obhlfamri| mhd zbregramhlb|tmhdmrd| egr tbmlfnh` Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl|( Tfb hnt n| db|n`hbd egr Hbp Abvnlg

\blghdmr~ Lbrtnenbd \lnbhlb Tbmlfbr| mhd nhlcdb| lgrrbcmtngh| tg Hbp Abvnlg\tmhdmrd|# bvtbrhmc rb|grlb|# mhd lgrrbcmtngh| tg Hmtnghmc \lnbhlb Bdlmtngh \tmhdmrd|(Tfb |lnbhtnenl omli`rghd mhd nh}nr~ bvzbltmtngh| mrb tnbrbd |g tfmt bmlf cb||gh oncd|

gh tfb zrbung| cb||gh egr ogtf tfb tbmlfbr mhd tfb |tdbht( Nh tfn| amhhbr# ogtf tbmlfbr

|tdbht| mrb nhtrgdlbd mhd `ndbd tfrg`f dneebrbht cbubc| ge nh}nr~!om|bd nh|trltngh(

nn



TMOCB GE LGHTBHT\ ZR_ZG\B((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =

NH]RN_^!OM\BD CBM_HNH@(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?

CB\\GH ZCMH\(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4

CB\\GH GHB; NHT_GDRLNH@ AGTNGH ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5

CB\\GH TPG; LFMH@NH@ AGTNGH “ \ZBBD MHD UBCGLNT^(((((((((((((((((((((((((( =:

CB\\GH TF_BB; \CGZB MHD \ZBBD (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =4

CB\\GH EGR_; @_MZFNH@ \ZBBD(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =6

CB\\GH ENUB; \ZBBD _MLB_ “ NHT_GDRLNH@ MLLBCB_MTNGH ((((((((((((((((((((( ??

CB\\GH \NV; MLLBCB_MTNGH “ LFMH@NH@ \ZBBD((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?6

CB\\GH \BUBH; _BLG@HN[NH@ MLLBCB_MTNGH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( <?

CB\\GH BN@FT; AGABHTRA MHD NHB_TNM ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( <5

CB\\GH HNHB; EG_LB\(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4:

CB\\GH TBH; E_NLTNGH(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 40

CB\\GH BCBUBH; LBHT_NZBTMC EG_LB(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 2=

CB\\GH TPBCUB; HBPTGH MHD FN\ CMP\ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 25

CB\\GH TFN_TBBH; BHB_@^ MHD _GCCB_ LGM\TB_\((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5=

CB\\GH EGR_TBBH; HBPTGHNMH ZF^\NL\ M\\B\\ABHT((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 52

_BEB_BHLB\ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0:

MZZBHDNV =; RHNT M\\B\\ABHT _RO_NL(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0=

MZZBHDNV ?; HBP ABVNLG 6TF

@_MDB \LNBHLB \TMHDM_D\ &HBP ABVNLG

\TMTB DBZM_TABHT GE BDRLMTNGH. MHD HMTNGHMC \LNBHLB

BDRLMTNGH \TMHDM_D\ &HMTNGHMC MLMDBA^ GE \LNBHLB\.

LG__BCMTBD TG CB\\GH\ &H\B\ \TMHDM_D\ M_B NTMCNLN[BD.(((((((((((((((( 0?

MZZBHDNV <; PBO MHD Z_NHT _B\GR_LB\ LG__BCMTBD TG HBP ABVNLG

\TMHDM_D\((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 06

MZZBHDNV 4; ZB_AN\\NGH TG R\B CB\\GH ZCMH EG_AMT ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6:

MZZBHDNV 2; ZB_\GHMC HM__MTNGH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6=

MLIHGPCBD@BABHT\(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 62

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ZR_ZG\B

Tfn| nhdbzbhdbht |td~ n| nh zmrtnmc |mtn|emltngh ge tfb rb}nrbabht| egr lgazcbtnh` m

Am|tbr| ge \lnbhlb egr Tbmlfbr| mt tfb Hbp Abvnlg Nh|tnttb ge Anhnh` mhd Tblfhgcg`~(

Nh Hbp Abvnlg# zmrt ge tfb 6tf

@rmdb \lnbhlb \tmhdmrd| nhlcdb| m |bltngh gh HbptghnmhZf~|nl|( Tfn| n| hnt n| db|n`hbd tg tbmlf tfb|b |tmhdmrd| |nh` rgccbr lgm|tbr| tg mh

btfhnlmcc~# blghganlmcc~# mhd lctrmcc~ dnubr|b |tdbht zgzcmtngh( Tfb cb||gh| mhd

|lnbhtnenl nhegramtngh mrb tnbrbd nh m amhhbr tg `ndb tfb tbmlfbr mhd tfb |tdbht| tfrg`fdneebrbht cbubc| ge nh}nr~( R|nh` nh}nr~ egr tfn| |okblt amttbr mccgp| tfb|b |gabtnab|

dneenlct lghlbzt| tg ob mdmztbd tg nhdnundmc |tdbht hbbd|( Nt n| db|n`hbd tg ob |bd o~Hbp Abvnlg |lnbhlb lbrtnenbd tbmlfbr| pntf anhnamc tg mdumhlbd ihgpcbd`b ge zf~|nl|

mhd lmh ob mdmztbd egr |b nh gtfbr |tmtb lrrnlca| tfrg`f lgrrbcmtngh pntf tfb

Hmtnghmc \lnbhlb Bdlmtngh \tmhdmrd| egr 5tf

!6tf

`rmdb(

=



NH]RN_ !̂OM\BD CBM_HNH@

Agtnumtngh

Lrrbht trbhd| nh bdlmtngh mrb bhlgrm`nh` tbmlfbr| tg tmib mh mzzrgmlf tfmt n| |tdbhtegl|bd rmtfbr tfmh tbmlfbr egl|bd( Tfn| ag|t lgaagh abtfgd obnh` tgtbd n| nh}nr~!om|bd cbmrhnh` &Fmaabramh# ?::5.( Nh}nr~ cbmrhnh` zcmlb| tfb |tdbht nhtg tfb rgcb ge m

|lnbhtn|t mhd fm| tfba zcm~ mh mltnub zmrt nh tfbnr cbmrhnh`( Tfb abtfgd fm| |tdbht| amib

go|brumtngh| mhd lrbmtb f~zgtfb|b| bvzcmnhnh` tfb tfnh`| tfb~ |bb( Tfb~ tfbh db|n`h

bvzbrnabht| tg tb|t tfbnr ndbm| egccgpbd o~ m lgaahnlmtngh ge pfmt tfb~ fmub cbmrhbd(Tfn| n| mc|g ihgph m| tfb \lnbhtnenl Abtfgd( Tfb obhbent| tg tfb |tdbht| nhlcdb

emancnmrnt~ pntf |lnbhtnenl zrglb||b|# zrmltnlmc bvzbrnbhlb nh lrntnlmc tfnhinh` bvbrln|b|#

mhd tfb dbubcgzabht ge tfbnr gph lghlc|ngh|( Fgpbubr# hgt amh~ tbmlfbr| |bba tg obmocb tg dbenhb nh}nr~( Tfb }b|tngh ag|t bdlmtgr| fmub mogt nh}nr~!om|bd cbmrhnh` n|#

–Pfmt dgb| nt cggi cnib7‑ Tfn| hnt n| db|n`hbd tg fbcz mh bdlmtgr mh|pbr tfmt }b|tngh

mhd mzzc~ nt nh tfbnr lcm||rgga(

T~zb| ge Nh}nr~!Om|bd Cbmrhnh` &Bdlmtnghmc Tblfhgcg`~ Dbzmrtabht# \mh

Dnb`g \tmtb Rhnubr|nt~# ?::4.

Tfbrb mrb b||bhtnmcc~ egr cbubc| ge nh}nr~ tfmt lmh ob |bd nh m lcm||rgga( Nt n| nazgrtmht

tg hgtb tfmt tfb |tdbht| lgaegrt mhd moncnt~ |fgcd ob tmibh nhtg mllght pfbh lfgg|nh`pfmt cbubc tg |b pntf bmlf lcm||( Nt n| zg||nocb tg |fnet obtpbbh cbubc| ge nh}nr~ m|

hbbdbd tg mllgaagdmtb nhdnundmc |tdbht| mhd lcm||b|( Tfn| n| nazgrtmht pfbh pgrinh`

pntf |tdbht| pfg fmub Nhdnundmc Bdlmtngh Zcmh| mhd rb}nrbd mllgaagdmtngh|(

T~zb =; Lghenramtngh'Ubrnenlmtngh Tfn| n| pfmt amh~ |lnbhlb tbmlfbr| |b nh tfbnr lcm||rgga|( Tfn| cbubc nhugcub| zrb!db|n`hbd mltnuntnb| tfmt fmub m zrbdbtbranhbd gtlgab( \tdbht| egccgp dnrbltngh| tfmt

cbmd tfba tfrg`f tfb mltnunt~ nh m |bt grdbr( Tfb tbmlfbr n| tfb zrnamr~ |grlb ge

nhegramtngh egr tfb |tdbht(

T~zb ?; \trltrbd Nh}nr~

Tfn| cbubc n| m |tbz ob~ghd T~zb =( Tfb tbmlfbr zrb|bht| m }b|tngh tg tfb |tdbht| mhd

`nub| tfba m |bt ge |tbz| tg dbtbranhb tfb mh|pbr tg tfmt }b|tngh( \tdbht| `mnhbvzbrnbhlb mh|pbrnh` }b|tngh| mhd egccgpnh` zrglbdrb|( Nh tfn| cbubc# tfb tbmlfbr n| |tncc

tfb zrnamr~ |grlb ge nhegramtngh# ot tfmt rb|zgh|noncnt~ n| |fmrbd pntf tfb |tdbht(

T~zb <; @ndbd Nh}nr~

Nh tfn| t~zb# |tdbht| mrb zrb|bhtbd pntf m tbmlfbr `bhbrmtbd }b|tngh# |nancmr tg T~zb ?(_mtfbr tfmh fmub m zrbdbtbranhbd mltnunt~ tg nhub|tn`mtb tfb }b|tngh# |tdbht| db|n`h

tfbnr gph bvzbrnabht| mhd zrglbdrb| tg dbtbranhb tfb mh|pbr( Tfb |tdbht hgp tmib| m

agrb mltnub mhd zrnamr~ rgcb nh enhdnh` |grlb| ge nhegramtngh# pfncb tfb tbmlfbr mlt| m| memlncntmtgr tg m||n|t tfba(

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T~zb 4; Erbb'Gzbh Nh}nr~Tfn| n| tfb fn`fb|t cbubc ge nh}nr~( \tdbht| mrb `nubh m tgznl o~ tfb tbmlfbr mhd tfbh

db|n`h tfbnr gph }b|tngh| mhd zrglbdrb| tg nhub|tn`mtb tfb tgznl( Nh tfn| cbubc ge

nh}nr~# tfb tbmlfbr hgp zcm~| m anhnamc rgcb# mltnh` mcag|t lgazcbtbc~ m| m emlncntmtgregr tfb |tdbht„| nhub|tn`mtngh( \tdbht| mrb nh lfmr`b ge tfbnr cbmrhnh`(

Tfb zrzg|b egr nhlcdnh` tfb|b dneebrbht cbubc| ge nh}nr~ n| tg mccgp |tdbht| tg`rmdmcc~ oblgab fn`fbr nh}nr~ cbmrhbr|( Ag|t |tdbht| mrb mll|tgabd tg

lghenramtngh'ubrnenlmtngh tbmlfnh` abtfgd|( M |tdbht bvzg|bd tg tfn| abtfgd pgcd ob

gubrlgab mhd cg|t ne naabdnmtbc~ zcmlbd nh mh gzbh'erbb nh}nr~ lcm||rgga( Tfbrbegrb#

|tmrtnh` pntf |trltrbd nh}nr~ mhd zrglbbdnh` mt tfb |tdbht„| moncnt~ tfrg`f `ndbdnh}nr~ mhd bubhtmcc~ gzbh'erbb nh}nr~ pncc mccgp |tdbht„| tg oncd tfbnr tfnhinh` mhd

cmo |incc| nh |tm`b|(

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CB\\GH ZCMH\

Tfbrb n| m cgt ge nhegramtngh tfmt tfb Hbp Abvnlg \tmtb \tmhdmrd| egr 6tf

`rmdb rb}nrb|tdbht| tg cbmrh( Tfb|b cb||gh| mrb db|n`hbd tg tbmlf |tdbht| tfb |tmhdmrd| tfmt mrb

rbcmtbd tg Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl|( Tfb cb||gh| mrb gr`mhn{bd nh m |b}bhlb tfmt oncd|lghlbzt| nh m cg`nlmc grdbr( Bmlf nhdnundmc cb||gh n| gr`mhn{bd nh m amhhbr tfmt n|db|n`hbd tg `nub tfb emlncntmtgr mcc tfb nhegramtngh hbbdbd tg lghdlt tfb cb||gh

|llb||ecc~ |nh` tfb dneebrbht cbubc| ge nh}nr~( Pntfnh bmlf cb||gh tfbrb n| m lbrtmnh

maght ge ecbvnoncnt~ pntfnh tfb |trltrb tg mccgp tfba tg ob mdmztbd tg nhdnundmclcm||rgga bhunrghabht|(

Gr`mhn{mtngh

Bmlf cb||gh ob`nh| pntf m ornbe nhtrgdltngh ge tfb cb||gh( Tfn| n| egccgpbd o~ m |bltngh`nunh` mh bvzcmhmtngh ge tfb |lnbhtnenl nhegramtngh lghtmnhbd nh tfb cb||gh( Tfn| |bltngh n|

prnttbh tg m||n|t tfg|b pfg fmub m anhnamc omli`rghd nh zf~|nl|( Ertfbr nhegramtngh gh

tfb lghlbzt| lmh ob eghd nh mh~ 6tf `rmdb zf~|nlmc |lnbhlb tbvt oggi m| pbcc m| ghumrng| pbo|ntb| nhlcdnh` ppp(pninzbdnm(lga mhd cnormr~(tfnhi}b|t(gr`( Egccgpnh` tfb|lnbhtnenl nhegramtngh n| m ornbe |bltngh gh tfb cbubc ge nh}nr~ ob|t!|ntbd tg tfb cb||gh(Tfb hnt lmh ob |bd egr mcc cbubc|# nhlcdnh` m enr|t nhtrgdltngh tg nh}nr~( Bmlf cb||gh

lmh ob |lmcbd tg |cn`ftc~ fn`fbr cbubc| htnc tfb m||b||abht n| lghdltbd nh gzbh!nh}nr~(

Egccgpnh` tfb bvzcmhmtngh n| tfb mltmc cb||gh zcmh(

Tfb cb||gh zcmh egramt# |bd pntf zbran||ngh erga bANHT\(lga &Mzzbhdnv 4.# lghtmnh|

|bubrmc ib~ |bltngh|( \bltngh| nh tfb egramt nhlcdb tfb |tmtb |tmhdmrd|# tfb nazgrtmht

lghlbzt| |bd tg abm|rb |tdbht mlfnbubabht# mh b||bhtnmc }b|tngh |bd tg egl||tdbht nhub|tn`mtngh# rb|grlb|# amhm`babht# mhd |bubrmc |bltngh| tfmt `nub nhegramtngh

rb}nrbd tg lghdlt tfb cb||gh nh mh nh}nr~ amhhbr( Bmlf cb||gh zcmh mc|g lghtmnh|zg||nocb }b|tngh| mhd zrgocba| tfmt |tdbht| am~ ornh` z# m| pbcc m| |gab |gctngh|mhd |trmtb`nb| egr tfb emlncntmtgr( Nh tfb cb||gh zcmh|# tfg|b |bltngh| nh `rm~ mrb tfb

zrgzbrt~ ge bANHT\(lga9 tfb |bltngh| nh pfntb mrb tfb grn`nhmc amtbrnmc| egr tfn| hnt( Nt

|fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt Mzzbhdnv ? lghtmnh| tfb lgrrbcmtngh| obtpbbh tfb Hbp Abvnlg mhd

tfb Hmtnghmc \lnbhlb Bdlmtngh \tmhdmrd|(

4



Tnab Zcmhhnh`

Tfb egccgpnh` tmocb lmh ob |bd tg fbcz zcmh tfb tnanh` ge bmlf cb||gh( Bmlf cb||gh

cbh`tf n| |nazcb m `ndbcnhb tfmt lmh ob mdk|tbd tg |ntb tfb lcm||rgga mhd |tdbht| m|

hbbdbd(

\lfbdcnh`

Cb||gh HmabCb||ghCbh`tf

LacmtnubTnab Pbbi|

Cb||gh Ghb; Nhtrgdlnh` Agtngh = =

Cb||gh Tpg; Lfmh`nh` Agtngh ! \zbbd mhd Ubcglnt~ = ?

Cb||gh Tfrbb; \cgzb mhd \zbbd = <

Cb||gh Egr; @rmzfnh` \zbbd ? 2

=

Cb||gh Enub; \zbbd _mlbr ! Nhtrgdlnh` Mllbcbrmtngh ? 0

Cb||gh \nv; Mllbcbrmtngh ! Lfmh`nh` \zbbd = 6Cb||gh \bubh; _blg`hn{nh` Mllbcbrmtngh = >

Cb||gh Bn`ft; Agabhta mhd Nhbrtnm = =:

?

Cb||gh Hnhb; Egrlb| ? =?

Cb||gh Tbh; Ernltngh = =<

Cb||gh Bcbubh; Lbhtrnzbtmc Egrlb = =4

Cb||gh Tpbcub; Hbptgh mhd fn| Cmp| = =2

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Cb||gh Tfnrtbbh; Bhbr`~ mhd _gccbr Lgm|tbr| = =5

Cb||gh Egrtbbh; Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl| RhntM||b||abht

=: ?54 ! 2

Tmocb = Tnab zcmhhnh` tmocb tg fbcz gr`mhn{b tfb zrg`rb|| ge tfb hnt(

2



CB\\GH GHB; NHT_GDRLNH@ AGTNGH

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| n| tfb nhtrgdltgr~ cb||gh egr tfb hnt( Nh tfn| cb||gh |tdbht| pncc ob`nh tfbnrbvzcgrmtngh nhtg Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl| o~ dbenhnh` agtngh mhd fgp nt lmh ob lfmh`bd(

\lnbhtnenl Omli`rghd

Agtngh n| |gabtfnh` tfmt bubr~ghb lmh ndbhtne~( Fgpbubr# pfbh nt lgab| tg obnh` mocb tg

dbenhb tfb pgrd# ag|t zbgzcb oblgab |tli nh |nh` tfb pgrd –agubabht(‑ Agtngh lmhob dbenhbd m| tfb lfmh`b nh zg|ntngh ge mh gokblt( Agtngh lmh ob lfmh`bd nh |bubrmc pm~|;

dnrbltngh# drmtngh ge trmubc# dn|tmhlb ge trmubc# mhd |zbbd( Nt |fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt |zbbd n|

dn|tmhlb dnundbd o~ tnab mhd ubcglnt~ n| |zbbd pntf dnrbltngh( Tfb|b mrb lghlbzt| obnh`mddrb||bd nh egccgpnh` cb||gh|(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Ne tfb cbubc ge moncnt~ ge |tdbht| n| hihgph# nt n| rblgaabhdbd tfmt tfn| cb||gh n| |bd tg

dbtbranhb tfbnr lmzmoncnt~( Ob`nhhnh` tfb cb||gh m| `ndbd nh}nr~ n| rblgaabhdbd( Tfb

}b|tngh lmh ob zg|bd mhd amtbrnmc| `nubh tg tfb |tdbht|( @ndnh` |tdbht| tfrg`f |nh`

tfb rgccbr lgm|tbr trmli mhd amrocb tg |fgp agtngh# dbenhb nt# mhd tfbh |nh` tfb trmli tglfmh`b agtngh pncc fbcz dbtbranhb tfb cbubc ge nh}nr~ tg |b egr egccgpnh` cb||gh|(

Egr tfg|b lcm||b| tfmt mrb mll|tgabd tg nh}nr~# `ndbd nh}nr~ lmh ob |bd( Egr tfb|bcbubc|# dneebrbht amtbrnmc| lmh ob |bt m|ndb mhd tfb }b|tngh zg|bd tg |tdbht|( Tfb~ lmh

ob bhlgrm`bd tg enhd amtbrnmc| nh tfb lcm||rgga mhd db|n`h pm~| tg fbcz tfba bvzcgrb

lghlbzt|(

5



Cb||gh Ghb; Nhtrgdlnh` Agtngh \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O<(ze? Lrbmtb agdbc| tg db|lrnob zfbhgabhm(

\?(|=(O<(ze0Ihgp tfmt mh gokblt„| agtngh n| mcpm~| db|lrnobd rbcmtnub tg |gab gtfbrgokblt gr zgnht &n(b(# ermab ge rbebrbhlb.(

Pfmt lghlbzt| dg ~g pmht |tdbht| tg hdbr|tmhd metbr lgazcbtnh` tfn|

cb||gh7

\tdbht| pncc hdbr|tmhd tfb dbenhntngh ge agtngh mhd fgp agtngh lmh ob lfmh`bd(

Agtngh n| dbenhbd m| m lfmh`b nh zg|ntngh &ermab ge rbebrbhlb.( Nt lmh ob lfmh`bd o~lfmh`nh` dnrbltngh# |zbbd# drmtngh# mhd dn|tmhlb trmubccbd( \tdbht| am~ lgab z pntf

gtfbr pm~| tg lfmh`b agtngh( Tfb~ |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd tg bvzcgrb(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Pfmt n| agtngh mhd fgp lmh ~g lfmh`b nt7

Lrntbrnm egr \llb|| &Fgp pncc ~g ihgp |tdbht| fmub `mnhbd mh

hdbr|tmhdnh` ge tfb lghlbzt|7.

\tdbht| pncc zmrtnlnzmtb nh nhdnundmc mhd `rgz dn|l||ngh ge tfb dbenhntngh ge agtngh

mhd fgp agtngh lmh ob lfmh`bd( Tfb~ pncc lrbmtb m prnttbh bvzcmhmtngh tg ob trhbd nh mt

tfb bhd ge tfb zbrngd(

_b|grlb| &Pfmt rb|grlb| pncc ~g mhd ~gr |tdbht| |b7.

Amrocb|

_gccbr lgm|tbr trmli &fmce znzb| ge ZUL znzb nh|cmtngh.Hgtb lmrd|

Amhm`babht &Fgp pncc |tdbht| |fmrb tblfhgcg`~ rb|grlb|7 Fgp pncc

~g orbmi z tfb cb||gh nhtg |b`abht|—tfb haobr ge fgr| gr dm~|7.

Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ |tdbht| pncc en`rb gt fgp tg dbenhb agtngh# tfbh |nh`

tfb tggc| &amrocb| mhd trmli.# en`rb gt pm~| tfmt agtngh lmh ob lfmh`bd(

:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l||2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`

<:!4: anh; lcm|| dn|l||ngh gh enhdnh`| mhd tfg`ft|

4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtblmrd|

Cbmrhbr Dnubr|nt~ &Pfmt dnubr|b cbmrhbr hbbd| dg ~g hbbd tg lgh|ndbrpfbh |bcbltnh` rb|grlb|# `rgznh` |tdbht| gr zcmhhnh` tfb lcanhmtnh`

zrgkblt7 Mrb tfbrb mh~ |zblnmc lgh|ndbrmtngh| |lf m| m||n|tnub

tblfhgcg`nb| gr |blghd!cmh`m`b cbmrhnh` tg tmib nhtg mllght7.

0



@rgz| ge egr gr enub |tdbht| mrb ag|t |llb||ec pntf tfb|b mltnuntnb|( Bmlf |tdbht

|fgcd ob bh`m`bd drnh` tfb mltnunt~ o~ m|inh` }b|tngh| ge mcc `rgz abaobr| mhd

fmunh` bmlf nhdnundmc bvzcmnh tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb hgtb lmrd| mrb obnh` trhbd nh( Grmcmhd prnttbh m||b||abht| mccgp |tdbht| tg lgaahnlmtb cbmrhnh` nh agrb tfmh ghb

abtfgd(

Bh`m`b

Lmztrb tfb |tdbht|„ mttbhtngh# |tnacmtb tfbnr tfnhinh` mhd fbcz tfba mllb|| zrngr

ihgpcbd`b(

\gab anhgr mltnunt~ lmh ob |bd fbrb# bubh ne nt n| |nazc~ m|inh` tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh(

Tfb mttbhtngh `rmoobr lmh ob tbccnh` |tdbht| tfmt tfb~ lmh hgt |b tfb pgrd nt|bce nh m

dbenhntngh(\lbhmrng|'}b|tngh| tfmt |tdbht| am~ ornh` z nhlcdb;

  Dbenhnh` agtngh |nh` tfb pgrd –agtngh‑ gr –agunh`‑

  @bttnh` |tli gh dneebrbht pm~| tg lfmh`b agtngh

\mazcb }b|tngh| tfmt lmh ob m|ibd ge |tdbht|;  \fgp ab agtngh‥ hgp# pfmt n| fmzzbhnh`7

  Fgp dg ~g ihgp |gabtfnh` fm| agubd7

  Fgp lmh ~g amib nt agub dneebrbhtc~7

  Pfmt mrb dneebrbht pm~| ~g lmh db|lrnob |zbbd7

Bvzcgrb

@nub |tdbht| tnab tg tfnhi# zcmh# nhub|tn`mtb mhd gr`mhn{b lgccbltbd nhegramtngh(

\tdbht| |fgcd |b tfb trmli tg dbagh|trmtb agtngh mhd bvzcgrb fgp nt lfmh`b| o~

agunh` tfb trmli nh dneebrbht pm~| mhd rhhnh` tfb amrocb mcgh` nt| cbh`tf(

Bvzcmnh

Nhugcub |tdbht| nh mh mhmc~|n| ge tfbnr bvzcgrmtngh|( R|b rbecbltnub mltnuntnb| tglcmrne~ mhd agdne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh`(

Dn|l|| pntf |amcc `rgz| tfbnr enhdnh`|( M|i tfba tg |fgp agtngh mhd pfmt nt abmh|# m|

pbcc m| m|inh` tfba tg dbagh|trmtb fgp agtngh lmh ob lfmh`bd( Agub erga `rgz tg

`rgz tg mccgp tfba tg dn|l|| ndbm| pntf bmlf gtfbr( \cgp |tmrtbr| lmh ob bhlgrm`bd o~nhdnundmc zrgaztnh`(

Bcmogrmtb

@nub |tdbht| tfb gzzgrthnt~ tg bvzmhd mhd |gcndne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh` ge tfb

lghlbzt mhd'gr mzzc~ nt tg m rbmc!pgrcd |ntmtngh(

@rgz dn|l||ngh “ |tdbht| |fgcd |fmrb pfmt tfb~ fmub lgab z pntf egr tfb mh|pbr| tgtfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh( \tdbht ndbm| lmh ob prnttbh gh tfb ogmrd m| tfb~ mrb dn|l||bd mhd

org`ft z(

Bumcmtb

Bumcmtb tfrg`fgt tfb cb||gh( Zrb|bht |tdbht| pntf m |lgrnh` `ndb mt tfb

ob`nhhnh`( \lgrnh` tggc| dbubcgzbd o~ tbmlfbr| &|gabtnab| pntf |tdbhtnhugcubabht. tmr`bt pfmt |tdbht| a|t ihgp mhd dg( Lgh|n|tbht |b ge |lgrnh`

6



tggc| lmh nazrgub cbmrhnh`(

\tdbht| |fgcd rblgrd prnttbh bvzcmhmtngh'mh|pbr| gh <+2 hgtb lmrd|( Ghb!gh!ghb

dn|l||ngh pntf |tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmc hdbr|tmhdnh`( Hgtb lmrd| lmh ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge =!

=:# gr |gabtfnh` bc|b nhdnlmtnh` tfb |tdbht„| lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd ob

mccgpbd tg lgrrblt mh|pbr| metbr dn|l||ngh(

Tfb bANHT\ |tmee fm| mdmztbd tfn| egra erga amtbrnmc| mumncmocb mt tfn| pbo|ntb;

fttz;''ppp(adi=?(gr`'nh|trltngh'lrrnlca'|lnbhlb'2bagdbc(ftac (

>

http://www.mdk12.org/instruction/curriculum/science/5emodel.html




CB\\GH TPG; LFMH@NH@ AGTNGH “ \ZBBD MHD

UBCGLNT^

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfb |blghd cb||gh nh tfn| hnt tmib| tfb lghlbzt ge agtngh erga cb||gh ghb mhd oncd| gh

nt( Tfb zrbung| cb||gh |fgcd fmub dbubcgzbd ndbm| tfmt agtngh lmh ob lfmh`bd nh

|bubrmc pm~|( Tfb nazgrtmht lghlbzt| tg lmrr~ egrpmrd mrb dn|tmhlb trmubcbd# drmtngh ge

trmubc# mhd dnrbltngh ge trmubc( Mh mddntnghmc lghlbzt tfmt pncc ob lmrrnbd egrpmrd n| tfmtmh nhlrbm|bd |cgzb ge trmli pncc lm|b mh nhlrbm|b nh |zbbd(


Tfb ndbm ge |zbbd n| hgt m hbp ghb egr |tdbht|( \zbbd n| m abm|rb ge dn|tmhlb trmubcbd

nh m |zblnenl maght ge tnab( Tfn| n| m rmtng tfmt n| abm|rmocb( Tg lmclcmtb tfn|# |tdbht|pncc hbbd tg abm|rb tfb dn|tmhlb tfbnr amrocb trmubc| m| pbcc m| tfb maght ge tnab nttmib| tg trmubc tfmt dn|tmhlb( Tfb~ pncc tfbh dnundb dn|tmhlb o~ tnab( Tfb hnt| egr |zbbd

tfmt |fgcd ob |bd nh tfn| cb||gh mrb lbhtnabtbr| &la. zbr |blghd &|.# la'|( Ubcglnt~ n| m

ubltgr( M ubltgr n| |gabtfnh` tfmt fm| ogtf m am`hntdb mhd m dnrbltngh( \zbbd# obnh`|gabtfnh` tfmt lmh ob abm|rbd# fm| am`hntdb( @nunh` tfb dnrbltngh tfb |zbbd zgnht|

amib| tfb ubltgr ubcglnt~(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| cb||gh lmh ob |lmcbd mllgrdnh` tg tfb moncnt~ ge tfb |tdbht|( Egr |trltrbd nh}nr~#nt n| rblgaabhdbd tfmt amtbrnmc| mrb `nubh tg |tdbht| tg fbcz tfba dbtbranhb fgp tfb~

an`ft mrrnub mt m rbm|ghmocb mh|pbr( @ndbd nh}nr~ cbubc |tdbht| lmh ob mccgpbd tgdbtbranhb tfb amtbrnmc| tfb~ hbbd tg mh|pbr tfb }b|tngh( Nt n| nazgrtmht tfmt ne tfb~ dghgt m|i egr mcc ge tfb lgrrblt amtbrnmc tfmt tfn| oblgab| zmrt ge tfb dn|lgubr~ zrglb|| nh

dbtbranhnh` fgp |lnbhtnenl nhegramtngh n| lgccbltbd(

=:



Cb||gh Tpg; Lfmh`nh` Agtngh!\zbbd mhd Ubcglnt~ \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O<(ze=

R|b amtfbamtnlmc bvzrb||ngh| mhd tblfhn}b| tg bvzcmnh dmtm mhd

go|brumtngh| mhd tg lgaahnlmtb enhdnh`| &b(`(# egracm| mhd

b}mtngh|# |n`hnenlmht en`rb|# `rmzfnh`# |mazcnh`# b|tnamtngh# abmh.(



cb||gh7

\tdbht| pncc hdbr|tmhd tfmt |zbbd n| dn|tmhlb agubd nh m lbrtmnh maght ge tnab o~

dbtbranhnh` tfb dbenhntngh# fgp tg lfmh`b |zbbd &nhlrbm|nh` gr dblrbm|nh` |cgzb.# fgp tg

abm|rb nt &abm|rnh` m dn|tmhlb mhd abm|rnh` tfb maght ge tnab rb}nrbd tg trmubc tfmtdn|tmhlb.# mhd pfmt ubcglnt~ n| &|zbbd pntf m dnrbltngh.( \tdbht| |fgcd mc|g ob bvzbltbd

tg |m~ tfmt lfmh`nh` |zbbd fmzzbh| pfbh ~g nhlrbm|b gr dblrbm|b |cgzb( Tfn| tnb| nh tg

tfb hbvt dm~| pgri(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Fgp lmh ~g db|lrnob mhd lfmh`b |zbbd7



Nhdnundmc mhd `rgz dn|l||ngh ge tfb dbenhntngh ge |zbbd# fgp |zbbd lmh ob lfmh`bd mhd

abm|rbd# mhd prnttbh bvzcmhmtngh trhbd nh mt tfb bhd ge tfb zbrngd(


Amrocb|

_gccbr lgm|tbr trmli &fmce znzb| ge ZUL znzb nh|cmtngh.

Abtbr |tnli|\tgzpmtlfb|

Hgtb lmrd|

Lmclcmtgr|



Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ |tdbht| pncc en`rb gt fgp tg dbenhb |zbbd# tfbh |nh`

tfb tggc| &amrocb|# trmli# abtbr |tnli|# |tgzpmtlfb|.# en`rb gt pm~| tfmt |zbbd lmh ob

lfmh`bd(:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l||

2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`

<:!4: anh; lcm|| dn|l||ngh gh enhdnh`| mhd tfg`ft|4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtb lmrd|

Cbmrhbr Dnubr|nt~ &Pfmt dnubr|b cbmrhbr hbbd| dg ~g hbbd tg lgh|ndbr pfbh

|bcbltnh` rb|grlb|# `rgznh` |tdbht| gr zcmhhnh` tfb lcanhmtnh` zrgkblt7 Mrb

tfbrb mh~ |zblnmc lgh|ndbrmtngh| |lf m| m||n|tnub tblfhgcg`nb| gr |blghd!cmh`m`b

cbmrhnh` tg tmib nhtg mllght7.

==



@rgz| ge egr gr enub |tdbht| mrb ag|t |llb||ec pntf tfb|b mltnuntnb|( Amib |rb tfmt

bmlf |tdbht n| bh`m`bd drnh` tfb mltnunt~ o~ m|inh` }b|tngh| ge mcc `rgz abaobr| mhd


abtfgd(

Bh`m`bLmztrb tfb |tdbht|„ mttbhtngh# |tnacmtb tfbnr tfnhinh` mhd fbcz tfba mllb|| zrngr

ihgpcbd`b(

\tdbht| |fgcd mttbazt tg mh|pbr tfb }b|tngh gh tfbnr gph egr m ebp anhtb|(Zrbcnanhmr~ dn|l||ngh lmh nhlcdb# ne hbbdbd# ornh`nh` nh bvmazcb| ge pfmt tfb~ ihgp m|

|zbbd &ancb| zbr fgr.( \tdbht| lmh tfbh ob dnrbltbd tg bvzcgrb fgp |zbbd lmh ob

lfmh`bd mhd fgp nt lmh ob abm|rbd(\lbhmrng|'}b|tngh| tfmt |tdbht| am~ ornh` z nhlcdb;

  Fgp dg N abm|rb dn|tmhlb gr tnab7

  \tdbht| am~ k|t abm|rb tnab gr dn|tmhlb

  \tdbht| am~ fmub cgp amtf |incc| tfmt rb}nrb m||n|tmhlb pntf lmclcmtngh|

\mazcb }b|tngh| tfmt lmh ob m|ibd ge |tdbht|;  Pfmt dg ~g dg tg lfmh`b |zbbd7

  Fgp dg ~g ihgp nt fm| lfmh`bd7

  Pfmt lmh ~g lfmh`b# mhd fgp7

  Pfmt inhd ge nhegramtngh dg ~g hbbd tg abm|rb tfb lfmh`b|7

Bvzcgrb


\tdbht| lmh zcm~ pntf tfb trmli mhd amib tfb amrocb agub mt dneebrbht |zbbd|( Drnh`emlncntmtgr dn|l||ngh pntf `rgz|# }b|tngh| lmh ob m|ibd tg cbmd |tdbht| tg tfnhi mogt

abm|rnh` |zbbd( \tdbht| |fgcd ob zrgaztbd tg dbtbranhb tfb amtbrnmc| hbbdbd tg

abm|rb |zbbd# `nubh tfb amtbrnmc|# mhd tfbh m||n|tbd pfbh hblb||mr~ tg amibabm|rbabht|(

Bvzcmnh

Nhugcub |tdbht| nh mh mhmc~|n| ge tfbnr bvzcgrmtngh|( R|b rbecbltnub mltnuntnb| tg

lcmrne~ mhd agdne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh`(

Dn|l|| bmlf `rgz„| enhdnh`| pntf tfba( M|i tfba tg |fgp fgp tfb~ fmub lfmh`bd

|zbbd# pfmt nt rb}nrbd# mhd fgp tfb~ ihgp tfb~ lfmh`bd nt &abm|rnh`.( Agub erga

`rgz tg `rgz tg mccgp tfba tg dn|l|| ndbm| pntf bmlf gtfbr( \cgp |tmrtbr| lmh ob

bhlgrm`bd o~ nhdnundmc zrgaztnh`(

Bcmogrmtb

@nub |tdbht| tfb gzzgrthnt~ tg bvzmhd mhd |gcndne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh` ge tfblghlbzt mhd'gr mzzc~ nt tg m rbmc!pgrcd |ntmtngh(

@rgz dn|l||ngh “ |tdbht| |fgcd |fmrb pfmt tfb~ fmub lgab z pntf egr tfb mh|pbr| tgtfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh( \tdbht ndbm| lmh ob prnttbh gh tfb ogmrd m| tfb~ mrb dn|l||bd mhd

org`ft z( Tfn| n| m `ggd gzzgrthnt~ egr cgpbr!amtf cbmrhbr| tg `mnh lghlbzt| bubh ne

tfb~ mrb |tr``cnh` pntf tfb amtf zgrtngh(

=?



Bumcmtb




\tdbht| rblgrd prnttbh bvzcmhmtngh'mh|pbr| gh <+2 hgtb lmrd|( Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||ngh

pntf |tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmchdbr|tmhdnh`( Hgtb lmrd| lmh ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge =!=:# gr

|gabtfnh` bc|b nhdnlmtnh` tfb |tdbht„| lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd

tg lgrrblt mh|pbr| metbr dn|l||ngh(

Tfb bANHT\ |tmee fm| mdmztbd tfn| egra erga amtbrnmc| mumncmocb mt tfn| pbo|ntb;fttz;''ppp(adi=?(gr`'nh|trltngh'lrrnlca'|lnbhlb'2bagdbc(ftac (

=<





CB\\GH TF_BB; \CGZB MHD \ZBBD

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| cb||gh n| db|n`hbd tg egccgp Cb||gh Tpg# nh pfnlf |tdbht| cbmrhbd pfmt |zbbd mhdubcglnt~ mrb# mhd fgp tg amib abm|rbabht| tg lmclcmtb |zbbd( Tfn| cb||gh cbmd|

|tdbht| tg amib m lghhbltngh obtpbbh tfmt abm|rb ge |zbbd mhd fgp nt lfmh`b|dbzbhdnh` gh tfb |cgzb ge tfb |remlb( Tfb dmtm lgccbltbd egr tfn| cb||gh |fgcd ob |mubd

nh grdbr tg |b nt nh Cb||gh Egr(


Zrbung|c~# |tdbht| fmub cbmrhbd tfmt |zbbd n| lmclcmtbd o~ dnundnh` dn|tmhlb o~ tnab(

Tfb |lnbhtnenl ndbm tfmt |tdbht| hbbd tg cbmrh erga tfn| cb||gh n| tfb lghhbltngh obtpbbhnhlrbm|bd |cgzb mhd nhlrbm|bd |zbbd; tfb `rbmtbr tfb nhlcnhb ge tfb |cgzb# tfb em|tbr tfb

|zbbd ge tfb amrocb( Tfb~ pncc mc|g `bt agrb zrmltnlb nh tminh` abm|rbabht| mhd

lmclcmtnh` |zbbd(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| cb||gh n| m zbreblt tnab tg nhlrbm|b tfb cbubc ge nh}nr~ ne |tdbht| mrb mocb( \tdbht|

pfg fmub obbh dgnh` |trltrbd nh}nr~ pncc fmub oblgab mll|tgabd tg tfb amtbrnmc||bd nh tfb cmo|( Tg fbcz tfba oblgab zrgenlnbht mt db|n`hnh` cmo|# mccgp |tdbht| tg

dbtbranhb tfb amtbrnmc| tfb~ hbbd tg enhd mhd mh|pbr egr tfb }b|tngh( \tdbht| pfg mrb

mt m fn`fbr cbubc ge nh}nr~ lmh ob m|ibd tfb }b|tngh mhd `nubh m tmocb ge rb|grlb| tg cbttfba lrbmtb tfbnr tb|tnh` |ntmtngh( Mcc cbubc| |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd tg dn|zcm~ tfb mh|pbr|

tfb~ `bt egr tfbnr nhub|tn`mtngh| gh tfb ogmrd# db|n`hnh` m tmocb tfmt gr`mhn{b| tfb

nhegramtngh beebltnubc~ mhd lcbmrc~(

=4



Cb||gh Tfrbb; \cgzb mhd \zbbd \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O<(ze=






cb||gh7

\tdbht| pncc bvzcgrb pfmt lfmh`b| |zbbd( Tfb~ |fgcd emnrc~ bm|nc~ lgab z pntf tfb ndbm tfmt ne

|cgzb &nhlcnhb. n| |tbbzbr# |zbbd n| `rbmtbr# mhd unlb!ubr|m( Tg zrgub nt# tfb~ |fgcd ob mocb tgabm|rb tfb |zbbd egr tpg dneebrbht nhlcnhb|(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Pfmt n| |cgzb# mhd pfmt dgb| nt fmub tg dg pntf |zbbd7



\tdbht| pncc fmub am|tbrbd tfn| lghlbzt pfbh tfb~ lmh bvzcmnh tfmt |zbbd lfmh`b| pntf tfb nhlcnhbge tfb trmli# m| pbcc m| abm|rb mhd lmclcmtb dneebrbht |zbbd| egr tfb dneebrbht nhlcnhb|(


Trmli

Amrocb

\tgzpmtlfAbtbr |tnli

LmclcmtgrAmhm`babht &Fgp pncc |tdbht| |fmrb tblfhgcg`~ rb|grlb|7 Fgp pncc


Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ \tdbht| pncc lghlcdb tfmt |zbbd lfmh`b| pntf |cgzb# tfbh abm|rb m

dn|tmhlb mhd lfmh`b tfb tnab nt tmib| egr tfb amrocb tg trmubc o~ nhlrbm|nh` gr dblrbm|nh` tfb |cgzb ge

tfb trmli(:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l||

2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`


4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtb lmrd|

Cbmrhbr Dnubr|nt~ &Pfmt dnubr|b cbmrhbr hbbd| dg ~g hbbd tg lgh|ndbr

pfbh |bcbltnh` rb|grlb|# `rgznh` |tdbht| gr zcmhhnh` tfb lcanhmtnh`



=2



@rgz| ge egr gr enub |tdbht| mrb ag|t |llb||ec pntf tfb|b mltnuntnb|( Amib |rb tfmt bmlf |tdbht

n| bh`m`bd drnh` tfb mltnunt~ o~ m|inh` }b|tngh| ge mcc `rgz abaobr| mhd fmunh` bmlf nhdnundmc

bvzcmnh tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb hgtb lmrd| mrb obnh` trhbd nh( Grmc mhd prnttbh m||b||abht| mccgp|tdbht| tg lgaahnlmtb cbmrhnh` nh agrb tfmh ghb abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

Mccgp |tdbht| tg tmci mhd dn|l|| egr m ebp anhtb|( Ornbec~ fmub m lcm||rgga dn|l||ngh mogt nt#

mccgpnh` tfba tg rbubmc tfbnr tfg`ft| tfmt fn`fbr nhlcnhb &|cgzb. amib| egr m `rbmtbr |zbbd( M|i

tfba fgp tfb~ lmh zrgub tfbnr ndbm( Mt tfn| zgnht# m|i tfba pfmt amtbrnmc| tfb~ pncc hbbd tg zrgubtfbnr ndbm(

\lbhmrng|'}b|tngh| tfmt |tdbht| am~ ornh` z nhlcdb;

Pfmt dg N hbbd7

Fgp dg N abm|rb tfn|7Nt k|t cggi| em|tbr(

\mazcb }b|tngh| tfmt lmh ob m|ibd ge |tdbht|;Pfmt tfnh`| dg ~g hbbd tg en`rb gt7

Fgp lmh ~g zt haobr| gh ~gr ndbm| tg zrgub nt7Tfnhi mogt pfmt pb dnd ~b|tbrdm~(

Fgp lmh ~g tbcc ab mogt tfn| nhegramtngh pntfgt pgrd|7

Fgp dnd ~g `bt tfmt haobr7Pfmt mrb ~gr hnt|7

Bvzcgrb


\tdbht| |fgcd lgab z pntf tfb cn|t ge amtbrnmc| tfb~ pncc hbbd# mhd ne tfb~ dgh„t# dgh„t ebbd tfba

tfb nhegramtngh( Tfbnr bvzcgrmtngh pncc lm|b tfba tg rbmcn{b tfb~ mrb an||nh` tfnh`|( Tfb~ |fgcd obmccgpbd tg zbregra tfb tm|i| nh m |nancmr amhhbr tg tfb zrbung| dm~„| mltnunt~( Pfbh tfb~ |tmrt

`bttnh` haobr|# |tdbht| hbbd tg ob`nh tfnhinh` mogt fgp tg lghub~ tfb nhegramtngh(

Bvzcmnh

Nhugcub |tdbht| nh mh mhmc~|n| ge tfbnr bvzcgrmtngh|( R|b rbecbltnub mltnuntnb| tglcmrne~ mhd agdne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh`(

M| `rgz| ob`nh enhn|fnh` tfbnr abm|rbabht|# fmub m |tdbht prntb gh tfb ogmrd fgp tfb~ mrb

rblgrdnh` tfbnr nhegramtngh( Tfb~ |fgcd lgab z pntf m tmocb( Ne tfb~ dgh„t# m|i tfb rb|t ge tfb lcm||

`nub nhzt gh obttbr pm~| tg gr`mhn{b nt o~ mddnh` lgcah| gr rgp| gr obttbr fbmdnh`| gr cmobc|( Tfbenhmc tmocb |fgcd ob |bt z tg nhlcdb bmlf `rgz„| dn|tmhlb| mhd tnab| egr bmlf dneebrbht |cgzb# m|

pbcc m| fmub lgcah| tg rblgrd tfb lmclcmtbd |zbbd(

Bcmogrmtb



=5



@rgz| lmh rblgrd tfbnr nhegramtngh gh tfb ogmrd nh tfb ocmhi tmocb egr mcc tg |bb( Dmtm |fgcd ob

bumcmtbd nhdnundmcc~ mhd m| m lcm|| egr mhgamcnb| &nb; tnab| tfmt mrb hrbmcn|tnl# |nh` nhlfb| nh|tbmd

ge lbhtnabtbr|# |zbbd| pntfgt dblnamc zgnht| gr cmobc|.( @rgz| lmh tfbh mhmc~{b tfb dmtm tgdbtbranhb tfb grdbr ge nhlcnhb erga cbm|t tg `rbmtb|t &|cgpb|t |zbbd| pgcd fmub tfb cgpb|t nhlcnhb.(

Bumcmtb

Bumcmtb tfrg`fgt tfb cb||gh( Zrb|bht |tdbht| pntf m |lgrnh` `ndb mt tfbob`nhhnh`( \lgrnh` tggc| dbubcgzbd o~ tbmlfbr| &|gabtnab| pntf |tdbht

nhugcubabht. tmr`bt pfmt |tdbht| a|t ihgp mhd dg( Lgh|n|tbht |b ge |lgrnh`


\tdbht| rblgrd prnttbh bvzcmhmtngh'mh|pbr| gh <+2 hgtb lmrd|( Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||ngh pntf |tdbht|m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmc hdbr|tmhdnh`( Hgtb lmrd| lmh

ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge =!=:# gr |gabtfnh` bc|b nhdnlmtnh` tfb |tdbht„|

lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd tg lgrrblt mh|pbr| metbr dn|l||ngh(



=0





CB\\GH EGR_; @_MZFNH@ \ZBBD

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| cb||gh n| db|n`hbd tg egccgp Cb||gh Tfrbb; \cgzb mhd \zbbd( Zrbung|c~# |tdbht|fmub lgab tg tfb lghlc|ngh tfmt tfb |cgzb ge m trmli gr |remlb meeblt| tfb |zbbd ge tfb

gokblt agunh` mcgh` nt( Tfn| cb||gh tmib| tfmt nhegramtngh nh m |cn`ftc~ dneebrbht dnrbltngh(\tdbht| pncc ob m|ibd tg dbtbranhb ne tfbrb n| m rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh tfb |zbbd tfmt n|

lmclcmtbd &|nh` Cb||gh Tfrbb„| nhegramtngh. mhd tfb |cgzb ge m cnhb zcgttbd gh m

dn|tmhlb ubr|| tnab `rmzf(


Tfb lmclcmtbd |zbbd n| m dnun|ngh ge dn|tmhlb dnundbd o~ tnab( Zcgttnh` tfb |mabnhegramtngh gh m dn|tmhlb ubr|| tnab `rmzf |fgcd rb|ct nh m haobr ubr~ lcg|b tg tfb

lmclcmtbd |zbbd( Tfb |cgzb ge m cnhb n| dbenhbd m| rn|b'rh# gr zmrtnlcmr tg tfn| cb||gh#

dn|tmhlb gubr tnab( \cgzb ge tfb cnhb lmh ob abm|rbd o~ ghb ge tpg amtfbamtnlmcegracm|;

=?

=?

v v

~ ~|cgzb

∟

∟

1 gr pfnlf lmh ob rbmrrmh`bd tg |gcub egr |cgzb &mhd

m||anh` tfb ~!nhtbrlbzt n| { htg

oav ~ )1

brg. n v

~a 1 ( \tdbht| |fgcd abm|rb m zgnht gh tfb

mhd dbtbranhb v mhd ~ dnrbltc~ erga tfb `rmzf( Pfbh zc``bd nhtg tfb b}mtngh|# tfb

umcb |fgcd ob ubr~ lcg|b tg tfb lmclcmtbd umcb( Nt n| nazgrtmht tg dn|l|| pfmt tfb

rbm|gh| egr tfb dneebrbhlb| an`ft ob &nb; brrgr| nh zcgttnh` tfb cnhb gr nh abm|rnh` tfb

zgnht umcb| g

cnhb

h tfb cnhb.(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| cb||gh n| ghb tfmt am~ rb}nrb tfb ag|t ecbvnoncnt~ nh tfb cbubc ge nh}nr~( \gab

|tdbht| am~ ob ubr~ cgp gh tfbnr amtf |incc| mhd pncc rb}nrb fn`f cbubc| ge `ndmhlb nh

lrbmtnh` tfbnr `rmzf# zcgttnh` tfbnr cnhb|# mhd dbtbranhnh` tfb |cgzb ge tfg|b cnhb|( Obnh`ecbvnocb mllgrdnh` tg tfbnr moncnt~ n| nazgrtmht# m| nt„| hgt tfb amtf |incc| tfmt mrb zrnamr~#

ot tfb lghlbztmc rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh abm|rbd |cgzb mhd lmclcmtbd |cgzb( \tdbht|

pfg mrb mdumhlbd nh tfbnr amtf |incc| am~ ob mocb tg mllgazcn|f tfn| pntf anhnamcm||n|tmhlb mhd |fgcd ob mccgpbd tg pgri tfrg`f tfb ndbm|( Nt am~ ob |bec tg zrgundb m

|aamr~ dglabht tfmt lghtmnh| tfbnr zcgt| mhd tfb ndbm| fn`fcn`ftbd(

=6



Cb||gh Egr; @rmzfnh` \zbbd \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O=(ze= Bumcmtb tfb mllrml~ mhd rbzrgdlnoncnt~ ge dmtm mhd go|brumtngh|(

\=(|=(O=(ze?R|b m umrnbt~ ge tblfhgcg`nb| tg `mtfbr# mhmc~{b mhd nhtbrzrbt|lnbhtnenl dmtm(

\=(|=(O?(ze= Bvmanhb mctbrhmtnub bvzcmhmtngh| egr go|brumtngh|(

\=(|=(O?(ze<

Ihgp tfmt |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b n| onct gh }b|tngh| zg|bd m|

tb|tmocb f~zgtfb|b|# pfnlf mrb tb|tbd htnc tfb rb|ct| mrb mllbztbd o~zbbr|(

\=(|=(O<(ze=


go|brumtngh| mhd tg lgaahnlmtb enhdnh`| &b(`(# egracm| mhdb}mtngh|# |n`hnenlmht en`rb|# `rmzfnh`# |mazcnh`# b|tnamtngh# abmh.(



cb||gh7 \tdbht| pncc tmib tfb lghlbzt ge |zbbd &dn|tmhlb dnundbd o~ tnab. tfmt n| lmclcmtbd mhdlgazmrb nt tg tfb |cgzb ge m dn|tmhlb'tnab `rmzf tg dbtbranhb tfmt tfb~ mrb tfb |mab(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Mrb |zbbd mhd |cgzb tfb |mab7 Fgp dg pb ihgp7



\tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg lgazmrb tfb lmclcmtbd |zbbd pntf tfb |cgzb ge m cnhb mhd |bb tfmt

abm|rbd dneebrbhlb| mrb |amcc bhg`f tg ob mllghtbd egr nh abm|rnh` brrgr|# abmhnh`tfmt |zbbd n| tfb |mab m| tfb |cgzb ge tfb cnhb egr tfb |mab nhegramtngh(


Amrocb|_gccbr lgm|tbr trmli &fmce znzb| ge ZUL znzb nh|cmtngh.

Abtbr |tnli|

\tgzpmtlfb|

Lmclcmtgr|@rmzf zmzbr



Tpg!dm~ cb||gh &zg||noncnt~ egr bvtbh|ngh ! >4 anhtb|. “ \tdbht| pncc tmib

abm|rbabht| ge dn|tmhlb mhd tnab mhd lmclcmtb |zbbd( Tfb~ lmh |b tfb abm|rbabht|erga tfb zrbung| dm~| pgri( \tdbht| pncc `rmzf tfb dmtm gh m dn|tmhlb'tnab `rmzf mhd

lgazmrb |cgzb ge tfb `rmzf„| cnhb tg lmclcmtbd dmtm(

Dm~ Ghb ! :!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l||2!40 anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`# nh|trlt |tdbht|

gh `rmzfnh`Dm~ Tpg ! :!2 anh; rbtrhnh` dmtm

2!<: anh; enhn|fnh` `rmzfnh`# lgazmrnh` `rmzf mhd |cgzb# lcm||rgga |fmrnh` ge

nhegramtngh

=>



<:!40 anh; `rgz dn|l||ngh# mh|pbrnh` grn`nhmc }b|tngh mhd zrgundnh` zrgge





@rgz| ge egr gr enub |tdbht| mrb ag|t |llb||ec pntf tfb|b mltnuntnb|( Amib |rb tfmtbmlf |tdbht n| bh`m`bd drnh` tfb mltnunt~ o~ m|inh` }b|tngh| ge mcc `rgz abaobr| mhdfmunh` bmlf nhdnundmc bvzcmnh tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb hgtb lmrd| mrb obnh` trhbd nh( Grmc

mhd prnttbh m||b||abht| mccgp |tdbht| tg lgaahnlmtb cbmrhnh` nh agrb tfmh ghb

abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

M|i |tdbht| pfmt |cgzb n|# pfbrb tfb~„ub fbmrd nt# pfmt nt abmh|( Pfbh amtf n| org`ftz# m|i egr ertfbr bvzcmhmtngh htnc ind| lgab z pntf |cgzb n| m tnct gr cbmh ge m cnhb gh m

`rmzf( Tfb~ pncc mc|g cnibc~ ornh` z tfb ndbm tfmt |cgzb n| fgp |zbbd n| amdb em|tbr gr

|cgpbr( Tfn| cbmd| zbrebltc~ nhtg tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh “ mrb |cgzb &ge m cnhb. mhd |zbbdtfb |mab(

\lbhmrng|'}b|tngh| tfmt |tdbht| am~ ornh` z nhlcdb;

  Fgp dg N abm|rb dn|tmhlb gr tnab7

  \tdbht| am~ k|t abm|rb tnab gr dn|tmhlb

  \tdbht| am~ fmub cgp amtf |incc| tfmt rb}nrb m||n|tmhlb pntf lmclcmtngh|

  \tdbht| am~ hbbd dbtmncbd fbcz pntf lrbmtnh` tfb `rmzf|# pfnlf pncc umr~ pntftfb cbubc ge amtf bmlf |tdbht fm| mlfnbubd |llb||ecc~

  \bubrmc dneebrbht abtfgd| ge lmclcmtnh` |cgzb lmh ob nhtrgdlbd dbzbhdnh` gh

|tdbht lgazrbfbh|ngh(

\mazcb }b|tngh| tfmt lmh ob m|ibd ge |tdbht|;  Pfmt n| tfb amtfbamtnlmc dbenhntngh ge |cgzb7

  Fgp lmh ~g |lmcb tfb mvb|7 Pfmt dg ~g |bb7

Bvzcgrb


@nub |tdbht| m lfmhlb tg bvzcgrb tfb abtfgd| ge `rmzfnh`# ot dg hgt cbmub tfba|tr``cnh` egr tgg cgh` m| er|trmtngh lmh fnhdbr hdbr|tmhdnh`( M||n|t pntf

abm|rnh`'lmclcmtnh` |cgzb m| hbbdbd( Metbr lmclcmtnh`# |tdbht| |fgcd prntb rb|ct| egr

lmclcmtbd mhd abm|rbd |cgzb tg`btfbr gh tfb ogmrd(

Bvzcmnh



Dn|l|| pntf tfb lcm|| fgp tfbnr lmclcmtbd |zbbd lgazmrbd pntf tfbnr abm|rbd |zbbd|(

Cmr`b dneebrbhlb| |fgcd ob cggibd mt egr brrgr|( \amcc dneebrbhlb| |tdbht| |fgcd lgab

z pntf tfb ndbm tfmt abm|rnh` zgnht| gh m cnhb n| hgt m| mllrmtb m| fmunh` bvmlt zgnht|(

?:



Bcmogrmtb



@rgz dn|l||ngh “ |tdbht| |fgcd |fmrb pfmt tfb~ fmub lgab z pntf egr tfb mh|pbr| tg

tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh( \tdbht ndbm| lmh ob prnttbh gh tfb ogmrd m| tfb~ mrb dn|l||bd mhd

org`ft z( Tfn| n| m `ggd gzzgrthnt~ egr cgpbr!amtf cbmrhbr| tg `mnh lghlbzt| bubh ne tfb~ mrb |tr``cnh` pntf tfb amtf zgrtngh( \tdbht| |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd tg |fmrb

enhdnh`| mhd `rmzfnh` |trmtb`nb| pntf bmlf gtfbr(

Bumcmtb


nhugcubabht. tmr`bt pfmt |tdbht| a|t ihgp mhd dg( Lgh|n|tbht |b ge |lgrnh`


\tdbht| rblgrd prnttbh bvzcmhmtngh'mh|pbr| gh <+2 hgtb lmrd|( Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||nghpntf |tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmc

hdbr|tmhdnh`( Hgtb lmrd| lmh ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge =!=:# gr|gabtfnh` bc|b nhdnlmtnh` tfb |tdbht„| lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd




?=





CB\\GH ENUB; \ZBBD _MLB_ “ NHT_GDRLNH@

MLLBCB_MTNGH

Nhtrgdltngh

Cb||gh Enub n| db|n`hbd tg ob mh nhtrgdltngh tg mllbcbrmtngh m| pbcc m| m lfmh`b ge zmlb

erga nh!lcm||rgga mltnuntnb|( \tdbht| pncc rh rbcm~ rmlb| mhd ob bhlgrm`bd tg lfmh`b

tfb zmlb ge bmlf cb` ge tfb rbcm~( Tfb dn|tmhlb| mhd tnab| pncc ob `mtfbrbd gh tfb enr|t

dm~# `rmzfnh` tfb dmtm pncc fmzzbh gh tfb |blghd dm~( \tdbht| pncc amib tfb lghhbltnghtfmt tfb `rmzf ge |zbbd gubr tnab pncc `nub tfba mllbcbrmtngh mhd tfb |cgzb ge tfb cnhb

nhdnlmtb| tfb rmtb ge lfmh`b(


Mllbcbrmtngh n| dbenhbd m| lfmh`nh` |zbbd( Nh grdbr tg |fgp tfn|# |tdbht| pncc hbbd tgabm|rb dneebrbht |zbbd| gubr m kgrhb~( Nh tfn| lm|b# tfb kgrhb~ n| lgh|ndbrbd tg ob mccegr cb`| ge tfb rbcm~( Ne |tdbht| zbregra tfbnr cb`| ge tfb rbcm~ nh dneebrbht amhhbr|# tfbh

tfbrb pncc ob hnlb lghtrm|t| nh |zbbd obtpbbh bmlf cb` gh tfb `rmzf( M |fmccgp |cgzb pncc

nhdnlmtb m |cgp mllbcbrmtngh pfncb m |tbbz |cgzb pncc nhdnlmtb m rmznd mllbcbrmtngh( Nt|fgcd mc|g ob org`ft nh tfmt {brg |cgzb &nb; m ecmt cnhb. nhdnlmtb| m |tmtb ge hg

mllbcbrmtngh# ot hgt hblb||mrnc~ hg agubabht( Nt n| lgh|tmht ubcglnt~( Drnh` `rmzfnh`#

tfb |zbbd egr bmlf cb` ge tfb rbcm~ |fgcd ob zcgttbd pfbrb tfb bhd ge tfb cm|t cb` |tgz|(

Tfn| n| hgt mh bhtnrbc~ mllrmtb agdbc ge pfmt fmzzbh|# m| tfn| nhdnlmtb| bmlf cb` |tmrtbdmt tfb |mab |zbbd m| tfb cm|t nh|tbmd ge erga {brg( Fgpbubr# nt n| |bec tg `nub |tdbht| m

un|mc rbzrb|bhtmtngh ge mllbcbrmtngh &lfmh`nh` |zbbd. tg m||glnmtb pntf m eh mltnunt~( \bb

tfb en`rb| obcgp egr agrb nhegramtngh gh fgp ghb ge tfb|b `rmzf| |fgcd cggi(

\mazcb Dmtm Tmocb egr _bcm~ _mlb|

AbtfgdOb`nhhnh`

Dn|tmhlb &a.

BhdDn|tmhlb

&a.Tnab&|.

Ob`nhhnh`tnab &|.

BhdTnab&|.

Ob`nhhnh`\zbbd&a'|.

Bhd\zbbd&a'|.

Lrmopmcinh` : ?2 6(< : 6(< :(: <(:

Kaznh` ?2 2: 5(2 6(< =4(6 <(: <(6Agghpmc

inh` 2: 02 =:(? =4(6 ?2 <(6 ?(2

Ohh~Fgz 02 =:: =2(0 ?2 4:(0 ?(2 =(5

Tmocb ? \mazcb Dmtm egr _bcm~ _mlb

??



Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfb enr|t dm~ ge tfn| cb||gh n| ob|t |ntbd egr |trltrbd nh}nr~( @nunh` tfb |tdbht| m

}b|tngh mhd m abmh| tg |gcub nt nh m |ban!|trltrbd rbcm~ rmlb fbcz| rbnhegrlb tfmt amh~

dneebrbht abtfgd| lmh ob |bd tg dn|lgubr nhegramtngh( Tg ibbz |tdbht| tfnhinh` dnrbltc~mogt tfb }b|tngh# }b|tngh| lmh ob m|ibd mogt fgp bmlf cb` ge tfb rmlb n| dneebrbht

tfmh zrbung| ghb| mhd pfmt tfb~ lmh dg tg amib bmlf ghb dneebrbht( M|inh` tfba pfmttfb dneebrbhlb| an`ft abmh egr tfb nhegramtngh tfb~ `mtfbr pncc fbcz tfba rbabaobr tg

ibbz rblgrd| ge tfb rmlb| m| pbcc m| en`rnh` gt pfmt n| lfmh`nh`(

Tfb |blghd dm~ ge tfn| cb||gh lmh ob cbubcbd alf cnib Cb||gh 4 pfbrb |tdbht„|

amtfbamtnlmc moncntnb| mhd hdbr|tmhdnh` |fgcd `ndb fgp nh}nr~ n| mzzrgmlfbd( Tfg|b

pfg mrb agrb lmzmocb lmh ob mccgpbd tg `rmzf mcag|t mtghgag|c~# pfncb tfg|b

|tdbht| pfg hbbd agrb m||n|tmhlb lmh ob pmcibd tfrg`f tfb `rmzfnh` nh m agrb|trltrbd mzzrgmlf(

?4



Cb||gh Enub; \zbbd _mlbr “ Nhtrgdlnh` Mllbcbrmtngh \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.


\=(|=(O=(ze?

R|b m umrnbt~ ge tblfhgcg`nb| tg `mtfbr# mhmc~{b mhd nhtbrzrbt |lnbhtnenl

dmtm(

\=(|=(O<(ze=





\?(|=(O<(ze6 Rhdbr|tmhd mhd mzzc~ Hbptgh„| Cmp| ge Agtngh;


cb||gh7

Tfn| n| mh nhtbrabdnmtb mltnunt~'bvzcgrmtngh obtpbbh |zbbd mhd mllbcbrmtngh( Nt n| db|n`hbdtg `bt |tdbht| nhtg m zf~|nlmcc~ bvlntnh` mltnunt~ tfmt pncc fbcz tfba bvzcgrb pm~| tfmt

|zbbd lmh ob lfmh`bd( @rgz| ge egr tg |nv |tdbht| pncc rh rbcm~ rmlb|# ghb |tdbht

tnanh`# mhd ghb |tdbht rblgrdnh` dmtm( Bmlf rhhbr pncc ob mocb tg rh tfbnr cb` ge tfbrmlb nh mh~ amhhbr tfb~ lfgg|b( \tdbht| pncc `mnh bvzbrnbhlb lgccbltnh` dmtm# aminh`

abm|rbabht|# rblgrdnh` tnab|# lmclcmtnh` |zbbd# mhd `rmzfnh` dmtm( \tdbht| pncc ob`nh

tg |bb mllbcbrmtngh pfbh tfb~ `rmzf tfbnr dmtm |b}bhtnmcc~ egr tnab# rmtfbr tfmhlghlrrbhtc~( Tfb |cgzb ge tfb tgtmc cnhb pncc lfmh`b egr bmlf zmrt ge tfb rbcm~# nhdnlmtnh` m

lfmh`b nh |zbbd# pfnlf n| mllbcbrmtngh(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Fgp lmh ~g meeblt |zbbd mhd pfmt dgb| nt abmh7


hdbr|tmhdnh` ge tfb lghlbzt|7. \tdbht| pncc ob |llb||ec nh |bubrmc |tm`b|( Enr|t# tfb~ pncc ob`nh tg lfmh`b tfb pm~ tfb~

–rh‑ tfb rbcm~( Tfn| lmh nhlcdb obnh` ubr~ |cgp# zbregranh` –lrmo lrmpc‑ |tm`b|#

rhhnh` ubr~ em|t# btl( Tfb |blghd dm~ |llb|| pncc ob mlfnbubd pfbh |tdbht| mrb mocb tg`rmzf tfbnr rbcm~ nh kgnhbd# |llb||nub cnhb| |fgpnh` m lfmh`b nh |cgzb( \tdbht| pncc

hdbr|tmhd mhd ob mocb tg |tmtb tfmt tfb dneebrbht |cgzb| nhdnlmtb dneebrbht |zbbd|# mhd tfmt

tfb tgtmc cnhb pntf lfmh`b| nh |cgzb |fgp lfmh`nh` |zbbd &nb; mllbcbrmtngh.


Abm|rnh` tmzbLghb| gr amribr|

\tgzpmtlfb|

Zmzbr| tg rblgrd dmtm\zmlb tg rh rbcm~|



Tpg dm~ cb||gh &>4 anhtb|. “Dm~ Ghb; \tdbht| pncc rh rbcm~| mhd abm|rb dneebrbht

|zbbd| egr bmlf cb`# nhdnundmc mhd tbma(:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# dn|l||nh` fgp tg gr`mhn{b mhd amhm`b rbcm~ mhd dmtm

lgccbltngh

?2



2!4: anh; `rgz rbcm~|# tnanh`# rblgrdnh` dmtm

4:!40 anh; lcbmh z# rbtrh tg lcm||rgga# |fmrnh` dmtm

Dm~ tpg “ :!2 anh; `bttnh` gt dmtm erga zrbung| dm~„| rbcm~2!4: anh; |tdbht| pncc `rmzf dmtm mhd lgazmrb `rmzf|

4:!40 anh; dn|l||ngh ge rb|ct|# mhmc~|n| ge pfmt `rmzf| abmh






fmunh` bmlf nhdnundmc bvzcmnh tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb `rmzf| mrb obnh` lrbmtbd mhd trhbd

nh( Grmc mhd prnttbh m||b||abht| mccgp |tdbht| tg lgaahnlmtb cbmrhnh` nh agrb tfmhghb abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b( M|i |tdbht| tfbnr tfg`ft| mogt tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh# tfbh cbt tfba ihgp tfb~ pncc

fmub mh gzzgrthnt~ tg dn|lgubr agrb mogt tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb tfb~ rh m rbcm~(\lbhmrng|'}b|tngh| tfmt |tdbht| am~ ornh` z nhlcdb;

  Zrgocba| hdbr|tmhdnh` fgp tg amib abm|rbabht| ge tnab

  Dn|lrbzmhlnb| nh tnanh`

  Fmrd|fnz| pntf `rmzfnh` am~ fnhdbr zrg`rb|| tgpmrd| lghlbztmc hdbr|tmhdnh`

  \tdbht| am~ ob fmrd tg ibbz egl|bd gh tnanh` mhd dmtm lgccbltngh drnh` rbcm~|\mazcb dnrbltngh| gr }b|tngh| tfmt lmh ob m|ibd ge |tdbht|;

  Fgp lmh ~g lfmh`b fgp ~g rh tfb rbcm~7

  Amib |rb |tdbht| mrb tnanh` m| mllrmtbc~ m| zg||nocb

  Drnh` `rmzfnh`# nt am~ ob |bec tg zrgundb agrb dnrbltbd `ndmhlb egr |tdbht|pfg hbbd nt

Bvzcgrb


Tfb enr|t dm~ |tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd tg rh rbcm~| mhd bhkg~ lfmh`nh` fgp tfb~lfmh`b tfbnr abtfgd| ge rhhnh`( Pfncb tfb~ mrb rhhnh`# tfb emlncntmtgr lmh fbcz tfba

amib go|brumtngh| mogt tfb |zbbd| mhd m|i tfba fgp tfb~ lmh amib tfbnr hbvt rh

dneebrbht(

Bvzcmnh


lcmrne~ mhd agdne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh`( Mt tfb bhd ge bmlf dm~# dn|l||ngh| |fgcd ob fbcd( Tfb enr|t dm~# dn|l||ngh lmh nhlcdb

fgp tfb~ lfmh`bd |zbbd# m|inh` egr zrbdnltngh| mogt pfmt tfb~ tfnhi tfb lmclcmtbd|zbbd| pncc ob( Tfb |blghd dm~# dn|l||ngh |fgcd nhlcdb nhtbrzrbtmtngh ge tfb `rmzf|

tfmt pbrb amdb# dn|l||ngh ge pfmt lfmh`nh` |cgzb abmh|# mhd fgp tg nhtbrzrbt tfb

lfmh`b|(

?5



Bcmogrmtb



\tdbht| lmh ob m|ibd pfmt `rmzf| pgcd cggi cnib egr dneebrbht |lbhmrng| |lf m| m |inbr

`gnh` dgphfncc# m rmlb lmr drnubr# |gabghb pmcinh` tg |lfggc(

Bumcmtb


ob`nhhnh`( \lgrnh` tggc| dbubcgzbd o~ tbmlfbr| &|gabtnab| pntf |tdbht

nhugcubabht. tmr`bt pfmt |tdbht| a|t ihgp mhd dg( Lgh|n|tbht |b ge |lgrnh`tggc| lmh nazrgub cbmrhnh`(

Mt tfb bhd ge tfb |blghd dm~# |tdbht| |fgcd trh nh tfb `rmzf| tfmt pbrb lrbmtbd m| pbccm| m hgtb lmrd bvzcmnhnh` tfb mh|pbr tg tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh( Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||ngh

pntf |tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmc





?0





CB\\GH \NV; MLLBCB_MTNGH “ LFMH@NH@ \ZBBD

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| cb||gh mddrb||b| tfb |mab lghlbzt| m| Cb||gh Enub# ot mzzrgmlfb| nt erga m |cn`ftc~dneebrbht dnrbltngh( \tdbht| mrb m|ibd ne |zbbd n| lgh|tmht mhd tfb~ mrb mccgpbd tg db|n`h

mh bvzbrnabht tg mh|pbr tfbnr f~zgtfb|n|(


Tfb ndbm ge mllbcbrmtngh rbebr| tg tfb lfmh`b| nh |zbbd tfmt mh gokblt hdbr`gb| drnh` m kgrhb~( Ne mh gokblt„| kgrhb~ n| tmibh erga ob`nhhnh` tg bhd# mh gokblt lmh ob |mnd tg

fmub {brg mllbcbrmtngh mt tfb ubr~ ob`nhhnh` oblm|b nt n| hgt agunh`( M| nt ob`nh| tg

agub# tfb |zbbd pncc nhlrbm|b# abmhnh` nt n| mllbcbrmtnh`( Ne tfb gokblt n| trmubcnh`dgphfncc# nt pncc znli z |zbbd &zg|ntnub mllbcbrmtngh.( Ne tfb gokblt trmubc| zfncc# nt pncc

cg|b |zbbd &hb`mtnub mllbcbrmtngh.( Gh m ecmt |remlb# tfb gokblt pncc |tncc cg|b |zbbd

oblm|b |gab ge tfb egrpmrd agtngh pncc ob |tgzzbd o~ ernltngh obtpbbh tfb |remlb mhdtfb gokblt# tf| fmunh` hb`mtnub mllbcbrmtngh m`mnh( Drnh` tfb lgr|b ge m rgccbr lgm|tbr#

tfb lmr pncc nhlrbm|b |zbbd dgph tfb nhntnmc |cgzb &zg|ntnub mllbcbrmtngh. mhd lghtnhmcc~

cg|b |zbbd tfrg`fgt tfb rb|t ge tfb trmli hcb|| nt agub| dgph mhgtfbr fncc nhlcnhbd

bhg`f tg `nub nt agrb |zbbd( M||anh` tfmt |tdbht| pncc lrbmtb m rgccbr lgm|tbr pntfghc~ ghb cmr`b fncc# dneebrbht umcb| ge mllbcbrmtngh egr dneebrbht zmrt| ge tfb trmli lmh ob

abm|rbd( Nt n| tfb lgazmrn|gh ge |zbbd obtpbbh dneebrbht zgrtngh| ge tfb trmli tfmt pncc

dbtbranhb tfb mh|pbr tg tfb }b|tngh( Nt |fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt m lgaagh an|lghlbztnghtfmt pncc nhtbrebrb pntf tfbnr mllrml~ gllr| ne |tdbht| |tmrt tfbnr tnanh` egr tfb amrocb mt

{brg egr bmlf |bltngh( Tfb enr|t |bltngh lmh ob abm|rbd nh tfn| em|fngh# ot tfb egccgpnh`

|bltngh&|. |fgcd |tmrt obnh` tnabd pfncb tfb amrocb n| mcrbmd~ agunh`# gtfbrpn|b tfbnrmllbcbrmtngh ob`nh| mt {brg m`mnh( Tfn| n| tfb ndbm tfmt |tdbht| pbrb mccgpbd tg n`hgrb nh

tfb zrbung| cb||gh( Mt tfb bhd ge tfb cb||gh# |tdbht| |fgcd ob mocb tg zrgub &grdn|zrgub. tfbnr f~zgtfb|n| o~ lgazmrnh` tfb umcb| lmclcmtbd egr |zbbd mcgh` dneebrbht

zgrtngh| ge tfb trmli(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| cb||gh n| ndbmc egr |lmeegcdbd cbubc| ge nh}nr~( Nt lmh ob zrb|bhtbd m| bntfbr|trltrbd gr `ndbd nh}nr~# dbzbhdnh` gh tfb hbbd| ge tfb |tdbht|( Lcm||rgga

dn|l||ngh n| nhumcmocb mt tfn| zgnht nh dbtbranhnh` tfb moncnt~ ge bmlf lcm|| m| m pfgcb(Egr |trltrbd nh}nr~# tfb dn|l||ngh lmh ob tmibh tg tfb zgnht ge tfb |tdbht| db|n`hnh` m

cmo tg`btfbr m| m lcm||( Egr `ndbd nh}nr~# tfb }b|tngh lmh ob zg|bd mhd |tdbht| lmh

ob`nh tb|tnh` tfbnr ndbm| naabdnmtbc~(

?6



Cb||gh \nv; Mllbcbrmtngh “ Lfmh`nh` \zbbd \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O?(ze<

Ihgp tfmt |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b n| onct gh }b|tngh| zg|bd m|

tb|tmocb f~zgtfb|b|# pfnlf mrb tb|tbd htnc tfb rb|ct| mrb mllbztbd o~

zbbr|(

\=(|=(O<(ze=





Pfmt lghlbzt| dg ~g pmht |tdbht| tg hdbr|tmhd metbr lgazcbtnh` tfn| cb||gh7

O~ tfb bhd ge tfn| cb||gh# |tdbht| |fgcd lgab tg tfb hdbr|tmhdnh` tfmt |zbbd lmh ob

lfmh`bd mhd tfmt abm|rnh` nt mt dneebrbht cglmtngh| pncc zrgub tfn|( Tfb~ pncc ob`nh tg

hdbr|tmhd tfb lghlbzt ge mllbcbrmtngh mhd tfmt nt n| lfmh`nh` |zbbd gubr tnab( Tfb~|fgcd lgab z pntf tfb ndbm ge aminh` tnab abm|rbabht| nh tpg gr agrb zcmlb| drnh`

m rh ge tfbnr rgccbr lgm|tbr( Ne tfb |zbbd| erga tfb|b mrb tfb |mab# tfbh nt dgb|h„t lfmh`b;

ne tfb |zbbd| mrb dneebrbht# tfbh |zbbd DGB\ lfmh`b( Tfn| n| tfb bvzbltbd mh|pbr(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

N| |zbbd lgh|tmht7 Fgp lmh ~g zrgub ~gr mh|pbr7

Lrntbrnm egr \llb|| &Fgp pncc ~g ihgp |tdbht| fmub `mnhbd mh hdbr|tmhdnh` ge

tfb lghlbzt|7.

\tdbht| pncc fmub mlfnbubd hdbr|tmhdnh` ge lfmh`nh` |zbbd pfbh tfb~ zrgdlb rb|ct|

nh tfbnr abm|rbabht| |fgpnh` dneebrbht lmclcmtbd |zbbd| egr dneebrbht zgrtngh| ge tfb|mab amrocb kgrhb~(


Trmli \tgzpmtlfb|

Abtbr |tnli|

\tdbht| mt tfn| zgnht lmh ob m|ibd pfmt tfb~ hbbd pfbh tfb~ lgab `bt |zzcnb| nh grdbrtg fbcz tfba oblgab mll|tgabd tg obnh` nh lfmr`b ge tfbnr gph |lnbhlb(

Amhm`babht &Fgp pncc |tdbht| |fmrb tblfhgcg`~ rb|grlb|7 Fgp pncc ~g orbmi

z tfb cb||gh nhtg |b`abht|—tfb haobr ge fgr| gr dm~|7.

Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ |tdbht| pncc f~zgtfb|n{b mh mh|pbr# tfbh dbtbranhb

abtfgd| tg tb|t nt# lganh` zgh tfb lghlbzt tfmt |zbbd lfmh`b| gubr m kgrhb~(

:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l||2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`

<:!4: anh; lcm|| dn|l||ngh gh enhdnh`| mhd tfg`ft|4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtblmrd|





?>






abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

Tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh# ob`h m| mh gzbh }b|tngh egr tfb lcm||# bm|nc~ `bt| tfbnr mttbhtngh

pfbh ~g fmub gzzg|nh` unbpzgnht|( Mh|pbr| ge ~b| mhd hg# mllgazmhnbd pntf m –Pf~

dg ~g tfnhi tfmt7‑ mhd m –Fgp lgcd ~g zrgub nt7‑ pncc `bt |tdbht| agunh` nh tfbmzzrgzrnmtb dnrbltngh(

Zrgocba|'}b|tngh| |tdbht| am~ bhlghtbr;

  Tfb~ am~ |m~ tfmt |zbbd lmh hgt ob lfmh`bd “ mccgp tfn| mhd m|i tfba tg zrgub

tfbnr mh|pbr  Tfbrb am~ ob dneenlct~ egr |tdbht| nh en`rnh` gt fgp tg `g mogt tb|tnh` tfn|(

  \tdbht| am~ hgt ob mocb tg en`rb gt fgp tg `bt tpg |zbbd| lmclcmtbd egr ghbtrnz &tpg tnabr| rhhnh`.

  \tdbht| am~ mc|g |nazc~ tmib ghb dn|tmhlb'tnab lmclcmtngh mhd dnundb nt nh fmce(

  \tdbht| am~ mc|g mttbazt tg abm|rb tnab| nh |amcc |b`abht| tfmt |tmrt mhd |tgz#rmtfbr tfmh nh ghb lghtnhg| agtngh( Tfn| pncc rb|ct nh nhmllrmtb |zbbd|

oblm|b tfb amrocb pncc hbbd tg znli z |zbbd erga {brg m`mnh bubr~ tnab tfb~|tmrt nt(

Emlncntmtgr tnz|;

  Mdumhlbd |tdbht| mrb agrb cnibc~ tg lgab zgh tfb abtfgd| egr tfn|# mhd |fgcd

ob cbet tg dn|lgubr tfb mh|pbr|( Cgpbr cbubc |tdbht| am~ hbbd dneebrnh` cbubc| ge `ndmhlb tg mllgazcn|f tfb tm|i(

  Pfbh |tdbht| ob`nh fbmdnh` nh m dnrbltngh tfmt pncc cbmd tfba tg prgh` mh|pbr|#mccgp tfba tg bvzcgrb nt |gab obegrb oblganh` nhugcubd( Rzgh nhugcubabht# m|i

tfba |zblnenl| mogt pfmt tfb~ |bb nh tfb dneebrbht |ntmtngh| tfmt lgcd cbmd tg

brrgr|(

Bvzcgrb


\tdbht| |fgcd m|i egr tfb amtbrnmc| tfb~ hbbd( Nt n| cnibc~ tfmt tfb~ pncc ghc~ m|i egr ghb

|tgzpmtlf nhntnmcc~( Tfn| lmh lrbmtb |gab ge tfb dneenlctnb| abhtnghbd bmrcnbr( Pfncbun|ntnh` tfb `rgz| m|i |tdbht| fgp tfb~ mrb `bttnh` tfbnr abm|rbabht|# mhd ne ghbabm|rbabht n| `gnh` tg `nub tfba mh mh|pbr tg tfbnr f~zgtfb|n|( Tfb mddntngh ge

actnzcb |tgzpmtlfb|# ne hgt org`ft z o~ |tdbht|# lmh ob nhtrgdlbd o~ tfb emlncntmtgr nh

m amhhbr tfmt fbcz| |tdbht| lgab tg tfb ndbm ge tminh` lghlrrbht tnab|(

Bvzcmnh

Nhugcub |tdbht| nh mh mhmc~|n| ge tfbnr bvzcgrmtngh|( R|b rbecbltnub mltnuntnb| tg lcmrne~mhd agdne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh`(

<:



Metbr `rgz| mrb `bttnh` tfbnr tnab| abm|rbd# tfb~ |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd tg rblgrd tfbnr

tnab| gh tfb ogmrd# lrbmtnh` m tmocb tfmt |fgp| tfb dneebrbht |zbbd| tfb~ fmub lmclcmtbd(

@rgz dn|l||ngh |fgcd ornh` z tfb ndbm ge lgazmrnh` tfb tpg dneebrbht tnab| mhddn|l||nh` pf~ tfb tnab| mrb dneebrbht obtpbbh `rgz|( Tfn| n| m `ggd tnab tg ornh` nh tfb

hnt| rb}nrbd egr mllbcbrmtngh# mhd nhtrgdlnh` tfb pgrd –mllbcbrmtngh‑(

Bcmogrmtb@nub |tdbht| tfb gzzgrthnt~ tg bvzmhd mhd |gcndne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh` ge tfb


Egr tfb m||b||abht# gr nh dn|l||ngh# m|i |tdbht| tg bvzcmnh pfbrb bc|b tfb~ |bb

mllbcbrmtngh# mhd ne tfbrb n| hb`mtnub mllbcbrmtngh &dblbcbrmtngh.(

Bumcmtb

Bumcmtb tfrg`fgt tfb cb||gh( Zrb|bht |tdbht| pntf m |lgrnh` `ndb mt tfb ob`nhhnh`(\lgrnh` tggc| dbubcgzbd o~ tbmlfbr| &|gabtnab| pntf |tdbht nhugcubabht. tmr`bt pfmt

|tdbht| a|t ihgp mhd dg( Lgh|n|tbht |b ge |lgrnh` tggc| lmh nazrgub cbmrhnh`(







<=





CB\\GH \BUBH; _BLG@HN[NH@ MLLBCB_MTNGH

Nhtrgdltngh

Mt tfn| zgnht# |tdbht| fmub cbmrhbd tfmt lfmh`nh` |zbbd n| mllbcbrmtngh# mllbcbrmtngh lmhob lfmh`bd# mhd tfmt nt lmh ob abm|rbd( Tfn| cb||gh n| db|n`hbd tg rbanhd |tdbht| pfmt

mllbcbrmtngh cggi| cnib mhd pfmt lm|b| nt(


Nh zrbung| cb||gh|# mllbcbrmtngh pm| dbenhbd mhd bvzcmnhbd( Tfn| cb||gh n| mzzc~nh` tfg|bndbm|( Tfb rgccbr lgm|tbr| tfmt |tdbht| oncd |fgcd fmub |bubrmc fncc|( Tfb mllbcbrmtngh ge

tfb amrocb pncc ob zg|ntnub pfbh tfb amrocb n| `gnh` dgph fncc# abmhnh` nt n| nhlrbm|nh`

|zbbd( Tfb mllbcbrmtngh n| hb`mtnub pfbh tfb amrocb bntfbr `gb| zfncc gr agub| mcgh` mecmt zgrtngh ge tfb trmli# abmhnh` nt n| dblrbm|nh` |zbbd(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| cb||gh lmh ob |trltrbd egr mcc cbubc| ge nh}nr~( Nhlrbm|nh` nh}nr~ cbubc| lmh ob

mllgaagdmtbd oblm|b ge tfb |aamrn{nh` hmtrb ge tfb cb||gh( \tdbht| pfg fmub obbh

rblbnunh` |trltrbd nh}nr~ pncc fmub oblgab emancnmr pntf tfb amtbrnmc| mhd inhd| ge

nhegramtngh tfmt lmh ob `mtfbrbd |nh` tfba( Tfn| lgaegrt cbubc lmh ob tncn{bd tg rbagub|gab ge tfb dnrblt `ndmhlb# bhlgrm`nh` |tdbht| tg ob agrb nhdbzbhdbht nh tfbnr

cbmrhnh` zrglb||(

<?



Cb||gh 0; _blg`hn{nh` Mllbcbrmtngh \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O?(ze?

Db|lrnob pm~| nh pfnlf |lnbhlb dneebr| erga gtfbr pm~| ge ihgpnh` mhd erga

gtfbr ogdnb| ge ihgpcbd`b &b(`(# bvzbrnabhtmtngh# cg`nlmc mr`abht|#

|ibztnln|a.(

\=(|=(O?(ze<

Ihgp tfmt |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b n| onct gh }b|tngh| zg|bd m| tb|tmocb

f~zgtfb|b|# pfnlf mrb tb|tbd htnc tfb rb|ct| mrb mllbztbd o~ zbbr|(



cb||gh7

\tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg zrbdnlt zcmlb| pfbrb mllbcbrmtngh n| zg|ntnub &nhlrbm|nh`. mhd hb`mtnub

&dblrbm|nh`.# om|bd gh tfb |tbbzhb||'|cgzb ge tfb amtbrnmc gubr pfnlf nt trmubc|( Pfbrb tfb trmli

`gb| z fncc# tfb~ pncc nhdnlmtb m hb`mtnub mllbcbrmtngh( Pfbrb tfb trmli `gb| dgph fncc tfb~ pnccnhdnlmtb m zg|ntnub mllbcbrmtngh(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Pfbrb dg ~g |bb mllbcbrmtngh7



\tdbht| pfg mrb |llb||ec pncc ob mocb tg drmp m |amcc rbzrb|bhtmtngh ge tfbnr trmli mhd nhdnlmtb

gh nt pfbrb tfbrb n| zg|ntnub mhd hb`mtnub mllbcbrmtngh( Zg|ntnub mllbcbrmtngh |fgcd ob amribd mtzgnht| pfbrb tfb trmli |cgzb| dgphpmrd|( Hb`mtnub mllbcbrmtngh |fgcd ob amribd mt zgnht|

pfbrb tfb trmli agub| zpmrd|(_b|grlb| &Pfmt rb|grlb| pncc ~g mhd ~gr |tdbht| |b7.

Amrocb|Trmli|

\tgzpmtlfb|



Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ \tdbht| pncc mhmc~{b m agdbc tg dbtbranhb zg|ntnub mhd hb`mtnub

mllbcbrmtngh

:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l||

2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`<:!4: anh; lcm|| dn|l||ngh gh enhdnh`| mhd tfg`ft|

4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtb lmrd|





<<



@rgz| ge egr gr enub |tdbht| mrb ag|t |llb||ec pntf tfb|b mltnuntnb|( Amib |rb tfmt bmlf

|tdbht n| bh`m`bd drnh` tfb mltnunt~ o~ m|inh` }b|tngh| ge mcc `rgz abaobr| mhd fmunh` bmlf

nhdnundmc bvzcmnh tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb hgtb lmrd| mrb obnh` trhbd nh( Grmc mhd prnttbhm||b||abht| mccgp |tdbht| tg lgaahnlmtb cbmrhnh` nh agrb tfmh ghb abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

Pfncb |tdbht| mrb ob`nhhnh` tg dn|l|| tfb }b|tngh# oncd m dbagh|trmtngh rgccbr lgm|tbr mhd

|tmrt rhhnh` amrocb|( Tfn| agdbc lmh ob |bd tg bhlgrm`b |tdbht| tg oncd tfbnr gph mhd

bvzcgrb(\lbhmrng|'}b|tngh| tfmt |tdbht| am~ ornh` z nhlcdb;

  Rhlbrtmnht~ fgp tg ob`nh mh|pbrnh` tfb }b|tngh\mazcb }b|tngh| tfmt lmh ob m|ibd ge |tdbht|;

  Tfb emlncntmtgr |fgcd m|i |tdbht| pfbrb tfb~ |bb mllbcbrmtngh mhd fgp tfb~ ihgp nt n|mllbcbrmtngh(

  \tdbht| lmh ob bhlgrm`bd tg amib agrb abm|rbabht| ne hblb||mr~ nh grdbr tg zrgubtfbnr ndbm|(

Bvzcgrb


\tdbht| pncc hbbd tg dbtbranhb fgp tg drmp m agdbc ge tfbnr rgccbrlgm|tbr nh tpg dnabh|ngh|# mhd

fgp tg rbzrb|bht tfb cglmtngh| ge mllbcbrmtngh gh tfb lgm|tbr( \bubrmc bvmazcb| lgcd nhlcdb

|nh` –)‑ mhd –!‑ |n`h|# aminh` m ib~ egr |zblnenl zgnht| &–tfn| |zgt n|‥((‑.# gr prntnh` gt tfbnhegramtngh( Bhlgrm`b tfba tg mh|pbr pntf tfbnr gph tfg`ft|(

Bvzcmnh



Mt tfb bhd ge lcm||# |tdbht| lmh zt m drmpnh` ge tfbnr `rgz„| rgccbrlgm|tbr gh tfb ogmrd(

]b|tngh| lmh ob m|ibd dnrbltc~ mogt tfg|b lgm|tbr|# gr mogt ghb| drmph o~ tfb emlncntmtgr#bcnlntnh` rb|zgh|b| mogt dneebrbht |zgt| gh tfbnr lgm|tbr(

Bcmogrmtb


lghlbzt mhd'gr mzzc~ nt tg m rbmc!pgrcd |ntmtngh( Ne tnab mccgp|# |lbhmrng| |nh` rmlb lmr trmli| gr gtfbr |tdbht }b|tngh| lmh ob mh|pbrbd(Bhlgrm`b |tdbht| tg mh|pbr }b|tngh| egr tfb hbp |ntmtngh| |nh` tfb nhegramtngh `mtfbrbd nh

tfn| cmo(

<4



Bumcmtb




\tdbht| rblgrd prnttbh bvzcmhmtngh'mh|pbr| gh <+2 hgtb lmrd|( Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||ngh pntf

|tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmc hdbr|tmhdnh`(Hgtb lmrd| lmh ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge =!=:# gr |gabtfnh` bc|b nhdnlmtnh`

tfb |tdbht„| lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd tg lgrrblt mh|pbr| metbr

dn|l||ngh(


<2





CB\\GH BN@FT; AGABHTRA MHD NHB_TNM

Nhtrgdltngh

Mt tfn| zgnht nh tfb hnt# |tdbht| pncc fmub dbubcgzbd mh hdbr|tmhdnh` ge |zbbd mhdmllbcbrmtngh( Tfn| cb||gh n| |bd tg fbcz |tdbht| ob`nh tg |bb tfmt tfbrb mrb tfnh`| tfmt

beeblt agtngh(


Agabhta n| m zrgdlt ge mh gokblt„| am|| mhd ubcglnt~( Tfn| n| m lghlbzt tfmt am~ ob

nhtntnub egr |tdbht|; tfb on``br mh gokblt n| mhd tfb em|tbr nt `gb|# tfb fmrdbr nt n| tg |tgz(Nhbrtnm# tfb rb|n|tmhlb ge mh gokblt tg fmub m lfmh`b nh agtngh# n| rbcmtbd tg agabhta(

Cmr`br gokblt| pncc rb|n|t lfmh`nh` agtngh9 tfn| nhlcdb| |tmrtnh`# |tgzznh`# trhnh`# btl(

Tfb rbm|gh| egr tfb|b beeblt| nhlcdb egrlb| |lf m| `rmunt~# ernltngh# mhd lghtmlt egrlb|pfnlf pncc ob dn|l||bd nh tfb hbvt cb||gh(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| cb||gh n| db|n`hbd egr m lgaonhmtngh ge |trltrbd mhd `ndbd nh}nr~( Ghb ge tfb

zrzg|b| ge nh}nr~ n| tg tbmlf |tdbht| fgp tg lghdlt rb|bmrlf mhd bvzbrnabht|( Tfn|

cb||gh |tmrt| gt pntf zrgaztnh` |tdbht| tg |b rb|grlb| mumncmocb tg tfba tg enhd tfb

dbenhntngh| ne agabhta mhd nhbrtnm( Ghlb tfb |tdbht| mrb tmibh gt|ndb# tfb nh}nr~cbubc lmh agub mpm~ erga |trltrbd mhd nhtg `ndbd o~ zg|nh` gzbh!bhdbd }b|tngh|

tfmt lmh ob tb|tbd pntf tfb cb||gh„| rb|grlb|(

<5



Cb||gh Bn`ft; Agabhta mhd Nhbrtnm \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.


\=(|=(O=(ze? R|b m umrnbt~ ge tblfhgcg`nb| tg `mtfbr# mhmc~{b mhd nhtbrzrbt |lnbhtnenl dmtm(\=(|=(O=(ze< Ihgp fgp tg rblg`hn{b mhd bvzcmnh mhgamcg| dmtm(


\=(|=(O?(ze?

Db|lrnob pm~| nh pfnlf |lnbhlb dneebr| erga gtfbr pm~| ge ihgpnh` mhd erga gtfbr

ogdnb| ge ihgpcbd`b &b(`(# bvzbrnabhtmtngh# cg`nlmc mr`abht|# |ibztnln|a.(


cb||gh7

Lghlbzt| tfmt mrb nazgrtmht egr |tdbht| tg hdbr|tmhd nh tfn| cb||gh mrb agabhta &tfb zrgdlt ge

am|| mhd ubcglnt~. mhd nhbrtnm &tfb rb|n|tmhlb ge mh gokblt tg m lfmh`b nh agtngh.( Tfb~ pncc

hdbr|tmhd tfmt tfb agrb am|| mh gokblt fm| tfb agrb rb|n|tmhlb tfbrb n| tg lfmh`nh` nt| agtngh&nhbrtnm.# mhd tfb agrb agabhta nt pncc fmub pfncb agunh`(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Pfmt mrb agabhta mhd nhbrtnm# mhd pfbh dg ~g |bb tfba7



\tdbht| pncc |fgp tfb~ fmub |llb||ecc~ cbmrhbd tfn| nhegramtngh o~ obnh` mocb tg db|lrnob pf~

|gab gokblt| mrb fmrdbr &gr bm|nbr. tg agub tfmh gtfbr|# lgrrbltc~ nhdnlmtnh` m fn`fbr ubcglnt~ gr

cmr`br am|| m| fmunh` agrb agabhta gr nhbrtnm( Tfb~ pncc ob mocb tg nhdnlmtb pf~ tfbrb mrbamvnaa cgmd lmzmlntnb| egr rgccbr lgm|tbr| &tgg alf agabhta erga am||# mhd tfb lmr| pgcdh„t

ob mocb tg |tgz9 tgg alf nhntnmc am|| mhd tfb lmr| pgcdh„t ob mocb tg gubrlgab nhbrtnm.# pf~ tfbrb n|

m cmr`b fncc mt tfb ob`nhhnh` ge m rgccbr lgm|tbr &tg zrgundb bhg`f agabhta egr tfb lmr| tg trmubc tfb

bhtnrb trmli.# m| pbcc m| gtfbr zmrt| ge m rgccbr lgm|tbr(_b|grlb| &Pfmt rb|grlb| pncc ~g mhd ~gr |tdbht| |b7.

Cgh` rgzb'tgp rgzb

Tpg ubfnlcb| &ghb cmr`b# ghb |amcc.

Cmr`b gzbh zmrinh` cgtTpg mdct| tg |zbrun|b |mebt~



Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|.:!2 anhtb|; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# |nh` rb|grlb| tg cglmtb dbenhntngh|

2!<2 anhtb|; zmrinh` cgt mltnunt~ pntf lmr| mhd tgp rgzb

<2!40 anhtb|; rbtrh tg lcm||rgga# lcm||rgga dn|l||ngh mhd mh|pbrnh` }b|tngh





<0



\tdbht| |fgcd ob dnundbd nhtg dneebrbht `rgz| tfrg`fgt tfb mltnunt~( Nhdnundmc| lmh |tmrt gt

tr~nh` tg agub tfb lmr|# ot tfb bhtnrb lcm|| |fgcd oblgab nhugcubd( @rgz| lmh ob dnundbd nhtg og~|

mhd `nrc| gr rmhdgac~ `rgzbd( \mebt~ zrblmtngh; |tdbht| |fgcd hbubr ob nh tfb zmtf ge m agunh`lmr(

Bh`m`b

Lmztrb tfb |tdbht|„ mttbhtngh# |tnacmtb tfbnr tfnhinh` mhd fbcz tfba mllb|| zrngrihgpcbd`b(

M| |tdbht| en`rb gt tfb dbenhntngh| ge agabhta mhd nhbrtnm# zcc gt m tgp rgzb mhd |bt nt nh unbp

ge tfba( Tfn| pncc bvlntb tfbnr lrng|nt~ mogt nt| |b( Dn|l||nh` |zbbd mhd pfmt tfnh`| tfb~

lgaaghc~ ihgp tfmt fmub |zbbd lmh cbmd tfba tg tfnhinh` mogt lmr|(

Bvzcgrb


Tmib |tdbht| tg tfb zmrinh` cgt pfbrb lmr| mrb pmntnh`( Ornh` tfb tgp rgzb( Fmub tfba dblndb mfbmd

ge tnab pfnlf lmr tfb~ tfnhi pncc fmub tfb ag|t nhbrtnm# mhd pfmt nt abmh|( Mccgp tfba tg tb|t tfbnr

f~zgtfb|n| o~ fmunh` ghb gr tpg zbgzcb z|f bmlf ubfnlcb( Ghb pm~ tg nhlntb ertfbr tfnhinh` lgcdob tg fmub ghb ge tfb lmr| nh zmri rmtfbr tfbh hbtrmc( Tfn| pncc cbmd tg m|inh` tfba tg bvzcmnh pf~ nt

pm| fmrdbr tg agub# mhd ne tfmt abmht nt fmd agrb nhbrtnm(

Ndbm| egr nh|tn`mtnh` tfnhinh`;

  Dnundb lcm|| nhtg og~| mhd `nrc|( Mttmlf tfb tgp rgzb tg m ubfnlcb( Fmub ghb `rgz z|f tfbubfnlcb m| em|t m| tfb~ lmh# tfbh fmub tfb |blghd `rgz |tgz tfb egrpmrd agtngh( \pntlf

`rgz|( Fmub tfba dn|l|| pfnlf `rgz `mub tfb ubfnlcb agrb agabhta mhd pfnlf `rgz

fmd agrb nhbrtnm tg gubrlgab(

  M|i |tdbht| ne tfb~ fmub mh|pbrbd tfbnr f~zgtfb|n| &pfnlf ghb fm| agrb nhbrtnm. mhd ne tfbnrf~zgtfb|n| lgubr| mcc |ntmtngh|( M|i tfba fgp tfb~ lgcd amib tfbnr rb|ct| lfmh`b &nb; ne

tfb~ `mub tfb |amccbr lmr agrb agabhta# nt pgcd fmub agrb nhbrtnm tfmh tfb cmr`br ubfnlcb.Bvzcmnh



Dn|l|| tfb bvzbrnbhlb( Fmub |tdbht| `nub |zblnenl tfnh`| tfb~ dnd pfbrb tfb~ |mp agabhta mhdnhbrtnm# mhd pfbrb tfb~ |mp tfba lfmh`b(

Bcmogrmtb


@nub m ebp bvmazcb| ge gtfbr tfnh`| mhd fmub |tdbht| nhdnlmtb dneebrbhlb| nh agabhta mhd nhbrtnm(Enhmcc~# fmub tfba lgab z pntf gtfbr bvmazcb| tfmt rbcmtb tg rgccbr lgm|tbr|( Tfn| n| tfb nhegramtngh

tg fmub tfba nhlcdb gh tfbnr hgtb lmrd|(

<6



Bumcmtb




\tdbht| pncc trh nh hgtb lmrd| mh|pbrnh` pfbrb agabhta mhd nhbrtnm lgab nhtg zcm~ gh m rgccbr

lgm|tbr# mhd pf~ nt n| nazgrtmht tg ihgp mogt( Hgtb lmrd| lmh ob `rmdbd gh m !' ' ) gr m tbh!zgnht|lmcb( Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||ngh lmh ob |bec# mctfg`f pntf tfn| zmrtnlcmr cb||gh nt lmh ob dneenlct tg

tmci pntf bmlf ghb( Ne nt n| hblb||mr~# fmub |tdbht| trh nh hgtb lmrd| mhd `g gubr tfba metbr lcm||( Ne

tfn| fmzzbh|# rbtrh hgtb lmrd| tg tfba tfb egccgpnh` dm~ pntf m |lgrb'`rmdb mhd hgtb|( Fmub m ornbe dn|l||ngh mhd fmub |tdbht| rb!prntb tfbnr lmrd| pntf tfb hbp nhegramtngh(


<>





CB\\GH HNHB; EG_LB\

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| cb||gh nhtrgdlb| mhd bvzcgrb| tfb lghlbzt| mhd ndbm| ge egrlb|( Nt pncc oncd gh tfblghlbzt| ge |zbbd# mllbcbrmtngh# agabhta# mhd nhbrtnm cbmrhbd nh zrbung| cb||gh|( Tfn|

cb||gh n| tfb enr|t tfmt ob`nh| tg dnrbltc~ mddrb|| tfb lghlbzt| lbhtrmc tg Hbptgh„| Cmp|#pfnlf pncc ob lgubrbd nh Cb||gh Tpbcub(


M egrlb n| dbenhbd mt nt| ag|t om|nl cbubc m| m z|f gr m zcc gh mh gokblt( Egrlb| |bd nh

tfb|b cb||gh| nhlcdb `rmunt~# ernltngh# mhd lghtmlt egrlb|(

@rmunt~ n| tfb tbhdbhl~ ge tpg gokblt| pntf am|| tg zcc bmlf gtfbr tgpmrd| tfbnr lbhtbr ge

am||# |lf m| tfb zccnh` ge tfb aggh gh bmrtf„| glbmh| pfncb bmrtf zcc| gh tfb aggh tg

ibbz nt nh gront( Nt n| dbzbhdbht gh tfb am|| ge tfb tpg gokblt| mhd tfb dn|tmhlb obtpbbhtfba( Nt lmh ob |bbh nh tfb obfmungr ge m emccnh` gokblt; nt emcc| tgpmrd| tfb `rghd# hgt

zpmrd|(

Ernltngh n| m egrlb tfmt mlt| gh mh gokblt mhd mcpm~| z|fb| m`mnh|t tfb dnrbltngh ge agtngh( Nt n| lm|bd o~ tfb nhtbrmltngh ge amttbr agunh` zm|t gtfbr amttbr( M| mtga| mhd

agcblcb| nhtbrmlt pntf bmlf gtfbr# tfb~ cg|b bhbr`~ tfrg`f lgccn|ngh|# tf| rbdlnh` tfb

tgtmc bhbr`~ mumncmocb egr egrpmrd agtngh(

Tfb tfnrd egrlb mddrb||bd n| m lghtmlt egrlb( Tfn| n| m egrlb |bd nh nhtrgdltgr~ zf~|nl|

egr m egrlb tfmt bvn|t| pfbh mh gokblt tglfb| mhgtfbr gokblt( Nh trtf# tfn| n| mlgaonhmtngh ge ernltngh mhd pfmt n| lmccbd m hgramc egrlb( M hgramc egrlb n|

zbrzbhdnlcmr tg tfb |remlb| tfmt mrb nh lghtmlt pntf bmlf gtfbr mhd rb|ct| erga tfb hbtegrlb ge tfb |remlb| zrb||nh` gh bmlf gtfbr( Egr tfb anddcb |lfggc cbubc# nt n| bhg`f egr

|tdbht| tg hdbr|tmhd tfmt m lghtmlt egrlb lgab| erga gokblt| nh lghtmlt pntf bmlf gtfbr#

mhd |fgcd ob drmph zbrzbhdnlcmr tg tfb |remlb| nh lghtmlt(

Tfb nhtbrmltngh ge amttbr mhd egrlb| pncc ob rbmddrb||bd nh m cmtbr cb||gh m| |tdbht|

nhub|tn`mtb tfb dneebrbht inhd| ge bhbr`~ nhugcubd nh agtngh(

Nt |fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt egrlb lmh ob abm|rbd( Tfb hnt| ge egrlb mrb i`!a'|? pfnlf mrb

ihgph m| Hbptgh| nh fghgr ge \nr N|mml Hbptgh# tfb zrgubronmc emtfbr ge ablfmhnl|(Egrlb| mcpm~| fmub m dnrbltngh# tf| aminh` tfba ubltgr| cnib mllbcbrmtngh mhd ubcglnt~&m ubltgr n| |gabtfnh` fmunh` ogtf am`hntdb mhd dnrbltngh.( Pfbh egrlb| mlt nh

gzzg|nh` dnrbltngh|# tfb~ pncc lmhlbc mh b}mc maght ge tfb gzzg|nh` egrlb gt( Pfbh

ogtf am`hntdb| mrb b}mc# tfn| n| lmccbd m omcmhlbd egrlb# tfb rb|ct ge pfnlf n| bntfbrlgh|tmht agtngh gr hg agtngh( Pfbh ghb am`hntdb n| `rbmtbr# tfbh nt pncc meeblt tfb

agtngh ge tfb gokblt o~ lfmh`nh` dnrbltngh gr |zbbd tfb gokblt n| agunh`( Tfb tgtmc egrlb

mltnh` gh mh gokblt metbr omcmhlnh` n| lmccbd tfb hbt egrlb( M hbt egrlb ge {brg n| mh gokblt

4:



nh bntfbr lgh|tmht agtngh gr hgt agunh`# pfncb m hbt egrlb ge mh~ am`hntdb# zg|ntnub grhb`mtnub# nhdnlmtb| m lfmh`b nh agtngh(

Egrlb| lmh ob bvzrb||bd `rmzfnlmcc~( Tfb|b dnm`rma| mrb lmccbd erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma| mhdmrb |bd tg mhmc~{b tfb egrlb| mltnh` gh mh~ gokblt( Tfb egccgpnh` dnm`rma| mrb bvmazcb|

ge erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma|( Tfb enr|t n| m dnm`rma ge mh gokblt bntfbr nh lgh|tmht agubabht grhg agubabht( Nt |fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt mcc tfb mrrgp| |bd tg nhdnlmtb egrlb| lmhlbc bmlfgtfbr gt# rb|ctnh` nh m hbt egrlb ge {brg( Tfb |blghd dnm`rma |fgp| mh gokblt gh mh

nhlcnhb( Hgtnlb tfmt `rmunt~ mcpm~| zgnht| dnrbltc~ dgph# pfncb ernltngh gzzg|b| tfb

dgphpmrd agubabht# mhd tfb lghtmlt egrlb erga tfb trmli ibbz| tfb gokblt erga agunh`

|trmn`ft dgph( Mctfg`f ob~ghd tfb amtfbamtnlmc moncntnb| ge ag|t |tdbht| mt tfb 6tf

`rmdb cbubc# nt lmh ob hgtbd tfmt tfb mltmc agtngh ge tfb gokblt lmh ob zrbdnltbd ogtf o~

tfb |n{b ge tfb mrrgp| mhd o~ m cnhb drmph lghhbltnh` tfb bhd| ge tfb `rmunt~ mhd lghtmlt

egrlb mrrgp|( Tfb tfnrd dnm`rma n| ge m omcc obnh` tg||bd nhtg tfb mnr( M| tfb omcc |tmrt| gt#tfb zpmrd egrlb ge obnh` tfrgph n| `rbmtbr tfmh `rmunt~ mhd ernltngh( M| tfb omcc lcnao|#

tfb zpmrd egrlb oblgab| `rmdmcc~ |amccbr( Mt tfb ubr~ tgz ge tfb zmtfpm~# egr m ornbe

agabht# tfb egrlb| lmhlbc gt mhd tfbrb n| hg hbt egrlb( Tfb zrglb|| tfbh rbubr|b|# pntftfb dgphpmrd egrlb ge `rmunt~ oblganh` |tbmdnc~ cmr`br pfncb tfb lghtmlt egrlb `gb| tg

{brg# mhd ernltngh ghlb m`mnh n| z|fnh` m`mnh|t tfb dnrbltngh ge agtngh(

En`rb < Erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma |fgpnh` mcc egrlb| omcmhlbd#

rb|ctnh` nh hg hbt egrlb(

4=



En`rb 4 Erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma gh mh nhlcnhbd zcmhb(

Hgtb tfmt `rmunt~ |tncc zcc| dnrbltc~ dgph# rb`mrdcb||

ge tfb mh`cb ge tfb |remlb(

En`rb 2 Erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma| ge m omcc m| nt n| obnh` tg||bd z nh tfb mnr

mhd tfbh emccnh`(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| cb||gh |fgcd ob lmrbecc~ |lmcbd tg tfb moncnt~ cbubc ge tfb |tdbht|( Nt n| zg||nocb tg

dg umr~nh` cbubc| ge `ndbd nh}nr~ egr nt o~ `nunh` dnrbltngh| gr |``b|tngh| m| hbbdbd(

@ndnh` tfba m| tfb~ oncd tfbnr rgccbr lgm|tbr| mhd bvzbrnabht pntf tfb agtngh n| ob|t|brubd o~ mllbztnh` tfb ndbm| tfb~ fmub# bubh ne tfb~ mrb an|lghlbztngh|# mhd tb|tnh`

4?



tfba nh gtfbr pm~|( Mh bvmazcb ge tfn| pgcd ob ne m |tdbht drmp| tfb dnrbltngh ge tfbegrlb ge `rmunt~ zmrmccbc tg mh nhlcnhbd |remlb( Ne m amrocb gr gtfbr gokblt n| fbcd nh and!

mnr mhd |tdbht| mrb }b|tnghbd mogt pfnlf dnrbltngh nt pncc emcc ne rbcbm|bd# tfb~ pncc

ag|t cnibc~ tbcc ~g nt pncc emcc |trmn`ft dgph( Fn`fbr cbubc nh}nr~ |tdbht| pnccnaabdnmtbc~ znli z gh tfbnr brrgr# pfbrbm| |tdbht| ge cgpbr cbubc pncc hbbd nt rbcmtbd

dnrbltc~ tg tfbnr erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma|(

Mddntnghmcc~# tfn| cb||gh lmh ob bvzmhdbd gr lghdbh|bd m| hbbdbd egr `rgz| tfmt fmub m

agrb |gcnd `rm|z ge tfb egrlb|(

4<



Cb||gh Hnhb; Egrlb| \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O=(ze? R|b m umrnbt~ ge tblfhgcg`nb| tg `mtfbr# mhmc~{b mhd nhtbrzrbt |lnbhtnenl dmtm(


\?(|=(O<(ze=

Ihgp tfmt tfbrb mrb ehdmabhtmc egrlb| nh hmtrb &b(`(# `rmunt~#

bcbltrgam`hbtnl egrlb|# hlcbmr egrlb|.(

\?(|=(O<(ze? Ihgp tfmt m egrlb fm| ogtf am`hntdb mhd dnrbltngh(

\?(|=(O<(ze<

Mhmc~{b tfb |bzmrmtb egrlb| mltnh` gh mh gokblt mt rb|t gr nh agtngh &b(`(#

`rmunt~# bcm|tnl egrlb|# ernltngh.# nhlcdnh` fgp actnzcb egrlb| rbnhegrlb grlmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr tg rb|ct nh m hbt egrlb tfmt mlt| gh mh gokblt(


cb||gh7

\tdbht| |fgcd ihgp tfmt m egrlb n| m z|f gr m zcc mhd tfmt tfb~ fmub m am`hntdb mhd dnrbltngh(Tfb~ pncc ihgp tfmt tfb zrnamr~ egrlb| tfb~ bvzbrnbhlb rb`cmrc~ mrb `rmunt~# ernltngh# mhd lghtmlt

egrlb|( Tfb~ pncc ob`nh tg hdbr|tmhd tfmt egrlb| mrb |bbh mcc tfb tnab; drnh` agtngh# lfmh`b| nhagtngh# mhd nh hg agtngh( Tfb~ pncc cbmrh fgp tg drmp tfb egrlb| tfmt mrb mltnh` gh mh gokblt mhd nhpfmt dnrbltngh tfb~ mrb z|fnh` gr zccnh` mhd pfnlf egrlb n| `rbmtbr( Tfb~ pncc cbmrh tfmt tfb|b

dnm`rma| mrb lmccbd erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma| mhd tfmt tfb~ lmh ob |bd tg db|lrnob mh~ gokblt( Tfb~ pncc

cbmrh tfmt egrlb| tfmt mrb gzzg|nh` bmlf gtfbr pncc lmhlbc gt# mhd tfmt tfb tgtmc egrlb mltnh` gh mh

gokblt n| lmccbd hbt egrlb mhd lmh ob lmclcmtbd egr mh~ gokblt tg dbtbranhb agtngh(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Pfmt mrb egrlb| mhd pfmt dg tfb~ fmub tg dg pntf bmlf gtfbr7



\tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg drmp m erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma tfmt |fgp| tfb egrlb| mltnh` gh mh gokblt# m| pbcc

m| tfbnr am`hntdb mhd dnrbltngh( Tfb~ pncc ob mocb tg lgaahnlmtb ndbm| ge mddnh` mhd |otrmltnh`

egrlb| tg `bt m hbt egrlb# mctfg`f tfb~ am~ hgt ob mocb tg dbtbranhb hbt egrlb pntfgt m||n|tmhlb(


Ogpcnh` omcc

Trmli

AmrocbAmribr|

zmzbr



Tpg dm~ cb||gh &>4 anhtb|.

Dm~ ghb;

:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l|| mhd dbenhb egrlb|2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`


4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtblmrd|Dm~ Tpg

44



:!40 anh; lghtnhnh` cb||gh erga dm~ ghb# zbrfmz| pntf m rbzbmt ge tfb bh`m`babht mltnunt~(




@rgz| ge egr gr enub |tdbht| mrb ag|t |llb||ec pntf tfb|b mltnuntnb|( Amib |rb tfmt bmlf |tdbht

n| bh`m`bd drnh` tfb mltnunt~ o~ m|inh` }b|tngh| ge mcc `rgz abaobr| mhd fmunh` bmlf nhdnundmc

bvzcmnh tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb hgtb lmrd| mrb obnh` trhbd nh( Grmc mhd prnttbh m||b||abht| mccgp|tdbht| tg lgaahnlmtb cbmrhnh` nh agrb tfmh ghb abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

M| |tdbht| mrb ob`nhhnh` tg dbenhb pfmt m egrlb n|# fmunh` m ubr~ cmr`b gokblt |lf m| m ogpcnh` omccn| m `rbmt mttbhtngh `rmoobr( Fgcd tfb omcc mt mzzrgvnamtbc~ |fgcdbr fbn`ft mhd pmci mrghd pntf nt

egr m ebp agabht|( Pfbh |tdbht| fmub ob`h tg hgtnlb nt# drgz nt &obnh` lmrbec ge tgb|.( M|i tfb

}b|tngh# –Pf~ dnd nt emcc7‑ Tfb~ pncc lgab z pntf –`rmunt~(‑ R|b tfn| tg cbmd nhtg tfb bvzcgrmtngh

zfm|b( Egr tfb |blghd dm~# tfb |mab cbmd lmh ob |bd# tfn| tnab tg rbanhd |tdbht| pfmt tfb~ mcrbmd~ihgp(

\lbhmrng|'zg||nocb |tdbht }b|tngh| mhd bvmazcb rb|zgh|b|;

  M; Tfb amrocb k|t emcc|( ];Pf~7

  M; @rmunt~ zcc| nt dgph ]; \g# ne N cbt `g ge m amrocb fbrb &fgcd nt nh tfb mnr. nt pncc `g tfmt

pm~7 &zgnht nh mh mh`cb. “ tfn| pncc cbmd tfba tg tfnhinh` mogt fgp tfb trmli beeblt| `rmunt~(Emlncntmtgr |``b|tngh|;

  Pfmt amib| nt |cgp dgph7

  Pf~ dgb|h„t nt emcc |trmn`ft7

  Pf~ dgb| nt |tgz7

  Pfmt dnrbltngh n| nt agunh`7

  Pfmt dnrbltngh n| nt obnh` zccbd7

Bvzcgrb


Metbr `mnhnh` tfbnr mttbhtngh pntf tfb ogpcnh` omcc# |tdbht| lmh ob m|ibd tg dblndb ne tfmt n| m egrlb(

Tfn| n| pfbh |tdbht| |fgcd ob m|ibd tg dblndb pfmt amtbrnmc tfb~ hbbd tg fbcz tfba dbtbranhb tfb

mh|pbr| tg tfb dm~„| b||bhtnmc }b|tngh|( Zrgazt tfba tg oncd m rgccbr lgm|tbr mhd m|i tfba pf~ nt

pgri| m| tfb~ ob`nh(

Bvzcmnh



42



M| |tdbht| lghtnhb tg bvzcgrb# tfn| n| m `ggd tnab tg un|nt pntf bmlf `rgz mhd fbcz tfba lghub~

tfbnr ndbm| o~ ncc|trmtnh` tfbnr rgccbr lgm|tbr mhd amrocb( Cmr`b |lrmz zmzbr gr pm|fmocb amribr| gh

tfb db|i| lmh ob fbczec( Fmub |tdbht| nh|trlt ~g gh pfmt egrlb| mrb mltnh` gh tfb amrocb mhd nhpfmt dnrbltngh( Mdd mrrgp| tg tfb znltrb |fgpnh` pfmt tfb~ tbcc ~g( Lghtnhb }b|tnghnh` htnc tfb~

lgab z pntf |gabtfnh` tfmt n| rbm|ghmocb( Fmub tfba drmp tfbnr gph dnm`rma|(

Bcmogrmtb@nub |tdbht| tfb gzzgrthnt~ tg bvzmhd mhd |gcndne~ tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh` ge tfb


M| |tdbht| enhn|f drmpnh` tfbnr dnm`rma|# m|i tfba fgp tfbnr dnm`rma| lmh |fgp pfmt n| `gnh` gh(

Drmp |bubrmc dnm`rma| gh tfb ogmrd pntf dneebrbht cbh`tf| ge mrrgp| mhd fmub tfba db|lrnob pfmt n|`gnh` gh( Fmub tfba lfmh`b tfb mrrgp| cbh`tf| gh tfbnr gph dnm`rma| tg amtlf tfb agtngh tfb~ |bb

&nb; n| m amrocb n| agunh` |trmn`ft dgph# dgph mrrgp| |fgcd ob cgh`br pfbh zt tg`btfbr.( M| tfb~

enhn|f# zt haobr| pntf tfb mrrgp| mhd m|i tfba ne tfb haobr| amib |bh|b mhd pfmt tfb~ tfnhi tfb~

|fgcd dg pntf tfb haobr|( Bhlgrm`b tfba tr~ umrng| amtfbamtnlmc gzbrmtngh| htnc tfb~ `btmh|pbr| tfmt amib |bh|b egr tfbnr znltrb|( Tfb haobr| zt gh tfb dnm`rma |fgcd ob lgh|n|tbht pntf

pfmt n| fmzzbhnh` &nb; ne m omcc n| `gnh` z# tfbh tfb haobr| egr tfb z mrrgp| |fgcd ob `rbmtbr tfmh

tfb haobr| egr tfb dgph mrrgp|.( Tfn| n| pfbh hbt egrlb lmh ob nhtrgdlbd( Ubr~ mdumhlbd |tdbht|lmh ob bhlgrm`bd tg tr~ tg en`rb gt tfb hbt egrlb gh mh gokblt agunh` mt mhd mh`cb tg tfb |remlb(

M| tfn| n| m trn`ghgabtrnl gzbrmtngh# amh~ |tdbht| am~ hgt ob mocb tg amib mllrmtb lmclcmtngh|(

Bumcmtb




\tdbht| pncc trh nh m hgtb lmrd pntf m dnm`rma ge tfbnr rgccbr lgm|tbr( Gh nt tfb~ |fgcd fmub tfbnr

amrocb nh ghb zg|ntngh mhd m erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma tfmt lgrrb|zghd| tg nt| agtngh( Ghb!gh!ghb

dn|l||ngh pntf |tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmchdbr|tmhdnh`( Hgtb lmrd| lmh ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge =!=:# gr |gabtfnh` bc|b

nhdnlmtnh` tfb |tdbht„| lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd tg lgrrblt mh|pbr| metbrdn|l||ngh(



45





CB\\GH TBH; E_NLTNGH

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfb zrbung| cb||gh bvzcmnhbd tfmt egrlb| mlt gh gokblt| mhd fmub ogtf m am`hntdb mhddnrbltngh( Nt mc|g fbczbd |tdbht| `rmzfnlmcc~ dn|zcm~ egrlb| nh m erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma( Tfn|

cb||gh bvzcgrb| ernltngh nh agrb dbtmnc# mccgpnh` |tdbht| tg bvzcgrb tfb lghlbzt ge tfblgbeenlnbht ge ernltngh pntfgt oblganh` gubrpfbcabd nh tfb amtfbamtnlmc bvzcmhmtngh(


Ernltngh n| tfb rb|ct ge nhtbrmltngh obtpbbh gokblt| mt m agcblcmr cbubc( Nt n| bhtnrbc~

dbzbhdbht zgh tfb amtbrnmc ge tfb gokblt|( Tfb lgbeenlnbht ge ernltngh n| m haobr tfmt n|

|bd tg amtfbamtnlmcc~ zrbdnlt fgp gokblt| pncc obfmub( Nt| umcb pncc ob dneebrbht egrdneebrbht t~zb| ge amtbrnmc( Tg dbtbranhb tfn| umcb# dneebrbht gokblt| fmub tg ob tb|tbd

baznrnlmcc~( Cgp umcb| ge tfn| haobr nhdnlmtb cgp maght| ge ernltngh obtpbbh tpg

|remlb|( Mh bvmazcb ge tfn| n| abtmc gh nlb( Cmr`b umcb| ge tfn| nhdnlmtb m cgt ge ernltngh#|lf m| bvn|t| obtpbbh roobr tnrb| mhd zmubabht( Mt tfb anddcb |lfggc cbubc# tfb

amtfbamtnlmc zrgzbrtnb| ge tfn| mrb ob~ghd ag|t ge tfbnr moncntnb|( Fgpbubr# |tdbht| dg

hdbr|tmhd tfmt |gab tfnh`| mrb agrb |cnzzbr~ tfmh gtfbr|( @bttnh` tfba tg tfnhi mogt

tfn| ndbm mhd tg amib lgh|lng| dbln|ngh| tg mctbr ernltngh n| |eenlnbht(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Egr tfn| cb||gh# `ndbd nh}nr~ n| tfb |nazcb|t tg |b( \tdbht| pncc ob mltnubc~ bh`m`bd nh

zcm~nh` t`!ge!pmr pntf bmlf gtfbr# pfnlf mrg|b| tfbnr lgazbtntnub hmtrb( Tfb~ lmh obzrgaztbd tg bvzcgrb tfb lghlbzt nhntnmcc~ o~ m|inh` ghb |ndb pf~ tfb~ mrb cg|nh`# mhd

pfmt tfb~ tfnhi tfb~ lgcd lfmh`b nh grdbr tg pnh( \trltrbd nh}nr~ pncc hgt ob m|

beebltnub m| tfbnr lgazbtntnub drnub| pncc hgt ob |tnacmtbd tg enhd |gctngh| tg tfbzrgocba(

40



Cb||gh Tbh; Ernltngh \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O=(ze?


dmtm(

\=(|=(O?(ze<Ihgp tfmt |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b n| onct gh }b|tngh| zg|bd m| tb|tmocbf~zgtfb|b|# pfnlf mrb tb|tbd htnc tfb rb|ct| mrb mllbztbd o~ zbbr|(


\?(|=(O<(ze=

Ihgp tfmt tfbrb mrb ehdmabhtmc egrlb| nh hmtrb &b(`(# `rmunt~#

bcbltrgam`hbtnl egrlb|# hlcbmr egrlb|.(


\?(|=(O<(ze<

Mhmc~{b tfb |bzmrmtb egrlb| mltnh` gh mh gokblt mt rb|t gr nh agtngh&b(`(# `rmunt~# bcm|tnl egrlb|# ernltngh.# nhlcdnh` fgp actnzcb egrlb|

rbnhegrlb gr lmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr tg rb|ct nh m hbt egrlb tfmt mlt| gh mh

gokblt(

\?(|=(O<(ze0 Ihgp tfmt mh gokblt„| agtngh n| mcpm~| db|lrnobd rbcmtnub tg |gab gtfbrgokblt gr zgnht &n(b(# ermab ge rbebrbhlb.(

\?(|=(O<(ze6 Rhdbr|tmhd mhd mzzc~ Hbptgh„| Cmp| ge Agtngh;

° Gokblt| nh agtngh pncc lghtnhb nh agtngh mhd gokblt| mt rb|t pncc

rbamnh mt rb|t hcb|| mltbd zgh o~ mh homcmhlbd egrlb &nhbrtnm.(° Ne m `rbmtbr egrlb n| mzzcnbd tg mh gokblt m zrgzgrtnghmcc~ `rbmtbr

mllbcbrmtngh pncc gllr(

° Ne mh gokblt fm| agrb am|| tfb beeblt ge mh mzzcnbd egrlb n|

zrgzgrtnghmcc~ cb||(


cb||gh7

\tdbht| pncc hdbr|tmhd tfmt ernltngh n| m egrlb tfmt rb|ct| erga tfb nhtbrmltngh ge gokblt|(Tfb~ pncc ob mocb tg mhmc~{b |ntmtngh| mhd dbtbranhb ne ernltngh n| obnh` nhlrbm|bd gr

rbdlbd# fgp tg lfmh`b ernltngh tg mlfnbub m |zblnenl gtlgab &lrbmtnh` agrb ernltngh tg

rbdlb agubabht gr rbdlnh` ernltngh tg mccgp agrb agubabht.# mhd nh pfmt dnrbltnghernltngh n| mltnh`( Tfb~ pncc ob mocb tg mhmc~{b m rgccbr lgm|tbr tg dbtbranhb pfbh ernltngh

n| obnh` |bd mhd tg pfmt beeblt# m| pbcc m| pfbh ernltngh n| nhfbrbhtc~ zrb|bht(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

N| ernltngh m `ggd gr omd tfnh` mhd fgp lmh ~g lfmh`b nt7



\tdbht| pncc lgrrbltc~ lfmh`b |ntmtngh| tg rbdlb gr nhlrbm|b ernltngh tg mlfnbub |zblnenlgtlgab|( Tfb~ pncc mllrmtbc~ db|lrnob fgp tfb~ mlfnbubd lbrtmnh rb|ct| mhd pf~ nt

pgribd(

46




Cgh` rgzb

\aggtf ecggr &fmcc pm~ gr `~ahm|na.

Amhm`babht &Fgp pncc |tdbht| |fmrb tblfhgcg`~ rb|grlb|7 Fgp pncc~g orbmi z tfb cb||gh nhtg |b`abht|—tfb haobr ge fgr| gr dm~|7.

Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|.

:!2 anhtb|; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# dn|l||ngh ge dneebrbht |ntmtngh| pfbrb ernltngh lmh

ob `ggd gr omd mhd ndbm| gh fgp nt lmh ob lfmh`bd

2!<2 anhtb|; fmccpm~'`~ahm|na t`!ge!pmr<2!40 anhtb|; rbtrh tg lcm||rgga# lcm||rgga dn|l||ngh mhd mh|pbrnh` }b|tngh





Tfb lcm|| |fgcd ob orgibh z nhtg tpg `rgz|( Ghb abtfgd n| tg |b `nrc| ubr|| og~|(

Mhgtfbr abtfgd pgcd ob tg tr~ tg |zcnt tfba |g tfmt tfb |ndb| mrb mzzrgvnamtbc~ bubh nhogtf haobr| mhd am||( \tdbht| pntf zf~|nlmc cnantmtngh| lmh ob tncn{bd tg fbcz ibbz mh

b~b gh oghdmrnb| mhd |tmrtnh` mhd |tgzznh` tfb mltnuntnb|(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

Drnh` tfb nhntnmc dn|l||ngh ge ernltngh obnh` omd gr `ggd# ornh` gt tfb rgzb |bd nh tfbagabhta mhd nhbrtnm cmo( M| tfb dn|l||ngh n| cbd nhtg lfmh`nh` ernltngh# m|i tfba ne

tfb~ ihgp fgp ernltngh meeblt| t`!g!pmr(

Bvzcgrb


Tmib |tdbht| tg tfb fmccpm~ mhd fbcz dnundb tfba nhtg tpg `rgz|( Fmub tfba zcm~ ghb

t`!g!pmr mhd |bb pfnlf `rgz pnh|( Ornh` tfb cg|nh` tbma nhtg m fddcb mhd m|i tfba ne

tfb~ lmh tfnhi ge pm~| nh pfnlf ernltngh lmh fbcz tfba pnh( Tfn| lmh ob rbzbmtbd

|llb||nubc~ egr |bubrmc rghd|(

Bvmazcb |ntmtngh| mhd |``b|tngh|;  Ghb |ndb lmh rbagub tfbnr |fgb| mhd tfb gtfbr ibbz tfba gh

  Tfb |ndb pntf |fgb| lmh lcbmh tfb ogttga| tg rbagub mh~ d|t'dnrt

  Tfb cg|nh` |ndb lmh mhlfgr tfba|bcub| agrb enrac~ o~ ormlnh` m`mnh|t tfb rb|t ge tfb tbma

  Ghb |ndb lmh zt gh `cgub| tg fbcz pntf tfbnr `rnz gh tfb rgzb

  \gabtnab|# bubh pntf rbdlnh` ernltngh# ghb |ndb lmh lghtnhb tg pnh “ tfn| n| m

lfmhlb tg m|i tfb |tdbht| pf~# pfnlf |fgcd cbmd tfba tg tfb ndbm tfmt tfb~ |tncc

4>



fmd agrb egrlb

BvzcmnhNhugcub |tdbht| nh mh mhmc~|n| ge tfbnr bvzcgrmtngh|( R|b rbecbltnub mltnuntnb| tg


Rzgh rbtrh tg tfb lcm||rgga# fmub |tdbht| |fmrb pfmt tfb~ bvzbrnbhlbd( Bhlgrm`btfba tg dn|l|| fgp tfb~ lfmh`bd ernltngh nh dneebrbht |ntmtngh|; fgp nt fbczbd# fgp nt

frt &dbzbhdnh` gh pfg n| tmcinh`.(

Bcmogrmtb


M|i |tdbht| tg dn|l|| fgp ernltngh mzzcnb| tg rgccbr lgm|tbr|( Tfn| n| tfb nhegramtngh tfmt|fgcd ob nhlcdbd gh tfb hgtb lmrd|( Tfb~ |fgcd dn|l|| tg`btfbr mhd db|lrnob pfbh

ernltngh n| m `ggd mhd m omd tfnh`# fgp nt lmh ob amdb nhtg tfb gtfbr# m| pbcc m| zg||nocbbeeblt| ge tfb lfmh`b( Tfn| lmh nhlcdb emncrb ge ormib| &rbdltngh ge ernltngh.# |cgpnh` ge

lmr| &nhlrbm|b ge ernltngh.# mhd gtfbr |ntmtngh| tfmt |tdbht| am~ tfnhi ge(

Bumcmtb



\tdbht| pncc trh nh m hgtb lmrd pntf m dnm`rma ge tfbnr rgccbr lm db|lrnztngh ge tfbnrndbm|( Tfb~ |fgcd nhlcdb tfb nhegramtngh mogub gh bmlf hgtb lmrd &ernltngh `ggd mhd

omd'lfmh`nh` ernltngh' beeblt| ge ernltngh lfmh`b|. Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||ngh pntf |tdbht| m|

tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmc hdbr|tmhdnh`( Hgtblmrd| lmh ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge =!=:# gr |gabtfnh` bc|b nhdnlmtnh`

tfb |tdbht„| lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd tg lgrrblt mh|pbr| metbr

dn|l||ngh(



2:





CB\\GH BCBUBH; LBHT_NZBTMC EG_LB

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| cb||gh n| tfb cm|t cb||gh obegrb dnrbltc~ mddrb||nh` Hbptgh„| Cmp|( Nt n| db|n`hbd tgfbcz |tdbht| bvzbrnbhlb egrlb| tfmt lmh lfmh`b mh gokblt„| agtngh mhd tg rbcmtb tfn| ndbm

tg mcc lnrlcmr agtngh(


Lgaaghc~# |tdbht| fmub fbmrd ge lbhtrne`mc egrlb m| pfmt ibbz| mh gokblt erga emccnh`pfncb obnh` agubd mrghd nh m lnrlcb( Lbhtrne`mc egrlb n| lgaaghc~ |bd nhlgrrbltc~(

Tfn| egrlb bvn|t| ghc~ nh |zblnenl ermab| ge rbebrbhlb m| tfb egrlb ge mh gokblt z|fnh`

gtpmrd| gh mhgtfbr gokblt pfncb hdbr`gnh` lnrlcmr agtngh( Nh grdbr tg mugndlghe|ngh# tfn| cb||gh ghc~ mddrb||b| lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb(

Lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb n| tfb egrlb rb}nrbd tg amib mh gokblt egccgp m lnrlcmr zmtf rmtfbr tfmhtfb |trmn`ft zmtf( Tfb lm|b ge tfn| egrlb n| mcpm~| bvtbrhmc tg tfb gokblt mhd lmh ob tfb

rb|ct ge `rmunt~ gr m zf~|nlmc tbtfbr gr |trnh`( Tfb dnrbltngh tfn| egrlb mlt| n| mcpm~|

zbrzbhdnlcmr tg tfb dnrbltngh ge agtngh# pfnlf nh lnrlcmr agtngh pncc mcpm~| ob tgpmrd|

tfb lbhtbr ge tfb lnrlcb( Rhdbr|tmhdnh` tfmt tfb bvtbrhmc egrlb n| tfb trb lm|b ge tfn|lfmh`b nh agtngh amib| nt mzzmrbht tfmt lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb n| hgt tfb zrnamr~ egrlb nh

lnrlcmr agtngh(

Tfb ag|t nazgrtmht lghlbzt tg hdbr|tmhd mogt lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb n| tfmt nt mlt| gh mh

gokblt tg lfmh`b nt| cnhbmr agubabht( Mt bmlf zgnht mrghd tfb lnrlcb# tfb gokblt pmht| tg

lghtnhb cnhbmrc~( Ne tfb lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb n| `rbmtbr tfmh tfb am|| mhd mllbcbrmtngh ge mhgokblt &nt| egrlb.# tfbh tfb zmtf tfb gokblt egccgp| pncc ob lrubd( M| |ggh m| tfmt egrlb

lbm|b| tg bvn|t# tfb gokblt pncc lghtnhb gh m cnhbmr zmtf( Tfn| n| ag|t bm|nc~ |bbh pfbh|pnh`nh` m omcc gh m tbtfbr; m| |ggh m| tfb tbtfbr n| rbcbm|bd# tfb omcc pncc lghtnhb nh m

|trmn`ft cnhb(

Tfn| n| mc|g tfb lghlbzt tfmt bvzcmnh| zcmhbtmr~ gront mhd pfmt n| lgaaghc~ lmccbd {brg

`rmunt~( Mcc gokblt| tfmt fmub am|| pncc fmub m `rmuntmtnghmc zcc gh gtfbr gokblt| pntf

am||( Tf|# tfb bmrtf zcc| gh tfb aggh# tfb |h zcc| gh tfb bmrtf# tfb `mcmv~ zcc| gh tfb

|gcmr |~|tba# btl( Tfb|b gokblt| egccgp m lnrlcmr zmtf oblm|b ge `rmunt~ mltnh` m| tfb|grlb ge lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb# lgh|tmhtc~ lfmh`nh` tfb dnrbltngh ge trmubc( [brg `rmunt~ n|

nazgrtmht tg mddrb|| fbrb oblm|b nt n| m lgaagh an|lghlbztngh# mhd dgb| hgt trc~ bvn|t(Mcc gokblt| mrb meebltbd o~ `rmunt~# bubh nh |zmlb# m| db|lrnobd zrbung|c~ nh bvzcmnhnh`zcmhbtmr~ gront( [brg `rmunt~ n| b||bhtnmcc~ m |tmtb ge erbb emcc pfncb gokblt| trmubccnh` mt

tfb |mab |zbbd emcc mrghd tfb bmrtf nh m `rmdmcc~ dblm~nh` gront( Oblm|b tfbrb n| hg

mtag|zfbrb nh |zmlb pntf pfnlf tg kd`b agubabht# tfb |tmtb ge ecgmtnh` lmh |bba tg obdbe~nh` `rmunt~( Tfn| lmh ob |nacmtbd nh amh~ ma|babht zmri rndb| tfmt drgz rndbr|#

lm|nh` tfba tg bvzbrnbhlb ornbe agabht| ge pbn`ftcb||hb||( Nh tfmt |ntmtngh# tfbrb n|

2=



pnhd ocgpnh` zm|t tfb rndbr| mhd tfb `rghd oblganh` lcg|br mhd lcg|br tfmt zrbubht| nterga obnh` an|nhtbrzrbtbd m| dbe~nh` `rmunt~(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|Tfn| cb||gh n| db|n`hbd tg ob |bd m| `ndbd nh}nr~( Nt lmh ob |lmcbd dgph o~ `nunh`

|tdbht| zmrtnlcmr tm|i| tg nhub|tn`mtb tfb ndbm| lghtmnhbd nh nt# ot n| alf agrb|llb||ec pfbh zrb|bhtbd m| `ndbd nh}nr~( Nt n| bm|nc~ |lmcbd omli tg m||n|t |tdbht|

pfg am~ |tncc ob |tr``cnh` pntf pm~| tg lrbmtb bvzbrnabht| tg tb|t tfbnr moncntnb|(

2?



Cb||gh ==; Lbhtrnzbtmc Egrlb \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.


\=(|=(O=(ze< Ihgp fgp tg rblg`hn{b mhd bvzcmnh mhgamcg| dmtm(\=(|=(O?(ze= Bvmanhb mctbrhmtnub bvzcmhmtngh| egr go|brumtngh|(

\?(|=(O<(ze=Ihgp tfmt tfbrb mrb ehdmabhtmc egrlb| nh hmtrb &b(`(# `rmunt~#bcbltrgam`hbtnl egrlb|# hlcbmr egrlb|.(


\?(|=(O<(ze<

Mhmc~{b tfb |bzmrmtb egrlb| mltnh` gh mh gokblt mt rb|t gr nh agtngh

&b(`(# `rmunt~# bcm|tnl egrlb|# ernltngh.# nhlcdnh` fgp actnzcb egrlb|rbnhegrlb gr lmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr tg rb|ct nh m hbt egrlb tfmt mlt| gh mh

gokblt(

\?(|=(O<(ze0Ihgp tfmt mh gokblt„| agtngh n| mcpm~| db|lrnobd rbcmtnub tg |gab gtfbrgokblt gr zgnht &n(b(# ermab ge rbebrbhlb.(

\?(|=(O<(ze6 Rhdbr|tmhd mhd mzzc~ Hbptgh„| Cmp| ge Agtngh;° Gokblt| nh agtngh pncc lghtnhb nh agtngh mhd gokblt| mt rb|t pncc

rbamnh mt rb|t hcb|| mltbd zgh o~ mh homcmhlbd egrlb &nhbrtnm.(

° Ne m `rbmtbr egrlb n| mzzcnbd tg mh gokblt m zrgzgrtnghmcc~ `rbmtbr

mllbcbrmtngh pncc gllr(° Ne mh gokblt fm| agrb am|| tfb beeblt ge mh mzzcnbd egrlb n|



cb||gh7

Nt n| nazgrtmht tfmt pfbh |tdbht| enhn|f tfn| cb||gh tfb~ hdbr|tmhd tfmt gokblt| nh agtngh

pmht tg lghtnhb nh agtngh nh m |trmn`ft cnhb# tfmt tfb rbm|gh mh gokblt pncc hgt `g nh m

|trmn`ft cnhb n| oblm|b tfbrb n| m –lbhtbr!|bbinh` egrlb‑ mltnh` zgh nt( Tfn| egrlb lmh ob`rmunt~# m |trnh`# m pmcc# gr mh~ gtfbr egrlb tfmt lm|b| tfb gokblt tg agub nh m lnrlcmr

zmttbrh( \tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg bvzcmnh fgp zcmhbtmr~ gront mhd anlrg`rmunt~ mrb

bundbhlb ge lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb mhd bvzmhd tfb nhegramtngh tg bvzcmnhnh` fgp cggz| mhdlgri|lrbp| gh rgccbr lgm|tbr| ehltngh nh tfb |mab pm~(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

N| lnrlcmr agtngh mh homcmhlbd egrlb7



\tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg bvzcmnh tfmt agtngh pmht| tg lghtnhb nh ghb dnrbltngh &m |trmn`ft

cnhb. ot n| mltbd gh o~ m egrlb tg amib nt trh( Tfb~ pncc ob mocb tg bvzcmnh tfmt

lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb bvn|t| mh~ tnab tfbrb n| lnrlcmr agtngh(


2<



Trmli

Amrocb

Omcc gh m |trnh`Cmr`b gzbh mrbm


~g orbmi z tfb cb||gh nhtg |b`abht|—tfb haobr ge fgr| gr dm~|7. Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ |tdbht| pncc |b umrng| rb|grlb| tg lrbmtb lnrlcmragtngh mhd mhmc~{b tfb egrlb| mltnh` gh tfb gokblt

:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l|| mhd zcmh lrbmtnh` agtngh

2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# emlncntmtgr un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`<:!4: anh; lcm|| dn|l||ngh gh enhdnh`| mhd tfg`ft|

4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtblmrd|





@rgz| ge egr gr enub |tdbht| mrb ag|t |llb||ec pntf tfb|b mltnuntnb|( Amib |rb tfmtbmlf |tdbht n| bh`m`bd drnh` tfb mltnunt~ o~ m|inh` }b|tngh| ge mcc `rgz abaobr| mhdfmunh` bmlf nhdnundmc bvzcmnh tfbnr mh|pbr| pfncb hgtb lmrd| mrb obnh` trhbd nh( Grmc

mhd prnttbh m||b||abht| mccgp |tdbht| tg lgaahnlmtb cbmrhnh` nh agrb tfmh ghb

abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

M| |tdbht| ob`nh tg mh|pbr tfb }b|tngh mhd lgab z pntf ndbm|# m|i tfba fgp tfb~ lmh|fgp lnrlcmr agtngh( Fmub m ogv ge |zzcnb| tfb~ an`ft |b &omcc|# trmli|# amrocb|# bmlf

gtfbr# btl(. Nh|trlt tfba tfmt ghlb tfb~ mrb lrbmtnh` lnrlcmr agtngh# tg tr~ tg dbtbranhb

tfb egrlb| mltnh` gh tfbnr gokblt mhd ne tfbrb n| `rbmtbr egrlb mltnh` gh tfb gokblt tfmt n|lfmh`nh` agtngh(

\tdbht dncbaam|'}b|tngh|;

  \tdbht| am~ lgab z pntf }b|tngh| rb`mrdnh` m zbr|gh trhnh` nh m lnrlcb

  M lgaagh an|lghlbztngh |tdbht| pncc ornh` z n| tfmt mh gokblt pncc lghtnhb tglrub m| nt n| rbcbm|bd erga tfb lbhtbr!|bbinh` egrlb(

  Tfb~ am~ ob h|rb fgp tg lrbmtb agtngh

Emlncntmtgr tnz| mhd }b|tngh|;

 

Ogpcnh` omcc| gr om|bomcc| am~ ob m zg||nocb pm~ tg m||n|t tfb |tdbht| nhhdbr|tmhdnh` |trmn`ft!cnhb agtngh

  M|i# –Lmh ~g amib ~gr gokblt lghtnhb tg lrub ghlb nt n| rbcbm|bd7 Pfmtdnrbltngh dgb| nt `g pfbh rbcbm|bd7‑

  M|i tfba tg lrbmtb erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma| tg fbcz tfba mhmc~{b tfb egrlb| mltnh` gh|gabtfnh`(

  M|i bmlf `rgz ne tfn| rbcmtb| tg zcmhbtmr~ agtngh mrghd tfb |h# mhd ne |g fgp

n| nt |nancmr mhd fgp nt n| dneebrbht(

24



Bvzcgrb


\tdbht| |fgcd ob `nubh tnab tg mttbazt tg lrbmtb lnrlcmr agtngh nh m haobr ge pm~|(

Tfb~ |fgcd mc|g ob bhlgrm`bd tg agub nhtg mh gzbh cglmtngh tg zbregra tfbnrbvzbrnabht| mhd rblgrd pfmt fmzzbh|( Tfb~ lmh ob m|ibd tg tfnhi ge |ntmtngh| pfbrb

tfbrb n| lnrlcmr agtngh mhd lmh ob cbd nhtg lrbmtnh` m zcmhbt agdbc tg ertfbr tfbnr

mh|pbr|(

Bvzcmnh



M| |tdbht| ob`nh tg dbubcgz mh|pbr| tg pfbtfbr gr hgt lnrlcmr agtngh fm| homcmhlbd

egrlb|# tfb~ lmh ob dnrbltbd tg dbtbranhb ne agtngh n| lfmh`nh` mhd pfmt tfmt abmh|(

Bcmogrmtb


Tg bcmogrmtb tg tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh# |tdbht| pncc ob m|ibd tg rbcmtb tfb ndbm| ge

lbhtrnzbtmc agtngh tg rgccbr lgm|tbr| mhd db|lrnob tfb agtngh |nh` m erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma(

Bumcmtb









22





CB\\GH TPBCUB; HBPTGH MHD FN\ CMP\

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| n| tfb hbvt tg tfb cm|t cb||gh egr tfn| hnt obegrb tfb hnt m||b||abht( Mcc ge tfbamtbrnmc z tg tfn| zgnht fm| obbh cbmdnh` tg tfn| cb||gh( Zrbung| amtbrnmc n| lgaonhbd

mhd mzzcnbd nh tfn| cb||gh tg bvzcmnh tfb om|nl ablfmhnl| ge agtngh( Hbptgh„| tfrbb Cmp|ge Agtngh mrb |bd tg bvzcmnh tfb om|nl ablfmhnl| ge agtngh nh mcc nh|tmhlb| tfmt mrb

ihgph( Rhdbr|tmhdnh` pfmt tfb~ abmh mhd fgp tfb~ mzzc~ n| tfb zrnamr~ `gmc ge tfn|

hnt(


Hbptgh„| Enr|t Cmp |tmtb| tfmt mh gokblt mt rb|t pncc rbamnh mt rb|t htnc mltbd gh o~ mh

homcmhlbd egrlb mhd mh gokblt nh agtngh pncc rbamnh nh agtngh pntf lgh|tmht ubcglnt~hcb|| mltbd zgh o~ mh homcmhlbd egrlb( Tfb |nazcb|t pm~ tg ob mocb tg mzzc~ tfn| cmp

n| tg hdbr|tmhd tfmt mh~ lfmh`b nh agtngh n| lm|bd o~ ghb egrlb fmunh` m `rbmtbr

am`hntdb tfmh gtfbr egrlb|( Ne tfbrb n| hg lfmh`b nh agtngh# tfbh tfb egrlb| mrb omcmhlbd(\gab bvmazcb| erga zrbung| cb||gh| tfmt ncc|trmtb tfn| ndbm nhlcdb lnrlcmr agtngh

lm|bd o~ lbhtrnzbtmc egrlb# agubabht ge m ubfnlcb o~ gubrlganh` nhbrtnm# mhd lfmh`nh`

ernltngh tg nhecbhlb tfb gtlgab ge t`!ge!pmr(

Hbptgh„| \blghd Cmp |tmtb| tfmt tfb egrlb mltnh` gh mh gokblt n| b}mc tg nt| am|| tnab|

nt| mllbcbrmtngh( Tfn| rbcmtngh|fnz fm| |bubrmc nazcnlmtngh|; egr tpg gokblt| obnh` meebltbd

o~ tfb |mab mllbcbrmtngh# tfb gokblt pntf tfb cmr`br am|| pncc fmub m `rbmtbr gubrmcc egrlb9egr mh gokblt tg mttmnh `rbmtbr mllbcbrmtngh# nt a|t ob |okbltbd tg m `rbmtbr egrlb( Nt n|

nazgrtmht tg hdbr|tmhd tfmt tfb rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh am||# mllbcbrmtngh# mhd egrlb n|

zrgzgrtnghmc; ne ~g lfmh`b ghb# tfbh tfb gtfbr emltgr| a|t lfmh`b tg lgazbh|mtb( Nhzrbung| cb||gh| tfn| fm| obbh |bbh pfbh |tdbht| rb}nrbd agrb zbgzcb tg |tgz gr |tmrt m

cmr`b ubfnlcb pfbh lgazmrbd pntf m |amccbr ubfnlcb# pfbh tfb beeblt ge am|| drnh` t`!ge!pmr pm| lfmh`bd o~ lfmh`nh` tfb umcb ge tfb egrlb ge ernltngh# mhd pfbh amrocb|

pbrb hmocb tg lgazcbtb m rgccbr lgm|tbr trmli oblm|b tfbrb pm| hgt bhg`f mllbcbrmtngh

mltnh` gh tfb amrocb(

Hbptgh„| Tfnrd Cmp |tmtb| tfmt egr bubr~ egrlb mzzcnbd o~ ghb gokblt gh m |blghd gokblt#

tfbrb n| mh b}mc egrlb nh tfb gzzg|ntb dnrbltngh mzzcnbd o~ tfb |blghd gokblt( Tg

hdbr|tmhd tfn| cmp# nt a|t ob hdbr|tggd tfmt o~ z|fnh` m`mnh|t mh gokblt# tfb gokblt n|nh beeblt z|fnh` omli( M lcm||nl bvmazcb ge tfn| n| pfbh ghb |imtbr z|fb| gh mhgtfbr

|imtbr( Tfb enr|t zbr|gh n| z|fbd omlipmrd| o~ tfb |blghd |imtbr pntf tfb |mab egrlb( Nhtfn| hnt# tfn| cmp fm| obbh dbagh|trmtbd drnh` |bubrmc cb||gh|( Bvmazcb| nhlcdb tfbcb||gh nh pfnlf |tdbht| pbrb zccnh` gh tfb ubfnlcb tg |tgz nt| agtngh mhd tfb ubfnlcb

zccbd omli# pfbh |tdbht| pbrb zccnh` m`mnh|t bmlf gtfbr nh t`!ge!pmr# mhd nh tfbnr

agdbc| pfbh m amrocb n| zrbubhtbd erga ec~nh` gt ge m cggz o~ tfb trmli z|fnh` omli gh tfb amrocb(

25



Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

\tdbht| |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd tg ob m| nhdbzbhdbht m| zg||nocb drnh` tfn| cb||gh#nhlcdnh` |nh` rb|grlb| |lf m| tfb nhtbrhbt mhd tbvtoggi| tg dbtbranhb pfmt bmlf ge

Hbptgh„| Cmp| abmh( Tfb nhtbhtngh n| egr tfn| cb||gh tg ob `ndbd nh}nr~( Nt n|

hdbr|tggd tfmt |gab |tdbht| pncc hbbd agrb |trltrb mhd tfmt tfb~ |fgcd ob zrgundbd

tfmt `ndmhlb pfbh nt oblgab| goung| tfb~ pncc hgt gotmnh tfb nhegramtngh obegrb tfbnrer|trmtngh cbubc gubrlgab| tfbnr lrng|nt~ mhd pnccnh`hb|| tg cbmrh(

20



Cb||gh Tpbcub; Hbptgh mhd fn| Cmp| \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O?(ze?

Db|lrnob pm~| nh pfnlf |lnbhlb dneebr| erga gtfbr pm~| ge ihgpnh` mhd

erga gtfbr ogdnb| ge ihgpcbd`b &b(`(# bvzbrnabhtmtngh# cg`nlmc

mr`abht|# |ibztnln|a.(

\=(|=(O?(ze<






mllbcbrmtngh pncc gllr(

° Ne mh gokblt fm| agrb am|| tfb beeblt ge mh mzzcnbd egrlb n|

zrgzgrtnghmcc~ cb||(Pfmt lghlbzt| dg ~g pmht |tdbht| tg hdbr|tmhd metbr lgazcbtnh` tfn|

cb||gh7

\tdbht| pncc ob`nh tg tnb tg`btfbr tfb lghlbzt| cbmrhbd zrbung|c~ nhtg tfb tfrbb cmp|(

Tfb~ pncc ob mocb tg lntb bvmazcb| erga cmo| gr tfb rbmc pgrcd tfmt ncc|trmtb tfb tfrbbcmp|; Enr|t Cmp ! homcmhlbd egrlb| lm|b lfmh`b| nh agtngh &nhbrtnm.# Cmp Tpg ! egrlb n|

m ehltngh ge am|| mhd mllbcbrmtngh &lfmh`nh` agabhta.# mhd Cmp Tfrbb ! egrlb| fmub

mh b}mc mhd gzzg|ntb rbmltngh(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

\g# pfg n| tfn| Hbptgh `~ mhd pfmt dg fn| Cmp| ge Agtngh fmub tg dg pntf a~ |lnbhlb

lcm||7



\tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg lntb |zblnenl bvmazcb| ge zrbung| mltnuntnb| tfmt ncc|trmtb

Hbptgh„| Cmp| &z|fnh`'zccnh` tfb lmr|# amrocb rgccnh` dgph m trmli# t`!g!pmr# btl.


Hgtboggi| pntf zrbung| dm~„| hgtb lmrd|Zmzbr egr drmpnh`

amribr|



26



Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ \tdbht| pncc lrbmtb drmpnh`| ncc|trmtnh` Hbptgh„| tfrbb

cmp| |nh` bvmazcb| erga dneebrbht lcm|| mltnuntnb|# rgccbr lgm|tbr|# gr gtfbr rbmc!pgrcd

bvmazcb|:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l|| mhd cglmtb prnttbh dbenhntngh|

ge Hbptgh„| Cmp|

2!4: anh; bvzcmnhnh` m||n`habht tg drmp znltrb| egr bmlf Cmp “ nh|trlt tfba tg hgt zttfb Cmp gh bmlf znltrb ot tg amib |rb tfb drmpnh` ncc|trmtb| tfb Cmp mzzrgzrnmtbc~#

un|ntnh` bmlf `rgz mhd dnrbltnh` nhdnundmc| m| hbbdbd tg tfnhi ge lcm|| mltnuntnb|# lgh|ct

oggi|# dn|l|| pntf bmlf gtfbr4:!40 anh; Lcm|| |fmrnh` ge drmpnh`|# dbtbranhmtngh ge Cmp# mhd mh|pbrnh` }b|tngh|







fmunh` bmlf nhdnundmc amib tfbnr gph drmpnh`| tg |fmrb pntf tfb lcm||( Mt tfb bhd ge lcm||# mcc lcm|| abaobr„| drmpnh`| lmh ob |fgph mhd tfb lcm|| lmh dblndb pfmt cmp n|

rbzrb|bhtbd nh bmlf znltrb(

Bh`m`b

Lmztrb tfb |tdbht|„ mttbhtngh# |tnacmtb tfbnr tfnhinh` mhd fbcz tfba mllb|| zrngrihgpcbd`b(

Bhlgrm`b |tdbht| tg |b rb|grlb| &tbvt oggi|# nhtbrhbt. tg enhd dbenhntngh| ge bmlf cmp(

M|i |tdbht| tg rblmcc tfnh`| tfb~ fmub dghb nh lcm|| mhd pfbrb tfg|b mltnuntnb| ent nhtg tfbCmp| mhd pf~( M|i tfba tg lrbmtb drmpnh`| `nunh` bvmazcb| tfmt ent bmlf Cmp ot tg

cbmub tfb hmab ge tfb Cmp gee ge tfbnr drmpnh`(\tdbht }b|tngh|'zrgocba|;

  Hgt mocb tg rblmcc |zblnenl mltnuntnb|

  Trgocb |bbnh` pfbrb mltnuntnb| ent nhtg tfb Cmp|

  Rhmocb tg tfnhi ge bvmazcb|

  _b|n|tmht tg drmpnh` oblm|b ge mrtn|tnl moncnt~Emlncntmtgr tnz|;

  Ornh` gt hgtboggi| gr fmub |tdbht| dn|l|| tfnh`| tfb~ fmub dghb tg fbcz tfbarblmcc mltnuntnb|

  Fmub tbvt oggi| mumncmocb egr |tdbht| tg lgh|ct egr ndbm|

  M||rb |tdbht| tfmt tfb~ mrb hgt obnh` `rmdbd gh tfbnr mrtn|tnl moncnt~

  _banhd |tdbht| tg hgt prntb tfb hmab ge tfb Cmp gh tfbnr znltrb|

Bvzcgrb


2>



\tdbht| |fgcd ob `nubh zcbht~ ge gzzgrthnt~ tg lgab z pntf ndbm| egr tfbnr drmpnh`|(

Cb||gh lmh ob bvzmhdbd nhtg agrb tfmh ghb dm~ ne tfb~ mrb bh`m`bd nh lganh` z pntf

grn`nhmc ndbm| mhd pmht tg lghtnhb( Tfb~ |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd tg tncn{b tfbnrhgtboggi|# tfbnr `rgz abaobr|# mhd gtfbr rb|grlb| tg fbcz tfba dbubcgz ndbm|(



M| |tdbht| enhn|f drmpnh`|# tfb~ |fgcd ob lgccbltbd mhd dn|l||bd pntf tfb |tdbht tg`nub tfba tnab tg lgrrblt an|hdbr|tmhdnh`| gr lcmrne~ drmpnh`|( Tfn| n| mc|g pfbh tfb

emlncntmtgr lmh amib |rb tfmt tfb drmpnh`| rbzrb|bht tfb Cmp| mllrmtbc~ o~ dbtbranhnh`

tfb Cmp egr bmlf drmpnh`(

Bcmogrmtb


Metbr mcc tfb drmpnh`| mrb trhbd nh# gr m| tfb~ lgab nh# tfb lcm|| lmh ob m|ibd tg dblndbpfmt Cmp tfb drmpnh`| rbzrb|bht( Pmci tfb znltrb| mrghd tfb lcm||rgga mccgpnh` mcc tg

|bb# db|lrnob pfmt n| gh tfba mhd rbmd mh~ lmztngh| gr pgrd| prnttbh gh tfba( M| tfblcm|| dblndb| tfb Cmp# nt lmh ob rblgrdbd gh tfb omli( Tfb|b lmh tfbh ob dn|zcm~bd egr

|tdbht| tg cggi mt# `nunh` tfba amh~ bvmazcb| mhd rbnhegrlnh` ib~ lghlbzt|(

Bumcmtb



Mt tfb bhd ge tfb dm~# |tdbht| pncc fmub trhbd nh tfb drmpnh`| tfmt pbrb lrbmtbd( Ghb!gh!ghb dn|l||ngh pntf |tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfbnr drmpnh`| n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg

lfbli nhdnundmc hdbr|tmhdnh`( Znltrb| lmh ob `rmdbd |nh` m !' ' ) abtfgd# m |lmcb ge

=!=:# gr |gabtfnh` bc|b nhdnlmtnh` tfb |tdbht„| lgazrbfbh|ngh cbubc( \tdbht| |fgcd obmccgpbd tg lgrrblt mh|pbr| metbr dn|l||ngh(



5:





CB\\GH TFN_TBBH; BHB_@^ MHD _GCCB_ LGM\TB_\

Nhtrgdltngh

Ghb ge tfb enhmc tgznl| zbrtmnhnh` tg agtngh tfmt hbbd| tg ob mddrb||bd n| bhbr`~( Tfn|cb||gh lgubr| ablfmhnlmc bhbr`~# pfnlf n| tfb lgaonhmtngh ge inhbtnl mhd zgtbhtnmc

bhbr`~( Tfn| cb||gh enhn|fb| tfb hnt o~ |bttnh` tfb |tm`b egr |tdbht| tg bvzcgrb tfbnhtbrrbcmtngh|fnz| obtpbbh bhbr`~ mhd tfb zf~|nlmc pgrcd(


Ablfmhnlmc bhbr`~ n| tfb |tgrbd bhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh gr tfb bhbr`~ ge agtngh( \tgrbdbhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh n| zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~( Bhbr`~ ge agtngh n| inhbtnl bhbr`~( Bhbr`~ n| tfb

rb|ct ge egrlb mltnh` gh mh gokblt# mhd pfbh egrlb| mrb omcmhlbd# mh gokblt gh tfb

amlrg|lgznl cbubc zg||b||b| ghc~ zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~( Mh homcmhlbd egrlb lm|b| m zbrngdge mdk|tabht nh tfb bhbr`~ ge mh gokblt rb|ctnh` nh agtngh drnh` pfnlf zgtbhtnmc

bhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh n| lghubrtbd nhtg inhbtnl bhbr`~ ge agtngh htnc tfb egrlb| mltnh` gh tfb

gokblt mrb omcmhlbd m`mnh( Tfn| n| pf~ tfbrb n| mh bvlfmh`b obtpbbh inhbtnl mhd zgtbhtnmcbhbr`~ m| mh gokblt fm| {brg ubcglnt~ obegrb agubabht# ob`nh| nt| kgrhb~ mhd nhlrbm|b|

|zbbd# tfbh rbtrh| tg {brg ubcglnt~( Mh bm|~ tg hdbr|tmhd bvmazcb ge tfb|b bhbr`nb| mhd

tfb rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh tfba n| m lfncd gh m |pnh`( M| tfb |pnh` agub| tgpmrd| tfb tgz

ge tfb mrl# nt n| |cgpc~ nhlrbm|nh` tfb maght ge zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~( Tfn| zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n|obnh` lghubrtbd erga inhbtnl bhbr`~ pfnlf gllr| oblm|b ge tfb agtngh ge tfb |pnh`( Mt

tfb tgz ge tfb mrl# zgtbhtnmc n| mt nt| `rbmtb|t umcb mhd inhbtnl bhbr`~ n| mt nt| cgpb|t( M|

`rmunt~ oblgab| tfb homcmhlbd egrlb# zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| lghubrtbd nhtg inhbtnl bhbr`~oblm|b ge tfb egrlb ge `rmunt~ mltnh` gh tfb |pnh`( Inhbtnl bhbr`~ nhlrbm|b| htnc tfb

|pnh` fm| lghubrtbd m| alf ge tfb zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ m| zg||nocb( Tfn| fmzzbh| mt tfb

cgpb|t zgnht gh tfb mrl# pfbrb |zbbd n| `rbmtb|t mhd zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| tfb cgpb|t( Tfn| n|bm|nc~ |bbh gh tfb rgccbr lgm|tbr| amdb o~ |tdbht| nh lcm||( Tfb fn`fb|t zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~

mcpm~| gllr| mt tfb fn`fb|t zgnht ge tfb trmli( Erga tfmt zgnht gh# zgtbhtnmc n| lgh|tmhtc~oblganh` cb|| ge mh nhecbhlb pfncb obnh` lghubrtbd nhtg inhbtnl bhbr`~(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

M| tfb enhmc cb||gh lghtmnhnh` hbp nhegramtngh egr tfb hnt# |tdbht| |fgcd ob pbcc

zrbzmrbd tg bvzcgrb tfb nhegramtngh nh m `ndbd |bttnh`( Nt n| nazgrtmht tfmt |tdbht| mccfmub tfb |mab gzzgrthnt~ tg dn|lgubr tfb rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh tfb tpg t~zb| ge bhbr`~(

Nt n| mc|g nazgrtmht tfmt tfb~ mrb mocb tg bvzcgrb tfbnr ndbm| mhd lgaahnlmtb tfbabeebltnubc~# fgpbubr nt |fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt |tdbht| lmh ob m||n|tbd ne nt n| hblb||mr~(

5=



Cb||gh =<; Bhbr`~ mhd _gccbr Lgm|tbr| \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.

\=(|=(O?(ze<




\?(|=(O?(ze=

Ihgp tfmt bhbr`~ bvn|t| nh amh~ egra| mhd tfmt pfbh bhbr`~ n|

trmh|egrabd |gab bhbr`~ n| |mcc~ lghubrtbd tg fbmt(

\?(|=(O?(ze?

Ihgp tfmt inhbtnl bhbr`~ n| m abm|rb ge tfb bhbr`~ ge mh gokblt nhagtngh mhd zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| m abm|rb ge mh gokblt„| zg|ntngh gr

lgazg|ntngh# nhlcdnh`;

° trmh|egramtngh ge `rmuntmtnghmc zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh nhtg

inhbtnl bhbr`~ ge agtngh o~ m emccnh` gokblt(


cb||gh7

Tfb lghlbzt| ge zgtbhtnmc mhd inhbtnl bhbr`~ mrb mh nazgrtmht zmrt ge hdbr|tmhdnh`

Hbptghnmh zf~|nl| m| pbcc m| bm|nc~ |bbh nh rgccbr lgm|tbr|( Zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| zrnamrnc~|bbh m| bhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh oblm|b ge tfb egrlb ge `rmunt~ tfmt mlt| gh mh gokblt &tfb lmrt.#inhbtnl bhbr`~ n| tfb bhbr`~ ge agtngh( Nt n| nazgrtmht tfmt |tdbht| hdbr|tmhd tfmtzgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| lghubrtbd nhtg inhbtnl bhbr`~ mhd omli nhtg zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~#

egccgpnh` tfb zrnhlnzmc| ge lgh|brumtngh ge agabhta(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Pfmt dgb| bhbr`~ fmub tg dg pntf rgccbr lgm|tbr|7



Tg |fgp hdbr|tmhdnh`# |tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg bvzcmnh tfmt zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ lgab| ergatfb zg|ntngh ge tfb amrocb &lmr'pfmtbubr ntba n| obnh` |bd. mogub tfb `rghd# tfmt nt n|lghubrtbd nhtg inhbtnl bhbr`~ drnh` agtngh dgphpmrd# mhd omli nhtg zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~

pntf nhlrbm|nh` bcbumtngh( Tfb~ |fgcd ob mocb tg tmib mh~ zg|ntngh gh m trmli mhd

nhdnlmtb pfbtfbr tfbrb n| agrb gr cb|| zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ tfmh inhbtnl bhbr`~( Tfb~ |fgcd

amib nt lcbmr tfmt tfb~ hdbr|tmhd tfmt zgtbhtnmc mhd inhbtnl bhbr`~ mrb bvlfmh`bdtfrg`fgt tfb trmubc ge tfb amrocb(


Oggi|# dnltnghmrnb|# nhtbrhbt# trmli|# amrocb|# gtfbr |tdbht|



5?



Ghb dm~ cb||gh &40 anhtb|. “ |tdbht| pncc dbtbranhb tfb bhbr`~ ag|t dnrbltc~ rbcmtbd tg

rgccbr lgm|tbr| &inhbtnl mhd zgtbhtnmc.# dbtbranhb tfb rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh bhbr`~ mhd

rgccbr lgm|tbr|# hdbr|tmhd tfb bvlfmh`b tfmt fmzzbh| obtpbbh zgtbhtnmc mhd inhbtnlbhbr`~(

:!2 anh; prntnh` dgph }b|tngh# `rgz| |tmrtnh` tg dn|l||

2!<: anh; `rgz bvzcgrmtngh# un|ntnh` `rgz| mhd }b|tnghnh`<:!4: anh; lcm|| dn|l||ngh gh enhdnh`| mhd tfg`ft|# tfn| n| m `ggd tnab tg |fgp tfb

mhnamtngh mogt rgccbr lgm|tbr| mhd bhbr`~ tfmt n| eghd gh fgp|teepgri|(lga

&fttz;''|lnbhlb(fgp|teepgri|(lga'rgccbr!lgm|tbr<(fta.(4:!40 anh; nhdnundmc }b|tngh'rb|zgh|b mhd lgazcbtngh ge hgtb lmrd|








abtfgd(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

Tfb b||bhtnmc }b|tngh n| m `ggd zcmlb tg |tmrt( Ne bhbr`~ fm| mcrbmd~ obbh nhtrgdlbd# tfn|

lmh ob m `ggd tnab tg rbanhd tfba mogt nt( Pfncb |tdbht| mrb ob`nhhnh` tg cggi z tfb

nhegramtngh# zt tg`btfbr m rgccbr lgm|tbr trmli tg |b drnh` tfb lcm|| zbrngd(Dneenlctnb| mhd }b|tngh| |tdbht| am~ fmub;

  Zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| |tgrbd bhbr`~ “ tfn| n| mllrmtb# ot hgt tfb dnrblt mzzcnlmtngh

egr m rgccbr lgm|tbr  \tdbht| am~ nhdnlmtb tfmt zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| mt tfb ob`nhhnh`# mhd m`mnh mt tfb

bhd# pntf hg nhtbrabdnmr~ lfmh`b

Tnz| egr tfb emlncntmtgr;

  Bhlgrm`b |tdbht| tg |b rb|grlb| |lf m| oggi|# dnltnghmrnb|# trmli|# btl(

  Dnrblt |tdbht| tg tfb Cmp ge Lgh|brumtngh ge Bhbr`~# m|i }b|tngh| |lf m|–Pfbrb dgb| tfb zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ `g7‑# –Pfbrb dg ~g |bb tfb ag|t zgtbhtnmc

bhbr`~7‑ –Pfbrb dgb| tfb inhbtnl bhbr`~ lgab erga7‑

  Ghb pm~ tg fbcz |tdbht| rbabaobr n| tg rbcmtb zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh m| tfb

–zgtbhtnmc tg emcc‑

Bvzcgrb


Pfncb |tdbht| mrb pgrinh`# rbanhd tfba tfb~ lmh oncd m rgccbr lgm|tbr tg fbcz tfba

bvzcgrb tfbnr ndbm|( Mddntnghmcc~# pntf m |bzmrmtb rgccbr lgm|tbr# nt lmh ob |bd tg fbcz

|tdbht| bvzcgrb pfbh tfb~ lgab tg m|i }b|tngh|( Tfb~ |fgcd ob nhuntbd tg tr~bvzcmnhnh` tfbnr ndbm| |nh` tfb rgccbr lgm|tbr(

5<



Bvzcmnh



Metbr |tdbht| bvzcgrb egr m pfncb# tfb lcm|| lmh ob`nh m pfgcb!`rgz dn|l||ngh( Tfb

ag|t lgaagh an|lghlbztngh |tdbht| pncc fmub lgab z pntf n| tfmt zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n|

mt tfb ob`nhhnh` mhd tfb bhd# mhd hgpfbrb bc|b( Tfn| n| m `ggd tnab tg m|i }b|tngh|mogt tfb grn`nh| ge tfb bhbr`~ mhd |fgp tfb mhnamtngh cnhibd nh tfb amhm`babht |bltngh(

Tfb mhnamtngh lmh ob bvtrbabc~ |bec egr |tdbht| pfg mrb fmunh` trgocb un|mcn{nh`

tfb lghlbzt ge bhbr`~ bvlfmh`b(

Bcmogrmtb



M abmh| ge bcmogrmtngh egr |tdbht| n| bm|nc~ mddbd tg tfb hgtb!lmrd'bumcmtngh egr tfb

dm~( Tfb~ lmh ob m|ibd tg `nub mh bvmazcb ge mhgtfbr |ntmtngh tfb~ lmh tfnhi ge pfbhzgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| lghubrtbd tg inhbtnl gr omli( Tfb~ lmh mc|g drmp m rgccbr lgm|tbr mhd

nhdnlmtb tfb bhbr`~ bvlfmh`b nh tfb drmpnh`(

Bumcmtb


ob`nhhnh`( \lgrnh` tggc| dbubcgzbd o~ tbmlfbr| &|gabtnab| pntf |tdbht



pntf |tdbht| m| tfb~ lgazcbtb tfb enhmc tm|i n| mh beebltnub pm~ tg lfbli nhdnundmc





54





CB\\GH EGR_TBBH; HBPTGHNMH ZF^\NL\

M\\B\\ABHT

Nhtrgdltngh

Tfn| cb||gh n| tfb lcanhmtngh ge tfb rgccbr lgm|tbr hnt( Nt lghtmnh| tfb nhegramtngh

rb}nrbd tg |bt z m cgh`!tbra zrgkblt mhd m||b|| nhdnundmc |tdbht mlfnbubabht gh

abbtnh` tfb |tmhdmrd|( Tfb zrgkblt am~ tmib mh~pfbrb erga enub |lfggc dm~| tg enetbbh

|lfggc dm~| tg lgazcbtb# dbzbhdnh` gh tfb pgri mllgazcn|fbd bmlf lcm|| dm~(


Tfb |lnbhtnenl nhegramtngh hbbdbd egr tfn| m||b||abht fm| obbh nhlgrzgrmtbd nh tfbzrbung| tfnrtbbh cb||gh|( Nt |fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt tfb dnubr|nt~ ge tgznl| lfg|bh egr tfb

zrgkblt rb}nrb| m lbrtmnh maght ge rb|grlbechb||( Egr ertfbr |lnbhtnenl nhegramtnghmhd rb|grlb| tg |b nh fbcznh` tfb |tdbht| pntf tfb |okblt amttbr |bb tfb cn|t ge pbo|ntb|mhd tbvtoggi| mumncmocb nh tfb Mzzbhdnv <( M |mazcb `rmdnh` rornl egr tfn| zrgkblt lmh

ob eghd nh Mzzbhdnv =(

Nh}nr~ Abtfgd|

Tfn| zrgkblt n| db|n`hbd tg ob tfb fn`fb|t nh}nr~ cbubc egr tfb |tdbht„| moncnt~( Ag|t

|tdbht| pncc ob mocb tg |llb||ecc~ lgazcbtb tfn| zrgkblt mt m anhnaa ge m `ndbd cbubc(

Fgpbubr# tfbrb pncc |gab pfg pncc |tncc hbbd m dmnc~ |trltrb mhd gtfbr| pfg pncc ob mocbtg |llb||ecc~ lgazcbtb nt m| m erbb nh}nr~( Tfb zrnamr~ `gmc ge tfb emlncntmtgr drnh`

lrbmtngh ge tfb zrgkblt n| tg ibbz |tdbht| gh tm|i mhd agunh` egrpmrd(

52



Cb||gh Egrtbbh; Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl| Rhnt

M||b||abht \tmhdmrd| &Zbregramhlb# Ihgpcbd`b mhd HBT\!\.


\=(|=(O=(ze?


dmtm(

\=(|=(O=(ze< Ihgp fgp tg rblg`hn{b mhd bvzcmnh mhgamcg| dmtm(


\=(|=(O?(ze?

Db|lrnob pm~| nh pfnlf |lnbhlb dneebr| erga gtfbr pm~| ge ihgpnh` mhd

erga gtfbr ogdnb| ge ihgpcbd`b &b(`(# bvzbrnabhtmtngh# cg`nlmc

mr`abht|# |ibztnln|a.(

\=(|=(O?(ze<Ihgp tfmt |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b n| onct gh }b|tngh| zg|bd m| tb|tmocbf~zgtfb|b|# pfnlf mrb tb|tbd htnc tfb rb|ct| mrb mllbztbd o~ zbbr|(

\=(|=(O<(ze=


go|brumtngh| mhd tg lgaahnlmtb enhdnh`| &b(`(# egracm| mhdb}mtngh|# |n`hnenlmht en`rb|# `rmzfnh`# |mazcnh`# b|tnamtngh# abmh.(


\?(|=(O?(ze=

Ihgp tfmt bhbr`~ bvn|t| nh amh~ egra| mhd tfmt pfbh bhbr`~ n|

trmh|egrabd |gab bhbr`~ n| |mcc~ lghubrtbd tg fbmt(

\?(|=(O?(ze?

Ihgp tfmt inhbtnl bhbr`~ n| m abm|rb ge tfb bhbr`~ ge mh gokblt nh

agtngh mhd zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| m abm|rb ge mh gokblt„| zg|ntngh gr

lgazg|ntngh# nhlcdnh`;° trmh|egramtngh ge `rmuntmtnghmc zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh nhtg

inhbtnl bhbr`~ ge agtngh o~ m emccnh` gokblt(

\?(|=(O<(ze=Ihgp tfmt tfbrb mrb ehdmabhtmc egrlb| nh hmtrb &b(`(# `rmunt~#bcbltrgam`hbtnl egrlb|# hlcbmr egrlb|.(


\?(|=(O<(ze<

Mhmc~{b tfb |bzmrmtb egrlb| mltnh` gh mh gokblt mt rb|t gr nh agtngh

&b(`(# `rmunt~# bcm|tnl egrlb|# ernltngh.# nhlcdnh` fgp actnzcb egrlb|

rbnhegrlb gr lmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr tg rb|ct nh m hbt egrlb tfmt mlt| gh mh

gokblt(

\?(|=(O<(ze0

Ihgp tfmt mh gokblt„| agtngh n| mcpm~| db|lrnobd rbcmtnub tg |gab gtfbr

gokblt gr zgnht &n(b(# ermab ge rbebrbhlb.(



mllbcbrmtngh pncc gllr(° Ne mh gokblt fm| agrb am|| tfb beeblt ge mh mzzcnbd egrlb n|



cb||gh7

\tdbht| pncc dbagh|trmtb ihgpcbd`b ge Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl| m| db|lrnobd nh tfb |tmhdmrd|

55



mhd dbagh|trmtbd tfrg`fgt tfb zrbung| cb||gh|( Tfb~ pncc bvzmhd gh tfbnr ihgpcbd`b

mhd mzzc~ nt tg hbp |okblt|# dbagh|trmtnh` mh nhtbrhmcn{mtngh ge tfb ndbm|( \tdbht| pncc

|fgp tfb moncnt~ tg bvmanhb nhegramtngh nh rbcmtngh tg tfb |tmhdmrd|# gr`mhn{b dmtm# ibbz mtnabcnhb# mhd zrb|bht tfbnr enhdnh`| mhd hdbr|tmhdnh` nh m amhhbr tfmt n| ogtf hn}b mhd

mllrmtb(

B||bhtnmc ]b|tngh

Fgp lmh ~g |fgp pfmt ~g ihgp7



Tg ob |llb||ec# |tdbht| pncc |llb||ecc~ rbcmtb tfb lghlbzt| ge zf~|nl| tg tfbnr lfg|bh

tgznl mhd abtfgd ge zrb|bhtmtngh( Tfb~ pncc abbt mcc tfb lrntbrnm m| `nubh tg tfba nh mrornl pntf m zm||nh` |lgrb(

_b|grlb| &Pfmt rb|grlb| pncc ~g mhd ~gr |tdbht| |b7. M| m zrgkblt# unrtmcc~ mh~ rb|grlb n| m zg||noncnt~( Tfb|b lmh nhlcdb tfb egccgpnh`;Lgaztbr cmo mhd nhtbrhbt mllb||

Zgpbrzgnht gr gtfbr |cndb|fgp zrg`rma

A\ Pgrd gr gtfbr pgrd zrglb||nh` zrg`rma

Dn`ntmc lmabrmUndbg Lmabrm

Zg|tbr ogmrd

Amrocb|Trmli|

Zf~|nl| `rmdnh` _ornl &\bb Mzzbhdnv.

Amhm`babht &Fgp pncc |tdbht| |fmrb tblfhgcg`~ rb|grlb|7 Fgp pncc~g orbmi z tfb cb||gh nhtg |b`abht|—tfb haobr ge fgr| gr dm~|7.

Tfn| m||b||abht lmh tmib zpmrd| ge m pbbi tg lgazcbtb pfncb |tdbht| zcc tg`btfbr

tfbnr ndbm| nhtg m lgfb|nub zrb|bhtmtngh( Nt n| rblgaabhdbd tfmt mt cbm|t ghb dm~ n|rb|brubd nh m lgaztbr cmo egr |tdbht| tg mllb|| tfb nhtbrhbt egr rb|bmrlf( Bmlf dm~|fgcd ob mllgazmhnbd o~ |gab inhd ge prnttbh mhd'gr ubromc zdmtb ge tfb |tdbht„|

zrgkblt( Nt n| rblgaabhdbd tfmt tfb dmnc~ zdmtb| |fgcd fmub |tdbht| db|lrnonh` fgp

tfbnr zrgkblt n| |fgpnh` bmlf ge tfb |tmhdmrd| rb}nrbd nh tfb `rmdnh` rornl( Tfn|

zrbubht| |tdbht| erga `bttnh` obfnhd gr cg|t nh tfb dbtmnc|( Nt n| obhbenlnmc egr |tdbht| tgob mccgpbd tg `rgz tfba|bcub|( Amib |rb tfmt abaobr| ge mcc `rgz| mrb mpmrb tfmt egr

bmlf abaobr mddbd tg tfb `rgz nt mdd| mhgtfbr zbr|gh„| maght ge pgri( Egr bvmazcb#

ne tfb zrgkblt n| pgrtf =:: zgnht| zbr zbr|gh# tfbh m enub zbr|gh `rgz |fgcd fmub 2::zgnht| pgrtf ge zrgkblt# tg ob dnundbd obtpbbh tfb `rgz abaobr|( Tfn| zrbubht| tfbnr

obnh` mh~ obhbent gr zbhmct~ egr dgnh` `rgz pgri pntf rb`mrd| tg tfb maght ge pgri

rb}nrbd(_g`f tnabcnhb;

  Dm~ ghb; Ormnh|tgra ndbm| egr zrgkblt|

  Dm~ tpg; znli |bubrmc ndbm| mhd rblgrd amtbrnmc| tfmt an`ft ob rb}nrbd

  Dm~ tfrbb; Bvzmhd gh ndbm| mhd `bt enhmc mzzrgumc ge zrgkblt

50



  Dm~ egr; rb|bmrlfnh` mhd ob`nhhnh` pgri# aminh` hgtb| ge lghlbzt| tfmt mrbcbmrhbd mhd mh~ }b|tngh|

  Dm~ enub; lghtnhbd pgri# zdmtnh` gh lgazcbtbd pgri# pgri ~bt tg ob dghb# mh~

zrgocba|# mhd b|tnamtbd lgazcbtngh dmtb

  Dm~ |nv; lghtnhbd pgri# enhmc |tm`b| zg||nocb

  Dm~ |bubh; ob`nh zrb|bhtnh` zrgkblt| tfmt mrb lgazcbtbd# zdmtb| erga `rgz| |tnccpgrinh`# zbbr m||b||abht|# |bce!bumcmtngh|# zrgkblt bumcmtngh|

  Dm~ 6!=:; zrb|bhtmtngh ge zrgkblt|# zbbr m||b||abht|# |bce!bumcmtngh|' zrgkblt

bumcmtngh|





\tdbht| |fgcd ob mccgpbd tg `rgz tfba|bcub| tg`btfbr tg lgazcbtb tfbnr zrgkblt( Tfn|

mccgp| dnubr|b cbmrhbr| tfb gzzgrthnt~ tg ob bvzg|bd tg mcc m|zblt| ge tfb zrgkblt(\tdbht| pfg mrb `netbd |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd mhd z|fbd tg dg zrgkblt| tfmt pncc abbt

tfbnr hbbd egr agrb nhtbccbltmcc~ bh`m`nh` zrgkblt|( \tr``cnh` |tdbht| lmh mhd |fgcdob bhlgrm`bd tg dg zrgkblt| tfmt pncc |trbtlf tfbnr moncntnb|# ot pgh„t rb|ct nh tfbnr

er|trmtngh nhtbrebrnh` nh tfbnr moncnt~ tg lgazcbtb tfb zrgkblt(

Bh`m`b


ihgpcbd`b(

Tfb ob`nhhnh` ge tfn| zrgkblt n| m ormnh|tgranh` |b||ngh( \tdbht| |fgcd ob bhlgrm`bd

tg |fmrb mh~ mhd mcc ndbm| tfb~ fmub egr fgp tg |fgp pfmt tfb~ fmub cbmrhbd( Mcc ndbm|

lmh ob prnttbh gh tfb ogmrd egr mcc lcm||b| tg unbp mhd `bt ndbm|( Tfb~ lmh ob bhlgrm`bdtg dn|l|| ndbm| tg`btfbr(

Dneenlctnb| |tdbht| am~ bhlghtbr;

  Tfb~ am~ oblgab og``bd dgph nh tfb dbtmnc| ge tfbnr zrgkblt

  Tfb~ am~ hgt ecc~ hdbr|tmhd tfmt tfb~ mrb obnh` m|ibd tg dbagh|trmtb tfbnrihgpcbd`b ge zf~|nl| mhd pncc mttbazt tg tmib tfbnr zrgkblt gee!tgznl

  Tfb~ am~ oblgab gubrpfbcabd pntf tfb tm|i ge lrbmtnh` m zrgkblt\trmtb`nb| egr tfb emlncntmtgr;

  Dmnc~ prnttbh zdmtb| mhd lghubr|mtngh| pntf |tdbht| lmh fbcz bcnanhmtb emncrb tglgazcbtb tfb zrgkblt o~ bh|rnh` |tdbht| mrb aminh` zrg`rb||( \zblnenlmcc~# tfb dmnc~

zdmtb| |fgcd m|i |tdbht| tg bvzcmnh fgp tfbnr zrgkblt n| abbtnh` bmlf |tmhdmrd(

  Fbcznh` |tdbht| pntf ndbm| egr tfbnr zrgkblt| n| bhlgrm`bd# ot |fgcd hgt tmib tfb

zcmlb ge tfb |tdbht„| lghtrnotngh| tg tfbnr zrgkblt(  Fbcz |tr``cnh` |tdbht| o~ fbcznh` tfba amtlf tfbnr zrgkblt tg tfbnr moncntnb|

Bvzcgrb


56



Bmlf dm~# |tdbht| |fgcd ob dnrbltbd tg pgri gh lgazcbtnh` tfbnr zrgkblt tfrg`f

rb|bmrlf# enhdnh` mh|pbr| tg }b|tngh| tfmt fmub mrn|bh drnh` tfb zrgkblt# enhdnh`

rb|grlb| tg |b egr tfbnr zrgkblt( Tfb~ |fgcd mc|g ob bhlgrm`bd tg |bbi mh|pbr| tg tfbnr}b|tngh| o~ dnrbltnh` tfbnr |bmrlf abtfgd|( Tfb~ |fgcd nhdnlmtb bmlf dm~ pfbrb tfb~

mrb nh tfbnr zrgkblt mhd ne mh~ zrgocba| mrn|b(



Ubromc abbtnh`| pntf bmlf |tdbht'`rgz ge |tdbht| mccgp dnrblt |zbrun|ngh mhdnhtbrmltngh pntf tfb |tdbht„|# bhlgrm`nh` tfbnr bvzcgrmtngh mhd ibbznh` tfba egl|bd(

\tdbht| lmh ob bhlgrm`bd tg lgh|ct pntf gtfbr |tdbht| egr nhegramtngh mhd ndbm| pfbh

tfb~ bhlghtbr m zrgkblt( _bdnrbltngh am~ ob hblb||mr~ ne |tdbht| mrb `bttnh` gee trmli(

Bcmogrmtb


Tfb enhmc zrgdlt `nub| tfb |tdbht| tfb gzzgrthnt~ tg bvzmhd gh tfbnr ihgpcbd`b mhddbagh|trmtb tfbnr hdbr|tmhdnh` ge tfb |okblt(

Bumcmtb




Tfb rornl n| zrb|bhtbd tg tfb |tdbht| mt tfb ob`nhhnh` ge tfb zrgkblt9 `nunh` tfba mh

gtcnhb'`ndb egr tfb amtbrnmc tfb~ mrb rb|zgh|nocb egr lgubrnh` nh tfbnr zrgkblt( Bmlf dm~tfb~ |fgcd trh nh mh zdmtb ge |gab inhd# pfnlf lmh ob |bd m| zmrt ge tfbnr gubrmcc

zrgkblt `rmdb( Tfn| mccgp| |tdbht| pfg am~ hgt zrgdlb m enhmc zrgkblt tg |tncc gotmnh

|gab lrbdnt egr tfb pgri tfb~ dg lgazcbtb(



5>





_BEB_BHLB\

Bdlmtnghmc Tblfhgcg`~ Dbzmrtabht mt \mh Dnb`g \tmtb Rhnubr|nt~( Pbo Nh}nr~Zrgkblt|# ?::4( fttz;''bdpbo(|d|(bd'pnz'egrWcbubc|(fta

bANHT\ Hmtnghmc Lbhtbr( Lgh|trltnun|t cb||gh zcmh egra# pntf zrgazt|(

fttz;''ppp(banht|(gr`'tggc|'lgh|trltnun|tcb||gh!egra(zde

Fmaabramh# Bcn{mobtf( ?::5( 6 B||bhtnmc| ge Nh}nr~!Om|bd \lnbhlb# I!6( Tfg|mhdGmi|; Lgrpnh Zrb||(

Hmtnghmc Mlmdba~ ge \lnbhlb|( Hmtnghmc \lnbhlb Bdlmtngh \tmhdmrd|(fttz;''ppp(hmz(bd'lmtmcg`'4>5?(ftac

Hbp Abvnlg \tmtb Dbzmrtabht ge Bdlmtngh( Hbp Abvnlg \lnbhlb Lghtbht \tmhdmrd|#

Obhlfamri|# mhd Zbregramhlb \tmhdmrd|( ?::<(fttz;''ppp(zbd(|tmtb(ha(|'Amtf\lnbhlb'|tmhdmrd|'|lnbhlbW|tmhdmrd|(zde

0:



MZZBHDNV =; RHNT M\\B\\ABHT _RO_NL

0=



MZZBHDNV ?; HBP ABVNLG 6TF

@_MDB \LNBHLB

\TMHDM_D\ &HBP ABVNLG \TMTB DBZM_TABHT GE

BDRLMTNGH. MHD HMTNGHMC \LNBHLB BDRLMTNGH

\TMHDM_D\ &HMTNGHMC MLMDBA^ GE \LNBHLB\.LG__BCMTBD TG CB\\GH\

&H\B\ \TMHDM_D\ M_B NTMCNLN[BD.

\trmhd N \lnbhtnenl Tfnhinh` mhd ZrmltnlbCb||gh| Mddrb||nh`

Zbregramhlb \tmhdmrd|

\tmhdmrd N

Rhdbr|tmhd tfb zrglb||b| ge |lnbhtnenl

nhub|tn`mtngh| mhd |b nh}nr~ mhd|lnbhtnenl pm~| ge go|brunh`#

bvzbrnabhtnh`# zrbdnltnh`# mhd

umcndmtnh` tg tfnhi lrntnlmcc~

Obhlfamri N

R|b |lnbhtnenl abtfgd| tg dbubcgz

}b|tngh|# db|n`h mhd lghdlt

bvzbrnabht| |nh` mzzrgzrnmtb

tblfhgcg`nb|# mhmc~{b mhd bumcmtbrb|ct|# amib zrbdnltngh|# mhd

lgaahnlmtb enhdnh`|(

Dbubcgz db|lrnztngh|# bvzcmhmtngh|#

zrbdnltngh|# mhd agdbc| |nh` bundbhlb

Zbregramhlb

\tmhdmrd|

Cb||gh| Mddrb||nh`

Zbregramhlb \tmhdmrd|

\=(|=(O=(ze=

Bumcmtb tfb mllrml~ mhd

rbzrgdlnoncnt~ ge dmtm mhd go|brumtngh|(Tfnhi lrntnlmcc~ mhd cg`nlmcc~ tg amib

tfb rbcmtngh|fnz| obtpbbh bundbhlb mhd

bvzcmhmtngh|

Lgaahnlmtb |lnbhtnenl zrglbdrb| mhd

bvzcmhmtngh|

Cb||gh 4; @rmzfnh` \zbbd

Cb||gh 2; \zbbd _mlbr “

Nhtrgdlnh` Mllbcbrmtngh

Cb||gh 6; Agabhta mhd

Nhbrtnm

Cb||gh ==; Lbhtrnzbtmc

Egrlb

Cb||gh =4; Hbptghnmh

Zf~|nl| Rhnt M||b||abht

\=(|=(O=(ze?

R|b m umrnbt~ ge tblfhgcg`nb| tg `mtfbr#mhmc~{b mhd nhtbrzrbt |lnbhtnenl dmtm(

R|b mzzrgzrnmtb tggc| mhd tblfhn}b| tg

`mtfbr# mhmc~{b# mhd nhtbrzrbt dmtm


bvzcmhmtngh|

Tblfhgcg`~ |bd tg `mtfbr dmtm

bhfmhlb| mllrml~ mhd mccgp| |lnbhtn|t|





Nhbrtnm

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh



0?



tg mhmc~{b mhd }mhtne~ rb|ct| ge

nhub|tn`mtngh|(

\=(|=(O=(ze<

Ihgp fgp tg rblg`hn{b mhd bvzcmnhmhgamcg| dmtm(

_blg`hn{b mhd mhmc~{b mctbrhmtnub

bvzcmhmtngh| mhd zrbdnltngh|


Nhbrtnm


Egrlb

Cb||gh =4; HbptghnmhZf~|nl| Rhnt M||b||abht

Obhlfamri NN

Rhdbr|tmhd tfb zrglb||b| ge |lnbhtnenl

nhub|tn`mtngh mhd fgp |lnbhtnenl nh}nr~rb|ct| nh |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b

Zbregramhlb

\tmhdmrd|

\=(|=(O?(ze=

Bvmanhb mctbrhmtnub bvzcmhmtngh| egr

go|brumtngh|(

Tfnhi lrntnlmcc~ mhd cg`nlmcc~ tg amib

tfb rbcmtngh|fnz| obtpbbh bundbhlb mhd bvzcmhmtngh|

_blg`hn{b mhd mhmc~{b mctbrhmtnub

bvzcmhmtngh| mhd zrbdnltngh|

\lnbhtnenl nhub|tn`mtngh| |gabtnab|

rb|ct nh hbp ndbm| mhd zfbhgabhm egr

|td~# `bhbrmtb hbp abtfgd| gr

zrglbdrb| egr mh nhub|tn`mtngh# gr

dbubcgz hbp tblfhgcg`nb| tg nazrgub tfb

lgccbltngh ge dmtm( Mcc ge tfb|b rb|ct|

lmh cbmd tg hbp nhub|tn`mtngh|(



Nhbrtnm


Egrlb



\=(|=(O?(ze?

Db|lrnob pm~| nh pfnlf |lnbhlb dneebr|erga gtfbr pm~| ge ihgpnh` mhd erga

gtfbr ogdnb| ge ihgpcbd`b &b(`(#

bvzbrnabhtmtngh# cg`nlmc mr`abht|#|ibztnln|a.(

Db|n`h mhd lghdlt m |lnbhtnenl

nhub|tn`mtngh


bvzcmhmtngh|

Lrrbht |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b mhd

hdbr|tmhdnh` `ndb |lnbhtnenl

nhub|tn`mtngh|(

Cb||gh 0; _blg`hn{nh`

Mllbcbrmtngh


Nhbrtnm

Cb||gh =?; Hbptgh mhd fn|

Cmp|



\=(|=(O?(ze<

Ihgp tfmt |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b n| onctgh }b|tngh| zg|bd m| tb|tmocb

f~zgtfb|b|# pfnlf mrb tb|tbd htnc tfb

rb|ct| mrb mllbztbd o~ zbbr|(

Ndbhtne~ }b|tngh| tfmt lmh ob mh|pbrbd

tfrg`f |lnbhtnenl nhub|tn`mtngh|

Db|n`h mhd lghdlt m |lnbhtnenl


Cb||gh 5; Mllbcbrmtngh “

Lfmh`nh` \zbbd


Mllbcbrmtngh

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Cmp|

0<



nhub|tn`mtngh


bvzcmhmtngh|

Lrrbht |lnbhtnenl ihgpcbd`b mhd

hdbr|tmhdnh` `ndb |lnbhtnenl

nhub|tn`mtngh|(\lnbhtnenl bvzcmhmtngh| bazfm|n{b

bundbhlb# fmub cg`nlmcc~ lgh|n|tbht

mr`abht|# mhd |b |lnbhtnenl zrnhlnzcb|#

agdbc|# mhd tfbgrnb|( Tfb |lnbhtnenl

lgaahnt~ mllbzt| mhd |b| |lf

bvzcmhmtngh| htnc dn|zcmlbd o~ obttbr

|lnbhtnenl ghb|( Pfbh |lf dn|zcmlbabht

gllr|# |lnbhlb mdumhlb|(

\lnbhlb mdumhlb| tfrg`f cb`ntnamtb

|ibztnln|a( M|inh` }b|tngh| mhd

}br~nh` gtfbr |lnbhtn|t|„ bvzcmhmtngh|n| zmrt ge |lnbhtnenl nh}nr~( \lnbhtn|t|

bumcmtb tfb bvzcmhmtngh| zrgzg|bd o~

gtfbr |lnbhtn|t| o~ bvmanhnh` bundbhlb#

lgazmrnh` bundbhlb# ndbhtne~nh` emct~

rbm|ghnh`# zgnhtnh` gt |tmtbabht| tfmt

`g ob~ghd tfb bundbhlb # mhd |``b|tnh`

mctbrhmtnub bvzcmhmtngh| egr tfb |mab

go|brumtngh|(

Cb||gh =<; Bhbr`~ mhd

_gccbr Lgm|tbr|



Obhlfamri NNNR|b amtfbamtnlmc ndbm|# tggc|# mhdtblfhn}b| tg hdbr|tmhd |lnbhtnenl

ihgpcbd`b

Zbregramhlb

\tmhdmrd|

\=(|=(O<(ze=

R|b amtfbamtnlmc bvzrb||ngh| mhd

tblfhn}b| tg bvzcmnh dmtm mhd

go|brumtngh| mhd tg lgaahnlmtbenhdnh`| &b(`(# egracm| mhd b}mtngh|#

|n`hnenlmht en`rb|# `rmzfnh`# |mazcnh`#b|tnamtngh# abmh.(R|b amtfbamtnl| nh mcc m|zblt| ge

|lnbhtnenl nh}nr~

Amtfbamtnl| n| nazgrtmht nh mcc m|zblt|

ge |lnbhtnenl nh}nr~(

Cb||gh ?; Lfmh`nh` Agtngh

“ |zbbd mhd ubcglnt~Cb||gh <; \cgzb mhd \zbbd





Lfmh`nh` \zbbd



04



\=(|=(O<(ze?

Lrbmtb agdbc| tg db|lrnob zfbhgabhm( Dbubcgz db|lrnztngh|# bvzcmhmtngh|#

zrbdnltngh|# mhd agdbc| |nh` bundbhlb

R|b amtfbamtnl| nh mcc m|zblt| ge

|lnbhtnenl nh}nr~

Cb||gh =; Nhtrgdlnh`

Agtngh

Cb||gh ?; Lfmh`nh` Agtngh

“ |zbbd mhd ubcglnt~

Cb||gh <; \cgzb mhd \zbbd





Lfmh`nh` \zbbd


Mllbcbrmtngh

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Cmp|


_gccbr Lgm|tbr|



\trmhd NN Lghtbht ge \lnbhlb

\tmhdmrd N

&Zf~|nlmc \lnbhlb.; Rhdbr|tmhd tfb

|trltrb mhd zrgzbrtnb| ge amttbr# tfb

lfmrmltbrn|tnl| ge bhbr`~# mhd tfbnhtbrmltngh| obtpbbh amttbr mhd bhbr`~(

Obhlfamri NN

Bvzcmnh tfb zf~|nlmc zrglb||b| nhugcubd

nh tfb trmh|ebr# lfmh`b# mhd lgh|brumtngh

ge bhbr`~(

Zbregramhlb

\tmhdmrd|

\?(|=(O?(ze=

Ihgp tfmt bhbr`~ bvn|t| nh amh~ egra|

mhd tfmt pfbh bhbr`~ n| trmh|egrabd|gab bhbr`~ n| |mcc~ lghubrtbd tg

fbmt(

Bhbr`~ n| m zrgzbrt~ ge amh~ |o|tmhlb|

mhd n| m||glnmtbd pntf fbmt# cn`ft#

bcbltrnlnt~# ablfmhnlmc agtngh# |ghd#

hlcbn# mhd tfb hmtrb ge m lfbanlmc(

Bhbr`~ n| trmh|ebrrbd nh amh~ pm~|(


_gccbr Lgm|tbr|



\?(|=(O?(ze?

Ihgp tfmt inhbtnl bhbr`~ n| m abm|rbge tfb bhbr`~ ge mh gokblt nh agtngh mhd

zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ n| m abm|rb ge mhgokblt„| zg|ntngh gr lgazg|ntngh#

nhlcdnh`;


_gccbr Lgm|tbr|



trmh|egramtngh ge `rmuntmtnghmczgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ ge zg|ntngh nhtg

inhbtnl bhbr`~ ge agtngh o~ m


_gccbr Lgm|tbr|



02



emccnh` gokblt(

Obhlfamri NNNDb|lrnob mhd bvzcmnh egrlb| tfmt

zrgdlb agtngh nh gokblt|(

Zbregramhlb

\tmhdmrd|

\?(|=(O<(ze=

Ihgp tfmt tfbrb mrb ehdmabhtmc egrlb|

nh hmtrb &b(`(# `rmunt~# bcbltrgam`hbtnlegrlb|# hlcbmr egrlb|.(

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Egrlb



\?(|=(O<(ze?

Ihgp tfmt m egrlb fm| ogtf am`hntdb

mhd dnrbltngh( Ne agrb tfmh ghb egrlb mlt| gh mh gokblt

mcgh` m |trmn`ft cnhb# tfbh tfb egrlb| pncc

rbnhegrlb gr lmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr#

dbzbhdnh` gh tfbnr dnrbltngh mhd

am`hntdb( Rhomcmhlbd egrlb| pncc

lm|b lfmh`b| nh tfb |zbbd gr dnrbltngh

ge mh gokblt„| agtngh(

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Egrlb



\?(|=(O<(ze<

Mhmc~{b tfb |bzmrmtb egrlb| mltnh` gh

mh gokblt mt rb|t gr nh agtngh &b(`(#

`rmunt~# bcm|tnl egrlb|# ernltngh.#nhlcdnh` fgp actnzcb egrlb| rbnhegrlb

gr lmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr tg rb|ct nh m hbtegrlb tfmt mlt| gh mh gokblt(

Ne agrb tfmh ghb egrlb mlt| gh mh gokblt

mcgh` m |trmn`ft cnhb# tfbh tfb egrlb| pncc

rbnhegrlb gr lmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr#

dbzbhdnh` gh tfbnr dnrbltngh mhd

am`hntdb( Rhomcmhlbd egrlb| pncc

lm|b lfmh`b| nh tfb |zbbd gr dnrbltngh

ge mh gokblt„| agtngh(

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Egrlb



\?(|=(O<(ze0

Ihgp tfmt mh gokblt„| agtngh n| mcpm~|

db|lrnobd rbcmtnub tg |gab gtfbr gokbltgr zgnht &n(b(# ermab ge rbebrbhlb.(

Tfb agtngh ge mh gokblt lmh ob

db|lrnobd o~ nt| zg|ntngh# dnrbltngh ge

agtngh# mhd |zbbd( Tfmt agtngh lmh ob

abm|rbd mhd rbzrb|bhtbd gh m `rmzf(

Cb||gh =; Nhtrgdlnh`

Agtngh

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Egrlb



05



\?(|=(O<(ze6Rhdbr|tmhd mhd mzzc~ Hbptgh„| Cmp|ge Agtngh;

Gokblt| nh agtngh pncc lghtnhb

nh agtngh mhd gokblt| mt rb|t pnccrbamnh mt rb|t hcb|| mltbd zgh

o~ mh homcmhlbd egrlb &nhbrtnm.( Mh gokblt tfmt n| hgt obnh`

|okbltbd tg m egrlb pncc lghtnhb

tg agub mt m lgh|tmht |zbbd mhd

nh m |trmn`ft cnhb(

Ne agrb tfmh ghb egrlb mlt| gh mh

gokblt mcgh` m |trmn`ft cnhb# tfbh

tfb egrlb| pncc rbnhegrlb gr

lmhlbc ghb mhgtfbr# dbzbhdnh`

gh tfbnr dnrbltngh mhd

am`hntdb( Rhomcmhlbd egrlb|

pncc lm|b lfmh`b| nh tfb |zbbd gr dnrbltngh ge mh gokblt„|

agtngh(


Nhbrtnm

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


EgrlbCb||gh =?; Hbptgh mhd fn|

Cmp|



Ne m `rbmtbr egrlb n| mzzcnbd tg mh

gokblt m zrgzgrtnghmcc~ `rbmtbrmllbcbrmtngh pncc gllr(




Nhbrtnm

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Egrlb

Cb||gh =?; Hbptgh mhd fn|Cmp|



Ne mh gokblt fm| agrb am|| tfb

beeblt ge mh mzzcnbd egrlb n|



Nhbrtnm

Cb||gh >; Egrlb|

Cb||gh =:; Ernltngh


Egrlb


Cmp|



00



MZZBHDNV <; PBO MHD Z_NHT _B\GR_LB\

LG__BCMTBD TG HBP ABVNLG \TMHDM_D\

06



0>



MZZBHDNV 4; ZB_AN\\NGH TG R\B CB\\GH ZCMH

EG_AMT

6:



MZZBHDNV 2; ZB_\GHMC HM__MTNGH

Tfn| hnt ob`mh tpg ~bmr| m`g m| m rb|ct ge mh bvzbrnbhlb nh m Zrb!MZ pgri|fgz egr

anddcb |lfggc |lnbhlb( Tfb rgccbr lgm|tbr| grn`nhmcc~ pbrb |bd m| m lcanhmtngh ge tfb

Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl| hnt m| m eh pm~ egr |tdbht| tg |fgp pfmt tfb~ cbmrhbd( Tfb cb||gh|mt tfmt tnab pbrb m T~zb N; Lghenramtngh'Ubrnenlmtngh abtfgd ge nh}nr~( Tfrg`f a~rb|bmrlf mhd |td~ ge nh}nr~ tbmlfnh`# N dn|lgubrbd tfmt tfbrb pm| hgtfnh` mumncmocb nh

tfb egra ge cb||gh| tfmt |bd rgccbr lgm|tbr| m| tfb zrnamr~ abmh| ge nh}nr~( N mc|g

oblmab zmnhecc~ mpmrb tfmt egr mcc tfb |b ge tfb pgrd| –nh}nr~!om|bd tbmlfnh`‑ tfbrbpm| ubr~ cnttcb tfmt mltmcc~ |fgpbd m tbmlfbr fgp tg dg nt( N fmub mttbaztbd tg zt nhtg

bmlf cb||gh tfnh`| tg fbcz m tbmlfbr zrbzmrb egr pfmt lmh fmzzbh nh mh nh}nr~ lcm||rgga(Tfn| |bltngh n| nhlcdbd tg `nub m zbr|ghmc mllghtnh` ge a~ tfg`ft|# tnz|# ndbm|# mhd

bvzbrnbhlb| tbmlfnh` |gab ge tfb cb||gh| tfmt pbrb lrbmtbd(

Cb||gh Ghb; Nhtrgdlnh` Agtngh_gccbr lgm|tbr| mrb m fn`f!nhtbrb|t tgznl egr |tdbht|( N fmd zrbzmrbd tfba obegrb pb

|tmrtbd tfb hnt tfmt pb pbrb `gnh` tg ob |td~nh` rgccbr lgm|tbr|( Pfbh N ob`mh tfn|cb||gh# N onct nh tnab egr tfba tg |nazc~ zcm~ pntf tfb lgm|tbr| mhd `bt |bd tg tfba( Tfb

zrnamr~ zrgocba tfmt |bbabd tg gllr pm| tfmt |tdbht|# mctfg`f ihgpnh` agtngh pfbh

tfb~ |bb nt# pbrb hmocb tg dbenhb nt( Fgpbubr# ghlb tfb~ dbenhbd nt mhd ob`mhbvzbrnabhtnh` pntf fgp tg lfmh`b nt# tfb~ zcbm|mhtc~ |rzrn|bd ab pntf tfbnr moncnt~ tg

lgab z pntf amh~ pm~| tg lfmh`b agtngh( Tfb ag|t nazgrtmht dn|lgubr~ pm| tfb

nhlc|ngh ge tfb emltgr| dnrbltc~ rbcmtbd tg ubcglnt~(

Cb||gh Tpg; Lfmh`nh` Agtngh “ \zbbd mhd Ubcglnt~Tfn| cb||gh ecgpbd bm|nc~ erga tfb zrbung| cb||gh( N eghd tfmt |tdbht„| zrnamr~

dneenlct~ lmab nh dbtbranhnh` tfb lrntbrnm egr abm|rnh` |zbbd( Tfn| pm| egccgpbd o~ tfbdneenlct~ egr cgp!amtf |tdbht| nh dbtbranhnh` fgp tg dg tfb lmclcmtngh|( N eghd tfmt

orbminh` dgph bvmazcb| ge |zbbd pm| |bec tg cbmd |tdbht| tgpmrd| en`rnh` gt tfb

amtbrnmc| mhd dmtm tfb~ hbbdbd tg lgccblt( N eghd nt |bec tg fmub |tdbht| lrbmtb m tmocbgh tfb ogmrd# rblgrd tfbnr umcb|# mhd lgazmrb lmclcmtngh|(

Cb||gh Tfrbb; \cgzb mhd \zbbd

Tfn| cb||gh pm| pntfgt amkgr dneenlctnb|( N eghd tfmt tfb~ pbrb mocb tg rblmcc pfmt tfb~

fmd dghb tfb zrbung| dm~( Tfb rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh nhlrbm|bd |cgzb mhd nhlrbm|bd |zbbdpm| emnrc~ bm|~ egr |tdbht| tg `rm|z# mhd nt `mub tfba zrmltnlb nh tminh` abm|rbabht|mhd zbregranh` tfb lmclcmtngh|(

Cb||gh Egr; @rmzfnh` \zbbd

Tfn| cb||gh zrgubd tg ob ghb ge tfb agrb dneenlct cb||gh| tg lgazcbtb( Tfb lghlbzt ge tfb

|cgzb ge m cnhb obnh` tfb |mab m| lmclcmtbd |zbbd pm| hgt tfb dneenlct~; tfb dneenlct~

6=



lmab erga tfb lgaonhmtngh ge `rmzfnh` |zbbd mhd lmclcmtnh` |zbbd erga tfb cnhb( Nrblgaabhd |nh` dn|lrbtngh gh fgp alf m||n|tmhlb |tdbht| mrb `nubh nh grdbr tg rbmlf

tfb zgnht pfbrb tfb~ lmh |bb tfb lghlbzt|( Metbr pgrinh` egr tpg dm~| pntf tfb |tdbht|

mhd |tncc hgt `bttnh` mh~pfbrb# N lrbmtbd mh mhnamtbd zgpbr zgnht tg fbcz tfb |tdbht|(

Cb||gh Enub; \zbbd _mlbr “ Nhtrgdlnh` Mllbcbrmtngh

Tfn| pm| m rmtfbr lgazcnlmtbd cb||gh# mcobnt ubr~ eh mhd bhtbrtmnhnh`( Ghb ge tfb tfnh`|tfmt fbczbd amib nt |llb||ec pm| aminh` |rb tfmt bmlf |tdbht pm| m||n`hbd m rgcb nh

tfbnr `rgz( Tfn| zrbubhtbd hhblb||mr~ lghe|ngh mhd mr`nh` gubr pfmt tfb~ pbrb tg

dg( Mddntnghmcc~# tfb `rmzfnh` fmd tfb |mab n||b| m| cb||gh egr dnd# mhd nt pm|hblb||mr~ tg |lmcb bmlf lcm|| tg tfb moncntnb| ge tfg|b |tdbht|( Ghb ge tfb tfnh`| N

rblgaabhd tg fbcz pntf tfn| cb||gh n| tg tmib tfb dmtb egr bmlf lcm|| mhd amib tmocb| egr

tfba tg rbebr omli tg( N pm| ubr~ fmzz~ tg |bb tfmt tfb rbcmtngh|fnz obtpbbh tfb |cgzb ge

|zbbd mhd tfb |cgzb ge mllbcbrmtngh pm| emnrc~ goung| tg tfba ghlb tfb `rmzf| pbrblgazcbtb( Fgpbubr# nt |bbabd tg ghc~ ob tfn| |llb||ec pfbh tfb~ fmd ogtf `rmzf| tg

rbebr tg mt tfb |mab tnab(

Cb||gh \nv; Mllbcbrmtngh “ Lfmh`nh` \zbbd

N eghd nh tfn| cb||gh tfmt bubh tfg`f |tdbht| pbrb mocb tg hdbr|tmhd mllbcbrmtngh# tfb~

pgcd |tncc |blghd `b|| tfb ndbm tfmt |zbbd lmh lfmh`b( N pm| ubr~ lmrbec tg cbt tfbaegracmtb tfbnr f~zgtfb|n|# rb`mrdcb|| ge nt| mllrml~( Tfn| pm| beebltnub pfbh tfb~ fmd

tfbnr enhmc rb|ct| mhd bumcmtbd ne |zbbd pm| lfmh`nh`( Nt pm| mc|g fbczec tg `nub

|tdbht| |amcc fnht| ne tfb~ fmd trgocb| lganh` z pntf m abmh| tg tb|t tfbnr f~zgtfb|n|#|lf m| m|inh` tfba tg oncd tfbnr rgccbrlgm|tbr# tfbh m|inh` tfba ne |zbbd pm| tfb |mab

mcc tfb pm~ tfrg`f mhd fgp tfb~ lgcd zrgub nt(

Cb||gh \bubh; _blg`hn{nh` Mllbcbrmtngh

Metbr tfb zrbung| tpg cb||gh|# tfn| cb||gh n| db|n`hbd tg mccgp |tdbht| tg mzzc~ pfmt

tfb~ dbtbranhbd tg tfbnr rgccbrlgm|tbr( Nt pm| |rzrn|nh` fgp bm|nc~ |tdbht| pbrb mocb tg

m|i egr tfbnr gph |zzcnb|# oncd tfbnr lgm|tbr|# mhd tfbh lrbmtb dnm`rma| tfmt mh|pbrbdtfb }b|tngh egr tfn| dm~(

Cb||gh Bn`ft; Agabhta mhd Nhbrtnm

Obnh` mocb tg |b ubfnlcb| egr tfn| cb||gh pm| ubr~ beebltnub( Tg amib |rb tfmt |tdbht|

pbrb |meb drnh` tfb mltnunt~# a~ zrnhlnzmc m|ibd mcc tbmlfbr| tg rbcglmtb tfbnr lmr| ergatfb zgrtngh ge tfb zmrinh` cgt pb pbrb `gnh` tg |b( Mddntnghmcc~# pb dbun|bd abtfgd| tgz|f'zcc'|tmrt'|tgz tfb ubfnlcb| |g tfmt |tdbht| pbrb hbubr nh –erght‑ ge tfb dnrbltngh ge

agtngh ge tfb ubfnlcb( N mc|g rblgaabhd tfmt# ne zg||nocb# agrb tfmh ghb mdct n| gh |lbhb

egr tfn| cb||gh(

6?



Cb||gh Hnhb; Egrlb|

Grn`nhmcc~# tfn| cb||gh pm| prnttbh nhtg |bubrmc cb||gh|( N dblndbd tfmt lgaonhnh` tfblghlbzt| nhtg ghb bvtbhdbd cb||gh pgcd ob obhbenlnmc tg mh~ghb |nh` tfba( Oblm|b ge

tfb lgazcbvnt~ ge tfb lghlbzt| m||glnmtbd pntf erbb!ogd~ dnm`rma|# N rblgaabhd tfmt

|tdbht| mrb mccgpbd m| alf tnab m| hblb||mr~ tg bvzcgrb bmlf |tm`b( N eghd tfmt tfbrb

pbrb amh~ dneebrbht pm~| tfmt tfb~ pgcd drmp tfb dnm`rma|# mhd nt pm| ghc~ zghtb|tnh` tfbnr ndbm| pntf tfba tfmt tfb~ pgcd |bb pfbrb tfbnr an|hdbr|tmhdnh`| pbrb( M|

abhtnghbd nh tfb cb||gh nt|bce# ghb ge tfb zrgocba| n| tfb dnrbltngh ge `rmunt~( Ne ~g

ncc|trmtb tfbnr ndbm gh |gabtfnh` pntfgt tfb trmli obhbmtf nt# nt `nub| tfba mhgzzgrthnt~ tg tb|t tfbnr ndbm| pntfgt |nazc~ `nunh` tfba mh mh|pbr(

Cb||gh Tbh; Ernltngh

Tfn| cb||gh# m| m lfmh`b ge zmlb erga |trnltc~ pgrinh` pntf tfb rgccbrlgm|tbr trmli#

pgribd mam{nh`c~ pbcc( \tdbht| pbrb mtgamtnlmcc~ tr~nh` tg lfmh`b tfb ernltngh

obtpbbh tfba mhd tfb ecggr tfrg`f umrng| abmh| |lf m| lcbmhnh` gee tfbnr |fgb|#

tminh` tfbnr |fgb| gee# btl( Nt |fgcd ob hgtbd tfmt |gabtnab|# pntf |pbmt~ ebbt# |gli|fmub agrb ernltngh tfmh |fgb| pntf d|t gh tfba(

Cb||gh Bcbubh; Lbhtrnzbtmc Egrlb

Tfn| pm| ghb ge tfb agrb zrgocbamtnl cb||gh| tg ncc|trmtb |llb||ecc~ egr |tdbht|( Tfb~

lmab z pntf |bubrmc dneebrbht pm~| tg |fgp lnrlcmr agtngh# ot fmd zrgocba| |bbnh`

tfmt tfb gokblt pbht |trmn`ft metbr obnh` rbcbm|bd( Nt lmh ob fbczec tg fmub ghb gr tpgzbgzcb zbregranh` tfb tm|i ubrtnlmcc~# mhd tfbh fmub |zgttbr| drmp tfb zmtf tfb gokblt fm|

tmibh ghlb rbcbm|bd( M pghdbrec bvzmh|ngh tg tfn| cb||gh n| tg tmci mogt zcmhbtmr~ gront(

M|i |tdbht| –N| tfbrb `rmunt~ nh |zmlb7‑ mhd amh~ ge tfba pncc |m~ hg# bvzcmnhnh` tfmt

tfb~ ihgp tfn| oblm|b m|trghmt| ecgmt( Egccgp tfn| z pntf tfb }b|tngh# –Pf~ dgb| tfbaggh gront tfb bmrtf7‑ Nt lrbmtb| m lg`hntnub dn||ghmhlb tfmt n| eh tg pgri pntf mhd

bvzcgrb m| nt rbcmtb| tg lnrlcmr agtngh pntf tfbnr gokblt|(

Cb||gh Tpbcub; Hbptgh mhd Fn| Cmp|

Tfb ghc~ rbmc dneenlct~ pntf tfn| cb||gh n| tr~nh` tg bhlgrm`b |tdbht| tg drmp |gabtfnh`tfmt n| hgt erga tfbnr tbvtoggi|( Tg m||n|t pntf tfn|# N geebrbd tfba bvtrm lrbdnt ne tfb~

|bd tfbnr gph ndbm| nh|tbmd( Ne mcc tfb zg|tbr| mrb hgt cmobcbd o~ cmp# tfbh tfb~ lmh ob

|fmrbd pntf tfb lcm|| mhd `nub bubr~ghb zrmltnlb nh un|mcn{nh` pfmt bmlf cmp abmh|(

Cb||gh Tfnrtbbh; Bhbr`~ mhd _gccbr Lgm|tbr|

Tfn| cb||gh pm| lghdltbd metbr |tdbht| fmd mcrbmd~ obbh nhtrgdlbd tg bhbr`~(

Fgpbubr# tfb~ |tncc fmd trgocb rblmccnh` tfb nhegramtngh mhd N eghd nt |bec tg dnrblttfba tg |b tfb rb|grlb| mumncmocb &|lf m| tbvt oggi|# tfb nhtbrhbt# gcd hgtb|# btl. tg

fbcz tfba rbabaobr( N pm| nhtrn`bd tg hgtb tfmt tfb~ |bbabd tg hdbr|tmhd tfmt tfb zcmlb

ge fn`fb|t zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ pm| mt tfb tmccb|t zgnht pfncb mt tfb |mab tnab tfnhinh` tfmt

6<



zgtbhtnmc bhbr`~ dn|mzzbmrbd pfncb tfb omcc pm| |tncc rgccnh`( Tfn| an|lghlbztngh n| tfbom|n| egr |gab ge tfb }b|tngh| `nubh nh tfb cb||gh zcmh( M| mcpm~|# |tdbht| bhkg~bd

aminh` tfb rgccbrlgm|tbr mhd tfb |ghd ge amrocb| fnttnh` tfb ecggr pm| zrbumcbht

tfrg`fgt tfb dm~(

Cb||gh Egrtbbh; Hbptghnmh Zf~|nl| M||b||abht

Tfn| pm| tfb enhmc zgrtngh ge tfn| hnt( Drnh` tfn| m||b||abht# lcm|| tnab pm| ubr~ orgibhoblm|b ge |tmhdmrdn{bd tb|tnh` mhd tfb zrbzmrmtngh egr nt( Tfn| lm|bd |gab dneenlct~ nh

amnhtmnhnh` tfb ecgp ge tfb zrgkblt m| pbcc m| tfb agtnumtngh( Pntf tfmt nh anhd# N

rblgaabhd ibbznh` tfnh`| agunh` mcgh` m| |pnetc~ m| n| lgaegrtmocb egr tfb |tdbht|( Nmc|g eghd tfmt pntfgt dnrblt }b|tngh| bmlf dm~# tfb rb`cmr lcm||b| pgcd |b tfb tnab

tg |glnmcn{b rmtfbr tfmh pgri gh tfb zrgkblt( Tfn| n| pf~ N rblgaabhd nh tfb cb||gh tg

fmub bmlf dm~„| }b|tngh ob gh fgp bmlf |tdbht n| mddrb||nh` nhdnundmc |tmhdmrd| nh

tfbnr pgri(

Lcg|nh` Tfg`ft|

Lrbmtnh` tfb|b cb||gh| pm| ogtf mh beegrt mhd m kg~( Bmlf lghlbzt pm| nhntnmcc~ tb|tbd nha~ lcm||rgga# mhd tfbh agdnenbd tg obttbr |ntb tfb rbmc bvzbrnbhlb( Tfb enhmc rb|ct n| tfb

hnt m| nt n| prnttbh( N eghd tfmt pmtlfnh` tfb dn|lgubr~ mhd mllgazcn|fabht tminh` zcmlb

pntf tfb |tdbht| dnd m cgt egr tfbnr lghendbhlb nh tfba|bcub| mhd tfbnr moncntnb|( N mc|geghd tfmt N tggi m cgt ge kg~ nh pmtlfnh` tfbnr lghe|ngh trh nh tg hdbr|tmhdnh`( A~

fgzb n| tfmt tfb abtfgd| N fmub cmnd gt pncc ob bm|nc~ mdmztbd tg gtfbr lcm||rgga| mhd

rb|ct nh agrb bvlntbabht mogt cbmrhnh` egr ogtf |tdbht| mhd tbmlfbr|(

64



MLIHGPCBD@BABHT\

Pgrinh` gh |gabtfnh` cmr`b mhd tnab!lgh|anh` n| hbubr mh beegrt mllgazcn|fbd mcghb(Nh cn`ft ge tfn|# N fmub tg geebr tfmhi| tg a~ emanc~ egr obnh` bubr |g |zzgrtnub ge mcc tfb

tnab |zbht bc|bpfbrb |g N lgcd prntb( Tfb fg|b am~ hgt ob m| lcbmh m| pb pmht# ot nhenub ~bmr|# tfmt„| hgt pfmt n| `gnh` tg amttbr( N mc|g fmub tg tfmhi Fbndn mhd fbr f|omhdegr zttnh` z pntf ab lmaznh` gt gh tfbnr lglf egr pfmt |bbabd cnib bhdcb|| hn`ft|

prntnh`( Tfb zcmlb tg pgri pm| bvlbccbht# mctfg`f |fgpnh` Dr( Pfg bzn|gdb| pm|h„t

bhtnrbc~ lghdlnub tg mllgazcn|fnh` m cgt gh |gab hn`ft|( Enhmcc~# N fmub tg tfmhi a~lgaanttbb; Orlb Fmrrn|gh# Dmub Pb|tzemfc# Dmh Icnh`cb|antf# mhd @bgr`b Oblibr(

^gr lgaabht| pbrb mzzrblnmtbd# m| pbcc m| ~gr pnccnh`hb|| tg pgri pntf ab nh tfbcm|t!anhtb kaz nhtg tfb anhd|bt ge `rmdmtnh` hgp mhd hgt cmtbr(

destini baldonado independent study may 2008

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