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DESIGNING ANDCONDUCTING RESEARCHIN HEALTH AND HUMAN
PERFORMANCE
DESIGNING ANDCONDUCTING RESEARCHIN HEALTH AND HUMAN
PERFORMANCE
TRACEY D. MATTHEWSKIMBERLY T. KOSTELIS
Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Matthews, Tracey D., 1967-Designing and conducting research in health and human performance / Tracey D. Matthews,
Kimberly T. Kostelis. – 1st ed.p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-40480-5 (pbk.); 978-1-118-06709-3 (ebk.); 978-1-118-06710-9 (ebk.);
978-1-118-06711-6 (ebk.)1. Physical education and training—Research. 2. Physical fitness. 3. Experimental design. I. Kostelis,Kimberly T., 1977- II. Title.[DNLM: 1. Physical Education and Training. 2. Research Design. 3. Research Report. 4. ReviewLiterature as Topic. 5. Sports Medicine. 6. Statistics as Topic. QT 255]
RA781.M3844 2011610.72–dc22
2011011790
Printed in the United States of AmericaFIRST EDITION
PB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C O N T E N T S
Tables and Figures xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
The Authors xvii
Part 1 Understanding Important Research Concepts
1 Introduction to Research in Health and HumanPerformance 3
What You’ll Learn 3
Defining the Research Process 4
Research Continuum: Applied and Basic Research 10
Summary 14
Review Questions 15
Key Terms 15
2 Concepts in Research Designs 17
What You’ll Learn 17
Overview of Research Designs 18
Understanding Research Variables 20
Measuring Research Variables 24
Interpreting Research Designs 26
Summary 29
Review Questions 30
Key Terms 31
vi CONTENTS
Part 2 Reviewing the Literature
3 Developing Your Research Topic and InterpretingResearch Reports 35
What You’ll Learn 35
Identifying the Problem 35
Accessing Sources 44
Reading and Interpreting Research Reports 51
Summary 56
Review Questions 57
Key Terms 57
4 Writing the Review of Literature 59
What You’ll Learn 59
Developing an Outline 60
Writing Scientifically 69
Summary 79
Review Questions 80
Key Terms 80
Part 3 Understanding and Developing Research Designs
5 Quantitative Research Designs 83
What You’ll Learn 83
Descriptive Research Designs 84
Experimental Research Designs 96
Correlation Research Designs 102
Summary 104
Review Questions 105
Key Terms 105
6 Qualitative Research Designs 107
What You’ll Learn 107
Characteristics of Qualitative Research 107
CONTENTS vii
Procedures in Qualitative Research 113
Types of Qualitative Research Designs 120
Summary 126
Review Questions 128
Key Terms 128
7 Mixed-Methods and Action Research Designs 129
What You’ll Learn 129
Overview of Mixed-Methods Research Designs 129
Framework for Mixed-Methods Research Designs 132
Action Research 138
Summary 142
Review Questions 144
Key Terms 144
8 Ethics in Research 145
What You’ll Learn 145
Ethics Within Research 146
Summary 159
Review Questions 160
Key Terms 160
9 Developing Your Research Proposal 161
What You’ll Learn 161
Sampling 162
Writing Your Introduction 168
Developing Your Methods 174
Summary 179
Review Questions 179
Key Terms 180
Part 4 Exploring Measurement and Analysis
10 Validity, Reliability, Objectivity 183
What You’ll Learn 183
Validity Concepts 184
viii CONTENTS
Reliability Concepts 195
Objectivity Concepts 200
Summary 201
Review Questions 202
Key Terms 203
11 Introduction to Statistics and Hypothesis Testing 205
What You’ll Learn 205
Introduction to Statistics 206
Descriptive Statistics 215
Hypothesis Testing 219
Summary 224
Review Questions 225
Key Terms 225
12 Quantitative Data Analysis 227
What You’ll Learn 227
Inferential Statistics 227
Examining Relationships 230
Examining Differences 236
Examining Type I and Type II Errors 247
Summary 248
Review Questions 249
Key Terms 249
13 Qualitative Analysis: Interpreting the Data 251
What You’ll Learn 251
Recording Your Data 251
Managing Your Data 253
Writing the Report 258
Trustworthiness of the Data 265
Summary 267
Review Questions 268
Key Terms 269
CONTENTS ix
14 Results and Discussion: Writing What You Found 271
What You’ll Learn 271
Results Section 272
Discussion Section 275
Writing Your Abstract 279
Summary 280
Review Questions 281
Part 5 Putting It All Together
15 Presenting Your Research 285
What You’ll Learn 285
Poster Presentations 286
Oral Presentation 295
Summary 301
Review Questions 301
Glossary 303
References 311
Index 319
T A B L E S A N D F I G U R E S
Tables
1.1 Steps in the Scientific Method2.1 Overview of Research Designs2.2 Summary of Research Variables2.3 Characteristics of Internal and External Validity3.1 Finalizing Your Research Question3.2 Common Databases Used in Health and Human Performance3.3 Nine-Step Approach to Reading Research Journal Articles4.1 Funneling Your Research4.2 Sections of a Review of Literature with Sample Headings5.1 Characteristics of Internal and External Validity5.2 Correlational Designs Versus Experimental Designs6.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Characteristics6.2 Example of Narrative Inquiry Research10.1 Interpreting Validity Coefficients10.2 Interpreting Reliability Coefficients10.3 Calculating Alpha Reliability Among Extrinsic Motivation Items11.1 Levels of Data12.1 Summarizing Using Alpha Levels to Determine Statistical Significance15.1 Font Sizes for Your Poster Presentation
Figures
1.1 Scientific Method1.2 Applied and Basic Research Continuum3.1 Example of Phase I Concept Mapping3.2 Example of Phase II Concept Mapping3.3 Example of Google Search Results
xii TABLES AND FIGURES
3.4 Example of Google Scholar Search Results4.1 Concept of Funneling7.1 Triangulation Design7.2 Explanatory Design7.3 Embedded Design7.4 Exploratory Design7.5 Action Research Cycle8.1 Human Studies Timeline10.1 Validity Flowchart10.2 Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis10.3 Reliability Flowchart11.1 Normal Distribution11.2 Skewed Distributions11.3 Normal Distribution with Standard Deviation Units11.4 Platykurtic and Leptokurtic Curves11.5 Mean11.6 Median11.7 Range11.8 Standard Deviation11.9 Two-Tailed Approach11.10 Examining Alpha Levels12.1 Pearson by Hand12.2 Pearson by Computer12.3 Spearman Formula12.4 Independent Groups t-Test By Hand12.5 Independent Groups t-Test by Computer12.6 One-Way ANOVA—Computer12.7 Paired Samples t-Test—Computer12.8 Chi-Square—Computer13.1 Examples of Themes in Norman et al. (2010)13.2 Example of Responses in Norman et al. (2010)15.1 Poster Template
P R E F A C E
THE INSPIRATION for this textbook began when I first started teaching at asmall liberal arts college in Vermont, Castleton State College. The Phys-ical Education Department included a Senior Thesis class designed to
introduce undergraduates to research methods in physical education and exercisescience. As I searched for textbooks to use, I realized that most of the researchmethods texts in exercise science and physical education were written with thegraduate student in mind. At that time, I realized there was a need for such atextbook for undergraduate students. Later, after moving on to Springfield Col-lege, I had the privilege of having Dr. Kimberly Kostelis as my graduate assistant.I knew that if we partnered, we could write an effective and informative researchmethods textbook for undergraduates in health and human performance.
We have many years of experience presenting research methods to bothgraduate and undergraduate students, and we hope you agree that we havebeen able to gear this textbook for the particular needs of the undergraduatestudent. We emphasize real-world applications of research methods throughoutthe text. We draw on many different examples from the areas of health andhuman performance, with the hope that these examples will provide you with acontext in which to understand research.
We also designed the textbook in a very specific sequence. In the first section,‘‘Understanding Important Research Concepts,’’ we provide the reader with aholistic picture of research in process. Recognizing that at this beginning pointstudents may know very little about the research process, and it may seemoverwhelming, we took great care to continually reemphasize these conceptsthroughout the text.
After providing the foundational concepts to ensure that you have a basicunderstanding of the important concepts of research in Part One, we begin topresent how to go about writing a review of literature in Part Two, ‘‘Reviewingthe Literature.’’ Within the chapters of Part Two, we provide you with thenecessary tools to identify your topic, search for related articles on your topic,and write a review of literature. Throughout you will notice practical, real-world