designed-or-evolved. bombardier beetle. ppt

8/13/2019 Designed-Or-Evolved. Bombardier Beetle. Ppt

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Designed or Evolved ?

Is life evolved without a goal ?

Or is life designed with a purpose ?



Problems of Evolution

• Evolution steps must be small

(otherwise new specie has no mate….)

• Problem 1: Life exhibits many irreducibly complex systems that are not likely to have evolved by smallsteps

• Problem 2: Researchers have found many look-alike

animals evolved from completely different ancestors – implying that many independent evolution paths

have converged



Irreducibly Complex Systems

• Biological systems that can only be developedby a chain of evolutionary steps where eachintermediate step creates an apparently

useless system and only the final step resultsin a useful system



Example Irreducibly Complex System

• Mouse trap:

Every part must be in right placeEvery part must have right dimension



Irreducibly complex system

• Bombardier beetle:

This beetle has a chemical cannon inhis abdomen that helps it defend itself



Chemical reaction in beetle:

• This chemical reaction takes place inside theBombardier beetle abdomen:

Hydroquinone is a powerful reductorHydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidator



Firing the chemical cannon:

Chemicals stored in upperchamber. Inhibitor preventsHydroquinones andHydrogen peroxide fromreacting.

Two enzymes stored inlower chamber:

PeroxidaseCatalase



Evolving the chemical cannon….

• Step 1: beetle learned to produce HydrogenPeroxide

• Question: what's would the beetle use HydrogenPeroxide for ????

• Net result: Zilt... Beetle is no more better off in

defending itself …



Evolving the chemical cannon…

• Step 3: beetle learned to produce inhibitor forHydroquinone and Hydrogen Peroxide

• Beetle can now store Hydroquinone and HydrogenPeroxide in one chamber… big deal

• Net result: Zilt... Chemical cannon is still not

functional



Evolutionary Dilemma

• How did the inhibitor evolve ???

• if Hydroquinone and Hydrogen Peroxide were stored

separately, there was absolutely NO NEED to"evolve" the inhibitor

• if Hydroquinone and Hydrogen Peroxide were stored

together, they would react immediately and it'sTOO LATE to "evolve" the inhibitor (because thebeetle will be dead…)




• Step 4: beetle learned to produce Peroxidase

• Peroxidase converts Peroxide to Oxygen which will

immediately react with Hydroquinone

• Net result: SUICIDAL beetles !!!... because theresulting chemical will poison the beetle....




• Step 5: beetle learned to produce Catalase

• Net result: EXPLODING beetles !!!..... because

the oxygen and hydroquinone will react SO FAST thatthe beetle's abdomen explodes....

• Why ???? - Because there is NO DELIVERY

SYSTEM !!!



Reflection time...

• Irreducible complex system evolved by a chain ofevolutionary steps – each intermediate step lead to

no gain at all

•

How likely is such an irreducible complex system evolved ???

• Consider how irreducibly complex systems in real life

– like the mouse trap - “evolve” ?• They are all designed by an intelligent being with a

purpose in mind !!!



Converging Evolutionary Processes

• This is yet another problem facing the “Theory” of

Evolution

• Recently, research in evolution has discovered many

species of animals that required a drastic change inevolutionary thinking

• They call this phenomenon Convergent Evolution

• Evolution must now explain why many randomprocesses head towards the same direction



Convergent Evolution Example 1

Fishes in two near-bylakes in Africa exhibitincredible likeness

How come thesefishes look somuch alike ???

Fishes in different lakes:

Lakes in Africa:



The evolutionary explanation

Long ago, the lake level washigher and the lakes wereinterconnected – there was

only ONE kind of each fish

Later, water level dropped,separating the lakes. Thenthe fishes in different lakesdeveloped separately



Any Evidence ???...

•

If the fishes from different lakes has a commonancestor, their DNA patterns will be related

• Researchers Ruber, Verheyen and Meyer (Europeans)did a DNA analysis on the different fishes...

•

Their findings: DNA were so different that fishes fromdifferent lakes most likely have different ancestors !

• In other words:



Convergent Evolution example 2

Australian birds European birds

DNA analysis shows that birds 1,3 and 4 are closerrelated to each other. So also birds 2, 5 and 6.



Convergent Evolution example 3

• Anolis lizards from the Greater Antilles (Cuba,Jamaica, Dominique and Puerto Rico)

• No pictures, but I have a Science paper that you canread

• Findings are the same: Lizards on different island

look alike, but have completely different genomes sothat they most likely have different ancestors



Reflection time...

• Evolution relies on random mutations

• If the mutations are not there, naturalselection will have nothing to work with...

• Convergent Evolution requires that therandom mutations in different species tocooperate and drive change the specie

towards the same direction• The mutations are no longer random ???



Implications of Convergent Evolution

• Can’t use “looks” to draw conclusion on

descend

• Fossil records are useless to find descend order:

These animals may look alike, but...



Reflection time...

• Is life evolved without any purpose ?

• The “Theory” of Evolution has a hard time producingevidence in support of this (Miller’s useless

experiment, Haeckle’s embryo’s fraud, Horse’s non-evolution, etc)

• The “Theory” of Evolution has a hard time explaining

a number of extremely unlikely phenomenon in life

• Maybe is life designed with some purpose ???



Imaginary mind trip...

This device performs better than any vehicleinvented by humans...

We are told that it was created by a superintelligent race called the “ Ancients”

Imagine one day that this really happens toyou…What will you think/believe ???



2004 – A space odyssey

Micro-machines:

These micro-machines moveusing molecular engines:

On a remoteplanet, you find...




• Design of the molecular engine:

Engine in action:

Different colors represent different molecules




• Engine is constructed with over 40 different types ofmolecules – each type serving a different function

• Size of engine is a less than a micron (need anelectron microscope to see its structure)

• Engine can go over 20,000 RPM

• Engine is almost 100% efficient

• Humans can’t build this kind of engines (yet)




• Would you believe this microscopic engine came aboutby itself ?

• Would you believe this microscopic engine wasdesigned by some super-intelligent being ?

This micro-engine issmaller than a hair !!!



2004 – A space odyssey revealed

• The remote planet is...

• Earth

• The micro-machine is...

• E. Coli bacteria

• The micro-engine is...

• its flagellum



Reflection time...

• Can such a delicate micro-engine come aboutthrough a random process ?

• Highly unlikely – Evolutionists do not have a clue how

this can be assembled (not surprising, since we can’teven make one in our million dollar laboratories…)

• Maybe this micro-engine was designed by some

super-intelligent being ???• If this super-small engine was designed by a super-

intelligent being, maybe He has also design humans ?



More reflection time...

• Are human designed for a specific purpose ?

• If so, who designed us ? Who is our creator ?

• Why are we abandoned like orphans ?

• Will we see him again ?

• Other questions ?

• ...



Finding the answers...• The Bible is the most reliable book on history –

more reliable than any history book used inschools

• You can find the answers to these and otherquestions there



The End

http://cheungpc.mathcs.emory.edu

designed-or-evolved. bombardier beetle. ppt

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