design of water supply pipe networks - … · 2 basic principles of pipe flow 11 2.1. surface...

DESIGN OF WATERSUPPLY PIPENETWORKS

Prabhata K. SwameeAshok K. Sharma

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Prabhata K. SwameeAshok K. Sharma

Copyright # 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data:

Swamee, Prabhata K. (Prabhata Kumar), 1940-Design of water supply pipe networks / Prabhata K. Swamee, Ashok K. Sharma.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-17852-2 (cloth)1. Water-pipes. 2. WaterDistribution. 3. Water-supplyManagement. I. Sharma, Ashok K.

(Ashok Kumar), 1956- II. Title.TD491.S93 200762B.105dc22

2007023225Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

http://www.copyright.comhttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionhttp://www.wiley.com

CONTENTS

PREFACE xi

NOTATIONS xiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1. Background 1

1.2. System Configuration 2

1.3. Flow Hydraulics and Network Analysis 3

1.4. Cost Considerations 5

1.5. Design Considerations 5

1.6. Choice Between Pumping and Gravity Systems 6

1.7. Network Synthesis 61.7.1. Designing a Piecemeal Subsystem 71.7.2. Designing the System as a Whole 71.7.3. Dividing the Area into a Number of Optimal Zones for Design 7

1.8. Reorganization or Restrengthening of Existing Water Supply Systems 8

1.9. Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines 81.10. Scope of the Book 8References 9

2 Basic Principles of Pipe Flow 11

2.1. Surface Resistance 13

2.2. Form Resistance 162.2.1. Pipe Bend 162.2.2. Elbows 172.2.3. Valves 172.2.4. Transitions 192.2.5. Pipe Junction 212.2.6. Pipe Entrance 222.2.7. Pipe Outlet 222.2.8. Overall Form Loss 232.2.9. Pipe Flow Under Siphon Action 23

v

2.3. Pipe Flow Problems 262.3.1. Nodal Head Problem 272.3.2. Discharge Problem 272.3.3. Diameter Problem 27

2.4. Equivalent Pipe 302.4.1. Pipes in Series 322.4.2. Pipes in Parallel 33

2.5. Resistance Equation for Slurry Flow 35

2.6. Resistance Equation for Capsule Transport 37

Exercises 41

References 41

3 Pipe Network Analysis 43

3.1. Water Demand Pattern 44

3.2. Head Loss in a Pipe Link 453.2.1. Head Loss in a Lumped Equivalent 453.2.2. Head Loss in a Distributed Equivalent 45

3.3. Analysis of Water Transmission Lines 46

3.4. Analysis of Distribution Mains 48

3.5. Pipe Network Geometry 50

3.6. Analysis of Branched Networks 50

3.7. Analysis of Looped Networks 513.7.1. Hardy Cross Method 523.7.2. NewtonRaphson Method 603.7.3. Linear Theory Method 64

3.8. Multi-Input Source Water Network Analysis 673.8.1. Pipe Link Data 683.8.2. Input Point Data 683.8.3. Loop Data 703.8.4. NodePipe Connectivity 703.8.5. Analysis 71

3.9. Flow Path Description 74

Exercises 76

References 77

4 Cost Considerations 79

4.1. Cost Functions 814.1.1. Source and Its Development 814.1.2. Pipelines 824.1.3. Service Reservoir 854.1.4. Cost of Residential Connection 86

CONTENTSvi

4.1.5. Cost of Energy 874.1.6. Establishment Cost 87

4.2. Life-Cycle Costing 87

4.3. Unification of Costs 874.3.1. Capitalization Method 884.3.2. Annuity Method 894.3.3. Net Present Value or Present Value Method 90

4.4. Cost Function Parameters 91

4.5. Relative Cost Factor 92

4.6. Effect of Inflation 92

Exercises 95

References 95

5 General Principles of Network Synthesis 97

5.1. Constraints 985.1.1. Safety Constraints 995.1.2. System Constraints 100

5.2. Formulation of the Problem 100

5.3. Rounding Off of Design Variables 100

5.4. Essential Parameters for Network Sizing 1015.4.1. Water Demand 1015.4.2. Rate of Water Supply 1025.4.3. Peak Factor 1035.4.4. Minimum Pressure Requirements 1055.4.5. Minimum Size of Distribution Main 1055.4.6. Maximum Size of Water Distribution 1055.4.7. Reliability Considerations 1055.4.8. Design Period of Water Supply Systems 1075.4.9. Water Supply Zones 1085.4.10. Pipe Material and Class Selection 109

Exercises 109

References 109

6 Water Transmission Lines 111

6.1. Gravity Mains 112

6.2. Pumping Mains 1146.2.1. Iterative Design Procedure 1156.2.2. Explicit Design Procedure 116

6.3. Pumping in Stages 1176.3.1. Long Pipeline on a Flat Topography 1186.3.2. Pipeline on a Topography with Large Elevation Difference 122

CONTENTS vii

6.4. Effect of Population Increase 126

6.5. Choice Between Gravity and Pumping Systems 1286.5.1. Gravity Main Adoption Criterion 128

Exercises 130

References 131

7 Water Distribution Mains 133

7.1. Gravity-Sustained Distribution Mains 133

7.2. Pumped Distribution Mains 136

7.3. Exercises 139

References 140

8 Single-Input Source, Branched Systems 141

8.1. Gravity-Sustained, Branched System 1438.1.1. Radial Systems 1438.1.2. Branch Systems 144

8.2. Pumping, Branched Systems 1508.2.1. Radial Systems 1508.2.2. Branched, Pumping Systems 153

8.3. Pipe Material and Class Selection Methodology 159

Exercises 160

References 161

9 Single-Input Source, Looped Systems 163

9.1. Gravity-Sustained, Looped Systems 1659.1.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 1679.1.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 168

9.2. Pumping System 1729.2.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 1749.2.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 177

Exercises 179

Reference 180

10 Multi-Input Source, Branched Systems 181

10.1. Gravity-Sustained, Branched Systems 18210.1.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 18410.1.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 186


CONTENTSviii

Exercises 195

References 196

11 Multi-Input Source, Looped Systems 197

11.1. Gravity-Sustained, Looped Systems 19811.1.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 19911.1.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 200


Exercises 211

Reference 212

12 Decomposition of a Large Water System andOptimal Zone Size 213

12.1. Decomposition of a Large, Multi-Input, Looped Network 21412.1.1. Network Description 21412.1.2. Preliminary Network Analysis 21512.1.3. Flow Path of Pipes and Source Selection 21512.1.4. Pipe Route Generation Connecting Input Point Sources 21712.1.5. Weak Link Determination for a Route Clipping 22112.1.6. Synthesis of Network 227

12.2. Optimal Water Supply Zone Size 22812.2.1. Circular Zone 22912.2.2. Strip Zone 235

Exercises 241

References 242

13 Reorganization of Water Distribution Systems 243

13.1. Parallel Networks 24413.1.1. Parallel Gravity Mains 24413.1.2. Parallel Pumping Mains 24513.1.3. Parallel Pumping Distribution Mains 24613.1.4. Parallel Pumping Radial System 247

13.2. Strengthening of Distribution System 24813.2.1. Strengthening Discharge 24813.2.2. Strengthening of a Pumping Main 25013.2.3. Strengthening of a Distribution Main 25213.2.4. Strengthening of Water Distribution Network 254

Exercises 258

Reference 258

CONTENTS ix

14 Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines 259

14.1. Slurry-Transporting Pipelines 26014.1.1. Gravity-Sustained, Slurry-Transporting Mains 26014.1.2. Pumping-Sustained, Slurry-Transporting Mains 262

14.2. Capsule-Transporting Pipelines 26614.2.1. Gravity-Sustained, Capsule-Transporting Mains 26714.2.2. Pumping-Sustained, Capsule-Transporting Mains 268

Exercises 273

References 273

Appendix 1 Linear Programming 275

Problem Formulation 275

Simplex Algorithm 276

Appendix 2 Geometric Programming 281

Appendix 3 Water Distribution Network Analysis Program 287

Single-Input Water Distribution Network Analysis Program 287

Multi-Input Water Distribution Network Analysis Program 322

INDEX 347

CONTENTSx

PREFACE

A large amount of money is invested around the world to provide or upgrade piped watersupply facilities. Even then, a vast population of the world is without safe piped waterfacilities. Nearly 80% to 85% of the cost of a total water supply system is contributedtoward water transmission and the water distribution network. Water distributionsystem design has attracted many researchers due to the enormous cost.

The aim of this book is to provide the reader with an understanding of the analysisand design aspects of water distribution system. The book covers the topics related to theanalysis and design of water supply systems with application to sediment-transportingpipelines. It includes the pipe flow principles and their application in analysis ofwater supply systems. The general principles of water distribution system design havebeen covered to highlight the cost aspects and the parameters required for design of awater distribution system. The other topics covered in the book relate to optimalsizing of water-supply gravity and pumping systems, reorganization and decompositionof water supply systems, and transportation of solids as sediments through pipelines.Computer programs with development details and line by line explanations have beenincluded to help readers to develop skills in writing programs for water distributionnetwork analysis. The application of linear and geometric programming techniques inwater distribution network optimization have also been described.

Most of the designs are provided in a closed form that can be directly adopted bydesign engineers. A large part of the book covers numerical examples. In theseexamples, computations are laborious and time consuming. Experience has shownthat the complete mastery of the project cannot be attained without familiarizingoneself thoroughly with numerical procedures. For this reason, it is better not to considernumerical examples as mere illustration but rather as an integral part of the generalpresentation.

The book is structured in such a way to enable an engineer to design functionallyefficient and least-cost systems. It is also intended to aid students, professional engineers,and researchers. Any suggestions for improvement of the book will be gratefullyreceived.

PRABHATA K. SWAMEEASHOK K. SHARMA

xi

NOTATIONS

The following notations and symbols are used in this book.

A annual recurring cost, annuity

Ae annual cost of electricity

Ar annual installment

a capsule length factor

B width of a strip zone

C cost coefficient

C0 initial cost of components

CA capitalized cost

Cc overall or total capitalized cost

CD drag coefficient of particles

Ce capitalized cost of energy

Cm cost of pipe

Cma capitalized maintenance cost

CN net cost

CP cost of pump

CR cost of service reservoir, replacement cost

CT cost of pumps and pumping

Cv volumetric concentration of particles

ci cost per meter of pipe i

D pipe link diameter

De equivalent pipe link diameter

Dmin minimum pipe diameter

Dn new pipe link diameter

Do existing pipe link diameter

Ds diameter of service connection pipe

D optimal pipe diameterd confusor outlet diameter, spherical particle diameter, polynomial dual

xiii

design of water supply pipe networks - … · 2 basic principles of pipe flow 11 2.1. surface...

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