Contents

vForeword

xiiiList of Figures

xviiList of Tables

Chapter 1 Design of Steel Structures

11.1 Introduction to Structural Design

21.2 Evaluation of Sustainability

51.3 Structure of Structural Steel Standards

111.4 Reliability in Design Standards

141.5 European Standards for Execution

151.6 Assessment of Existing Structures

Chapter 2 General Rules and Rules for Buildings

192.1 General

192.1.1 Extent of validity

192.1.1.1 Validity of Eurocode 3

192.1.1.2 Validity of part 1-1

192.1.2 Normative references

192.1.3 Assumptions

192.1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules

202.1.5 Terms and definitions

202.1.6 Symbols

202.2 Basis of Design

202.2.1 Requirements

202.2.1.1 Basic requirements

212.2.1.2 Reliability management

212.2.1.3 Design working life, durability and robustness

212.2.2 Principles of limit state design

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viii Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8

212.2.3 Basic variables

212.2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences

222.2.3.2 Material and product properties

222.2.4 Verification by the partial factor method

222.2.4.1 Design values of material properties

222.2.4.2 Design values of geometrical data

222.2.4.3 Design resistances

222.2.4.4 Verification of static equilibrium (EQU)

222.2.5 Design assisted by testing

232.3 Materials

232.3.1 General

232.3.2 Structural steel

232.3.2.1 Material properties

232.3.2.2 Ductility requirements

232.3.2.3 Fracture toughness

252.3.2.4 Through-thickness properties

262.3.2.5 Tolerances

262.3.2.6 Design values of material coefficients

262.3.3 Connecting devices

262.3.3.1 Fasteners

262.3.3.2 Welding consumables

262.3.4 Other prefabricated products in buildings

272.4 Durability

272.5 Structural Analysis

272.5.1 Structural modelling for analysis

272.5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions

272.5.1.2 Joint modelling

272.5.1.3 Ground-structure interaction

282.5.2 Global analysis

282.5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure

302.5.2.2 Structural stability of frames

312.5.3 Imperfections

312.5.3.1 Basis

312.5.3.2 Imperfections for global analysis of frames

352.5.3.3 Imperfection for analysis of bracing systems

372.5.3.4 Member imperfections

372.5.4 Methods of analysis considering material non-linearities

372.5.4.1 General

382.5.4.2 Elastic global analysis

382.5.4.3 Plastic global analysis

382.5.5 Classification of cross sections

Contents ix

382.5.5.1 Basis

382.5.5.2 Classification

402.5.6 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis

402.6 Ultimate Limit State

402.6.1 General

402.6.2 Resistance of cross-sections

402.6.2.1 General

442.6.2.2 Section properties

462.6.2.3 Tension

472.6.2.4 Compression

472.6.2.5 Bending moment

482.6.2.6 Shear

492.6.2.7 Torsion

512.6.2.8 Bending moment and shear

522.6.2.9 Bending and axial force

542.6.2.10 Bending, shear and axial force

542.6.3 Buckling resistance of members

542.6.3.1 Uniform members in compression

592.6.3.2 Uniform members in bending

662.6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axialcompression

682.6.3.4 General method for lateral and lateraltorsional buckling

702.6.3.5 Lateral torsional buckling of members withplastic hinges

722.6.4 Uniform built-up compression members

722.6.4.1 General

742.6.4.2 Laced compression members

752.6.4.3 Battened Compression Members

772.6.4.4 Closely Spaced Built-up Members

782.7 Serviceability Limit States

782.7.1 General conditions

782.7.2 Ultimate limit states for buildings

782.7.2.1 Vertical deflections

792.7.2.2 Horizontal deflections

792.7.2.3 Vibrations

Chapter 3 Connections Design

813.1 Introduction

813.2 Basis of Design

x Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8

813.2.1 Assumptions

813.2.2 General requirements

813.2.3 Applied forces and moments

813.2.4 Resistance of joints

823.2.5 Design assumptions

823.2.6 Joints loaded in shear subject to impact, vibration and/orload reversal

833.2.7 Eccentricity at intersections

833.3 Connections Made with Bolts, Rivets or Pins

833.3.1 Bolts, nuts and washers

833.3.1.1 General

833.3.1.2 Preloaded bolts

833.3.2 Rivets

833.3.3 Anchor bolts

843.3.4 Categories of bolted connections

843.3.4.1 Shear connections

843.3.4.2 Tension connections

843.3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets

853.3.6 Design resistance of individual fasteners

853.3.6.1 Bolts and rivets

893.3.6.2 Injection bolts

893.3.7 Group of fasteners

903.3.8 Long joints

903.3.9 Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts

903.3.9.1 Design slip resistance

913.3.9.2 Combined tension and shear

913.3.9.3 Hybrid connections

923.3.10 Deductions for fastener holes

923.3.10.1 General

923.3.10.2 Design for block tearing

933.3.10.3 Angles connected by one leg and otherunsymmetrically connected members in tension

933.3.10.4 Lug angles

943.3.11 Prying forces

943.3.12 Distribution of forces between fasteners at the ultimatelimit state

953.3.13 Connections made with pins

953.4 Welded Connections

953.4.1 General

Contents xi

953.4.2 Welding consumables

953.4.3 Geometry and dimensions

953.4.3.1 Type of weld

953.4.3.2 Fillet welds

963.4.3.3 Fillet welds all round

963.4.3.4 Butt welds

963.4.3.5 Plug welds

973.4.3.6 Flare groove welds

983.4.4 Welds with packings

983.4.5 Design resistance of a fillet weld

983.4.5.1 Length of welds

983.4.5.2 Effective throat thickness

993.4.5.3 Design Resistance of fillet welds

1003.4.6 Design resistance of fillet welds all round

1003.4.7 Design resistance of butt welds

1003.4.7.1 Full penetration butt welds

1013.4.7.2 Partial penetration butt welds

1013.4.7.3 T-butt joints

1013.4.8 Design resistance of plug welds

1013.4.9 Distribution of forces

1023.4.10 Connections to unstiffened flanges

1033.4.11 Long joints

1033.4.12 Eccentrically loaded fillet or partial penetration butt welds

1043.4.13 Angles connected by one leg

1043.5 Analysis, Classification and Modelling

1053.6 Open Sections Joints

1063.7 Hollow Section Joints

Chapter 4 Worked Examples

1094.1 Selection of Material for Fracture Toughness (A Steel Subgrade)

1134.2 Selection of Material for Lamellar Tearing, throughThickness Properties

1134.3 Tensile Chord of Truss Girder from Angles

1144.4 Design of a Column with Intermediate Supports

1184.5 Secondary Beam Laterally Restrained

1204.6 Cantilever Beam Bending

1234.7 Portal Frame

xii Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8

1364.8 Built-up Battened Member

1414.9 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Beams

1424.9.1 LTBeam software

1464.9.2 Cantilever beam design

1464.9.2.1 Forked support of an end cross-section toprevent lateral-torsional buckling

1484.9.2.2 Free cantilever beam end without support

1494.9.3 Transversal support of the upper flange of an endcross-section

1504.9.4 Beam with end moments and transversal load

1544.9.5 Beam with end moments, transversal load andintermediate support

1544.9.5.1 Elastic continuous support of one of the flanges

1554.9.5.2 Critical load for various alternatives ofintermediate support

1554.9.5.3 Evaluation of a beam for a chosen variant

1574.10 Torsion of Open Cross-Section Member

1574.10.1 Design of cross-section

1594.10.2 Beam evaluation in ULS

1644.10.3 Serviceability limit state

1644.11 Torsion of Hollow Cross-Section Member

1654.11.1 Check in the ultimate limit state

1674.11.2 Evaluation of the serviceability limit state

1674.12 Bolted Connection of Double Angle Bar

1694.13 Welded Connection of Double Angle Bar

1704.14 Header Plate Connection

1714.15 Fin Plate Connection