design of slender tall buildings for wind & earthquake - cee
TRANSCRIPT
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Design of Slender Tall Buildings for Wind & Earthquake
Presented by
Dr. Juneid Qureshi
Director (Group Design Division) Meinhardt Singapore Pte Ltd
Regency Steel Asia Symposium on Latest Design & Construction Technologies for Steel and Composite Steel-Concrete Structures09 July 2015
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AGENDA
01Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
02Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
03Key Considerations for Seismic Design
04Review of BC3
07Cost Comparison of Concrete vs. Composite Tall Building
05Case Studies
06Comparison of Wind & Seismic Effects
08Concluding Remarks
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Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
01
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� Balancing structural needs vs. project demands are always a challenge …..specially for
tall buildings.
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Developers Requirements
Architectural Vision
Construction ConstraintsStructural NeedsOthers?
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h
w
w
2h
W
2W
16
M 4M
Short Buildings:
• Generally strength governs design
• Gravity loads predominant
Intermediate Buildings:
• Strength / drift governs design
• Gravity / lateral loads predominant
Tall Buildings:
• Generally drift / building motion
governs design
• Lateral loads predominant
Source: CTBUH
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Premium for Height
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Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
� As buildings get taller, wind-induced dynamic response starts to dictates the design.
Fluctuating Wind
Speed, V(z,t)
Mean Wind Speed, V(z)
Zg
(60
0m
)
V
V(z) = Vg (z/zg)α
α depends on terrain
Wind
Static Loads, A
Low Freq. Background
Comp., B
Dynamic Loads
Resonant Comp., C A,B &C
B &C B &C
A & B : Dependent on building geometry & turbulence environment
C : Dependent on building geometry. turbulence environment &
structural dynamic properties (mass, stiffness, damping)
+
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� For many tall & slender buildings cross wind response can govern loading & acceleration.
� Wind codes generally cover along-wind response based on the Gust Factor Approach –but little guidance on cross-wind & torsional responses.
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Wind
� EN 1991-1-4 states that for slender buildings (h/d > 4), Wind Tunnel Studies are necessary if
� distance between buildings is < 25 x d
� natural frequency < 1 Hz.
� BCA guidelines: H > 200m or f < 0.2Hz
� Prediction of building dynamic properties: natural frequencies, mode shapes & damping
have a great effect on the predicted wind loads & accelerations.
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� As an engineer, there are a number of approaches to minimize cross-wind response
� orientation
� setbacks, varying cross-section
� softened corners
� twisting, tapering
� introducing porosity
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Wind
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� Tall buildings design often driven by occupant comfort criteria, i.e., limits to lateral acceleration
� Two conditions are generally important
� alarm caused by large motions under occasional
strong winds
� annoyance caused by perceptible motions on a regular basis - more important
� Solutions include stiffening the building, increasing mass
or use of supplemental damping.
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Occupant Comfort
US Practice, Office
US Practice, Residential
ISO, Office
ISO, Residential
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� Many codes specify (& some provide guidelines) for a deflection limit of h/400 ~ h/600.
� Drifts can be based on winds of appropriate return
period - generally between 10 to 25 year return period winds.
� Story drifts have two components:
� Rigid body displacement
� Due to rotation of the building as a whole
� No damage
� Racking (shear) deformation
� Angular in-plane deformation
� Creates damage in walls and cladding
� Limit can be reviewed if damage to non-structural elements can be prevented, especially the façade, & lift performance is not affected.
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Drift
tall & flexible
short & stiff
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� Differential shortening of vertical elements need
special consideration.
� Initial position of slabs can be affected with time - affecting partitions, mechanical equipment, cladding, finishes, etc.
� Mitigation options include appropriate stiffness
proportioning, choice of material, vertical cambering, etc..
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Differential Shortening
High Performance
Grade 80 concrete
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
00 20 40 60 80
Column Elastic shortening
Column Creep shortening
Column Total shortening
Nearby Wall Total Shortening
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Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Robustness
Which system is better?
Same strength & deformation capacity
What is the impact of premature loss of one element?
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� Important to consider construction
sequence & schedules in analysis to capture effects of:
� compressive shortening,
� creep & shrinkage, &
� any locked in stresses from transfer beams, outrigger systems, stiffer elements
� Becomes more complex on non-
symmetric structures where the axial shortening can cause floors to twist and tilt under self weight.
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Sequential Analysis
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� Tall buildings are big budget projects – small savings per sq. m can become large amounts of money.
� Efficiency & economy are not defined by codes.
� Custom programs & scripts required to interface directly with commercial structural analysis packages to rapidly and efficiently establish optimum element sizes.
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Structural Optimization
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� Settlement control critical for tall buildings to prevent tilt.
� Soil – structure interaction analysis may be required for accurate determination of foundation flexibility.
� Thick pile rafts minimize differential settlements.
Structural Design Challenges for Tall Buildings
Foundation Settlements
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Se
ttle
me
nt
(mm
)
Lateral coordinate (m)
Along B-B
Along B-B
Along Max gradient segment (green line):
Max differential settlement = 33.3 - 16.1 = 17.2 mm
Span = 102 - 73 = 29 m
So, differential distortion ratio = 17.2mm / 29,000mm = 1 : 1680 --> OK!
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Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
02
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Interior StructuresCourtesy : Architectural Science Review
Dual systems - shear wall–frame interaction for effective resistance of lateral load
Single component resisting systems
Effectively resists bending by exterior columns connected to outriggers extended from the core
� Interior Structures: single / dual component planar assemblies in 2 principal directions.
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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Exterior Structures Courtesy : Architectural Science Review
� Exterior Structures: effectively resist lateral loads by systems at building perimeter
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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Dual System: RC Core + Perimeter Frames
� Efficient system using
� Central Services Core as the primary system
� Coupled with the Perimeter Frame for additional stiffness
� Generally economical up to 50 ~ 60 stories.
Marina Bay Financial Centre, Singapore
Per. Columns
Core
Semi-Precast Slab
PT Band Beams
RC Spandrel Beams
Shear sway Cantilever sway
H = 245m
50 storey
H = 186m
33 storey
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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� Extremely efficient system: outriggers engage perimeter columns & reduce core overturning moment.
� Architecturally unobtrusive since outriggers are located at mechanical floor & roof.
� Exterior column spacing meets aesthetic & functional requirements, unlike tube systems.
One Raffles Quay, Singapore
H/D = 6.5
50 StoreyH = 245m
Core + Outrigger + Belt Truss
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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Four Seasons Place, KL, Malaysia
75 storeyH = 342mH/D=12.5
Po
diu
mH
ote
lR
esid
en
tia
l
� Innovative system to address extreme slenderness.
� Coupled walls extend over entire depth of floor plate to resist overturning moment & shear at every floor.
Coupled Outrigger Shear Walls
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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Tornado Tower, Doha, Qatar
� Conceived to integrate with architectural form.
� Extremely efficient “exterior structure” suitable for up to 100+ stories.
� Variant of tubular systems & exterior braced frames.
� Carries gravity & lateral forces in a distributive and uniform manner. .
Effective because they
carry shear by axial
action of the diagonal
members (less shear
deformation).
Joints are complicated
52 storey, H = 200m
Diagrid
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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(23m)
(45m)
Overturning
Moment
� Towers with large mass eccentricity - weight sensitive & large movements.
� Long-term serviceability challenges.
� Structural System: Shear Wall + Rigid Frame + Outriggers + Belt Truss + Core Coupling Truss + Internal Braced Truss
�Atrium Braced Truss
L36 �Coupling Truss�Outrigger Truss�Belt Truss
L12 �Outrigger Truss�Belt Truss
Belt TrussesOutrigger Trusses
79 storey, H = 351m
65 storey, H = 305m
52 storey, H = 251m
Signature Tower, Dubai, UAE
Hybrid
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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Key Considerations for Seismic Design
03
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� Seismic design philosophy focuses on safety rather then comfort.
� For Design Level Earthquakes, structures should be able to resist:
� Minor shaking with no damage
� Moderate shaking with no severe structural damage
� Maximum design level shaking with structural damage but without collapse
� Tall or small ? Which is safer?
Source: FEMA
Mexico City Earthquake, 1985
Seismic Design Considerations
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� Torsional Irregularity: Unbalanced Resistance
Plan Conditions Resulting Failure Patterns
� Re-Entrant Corners
� Diaphragm Eccentricity
� Non-parallel LFRS
� Out-of-Plane Offsets
Source: FEMA
Seismic Design Considerations
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Vertical Conditions Resulting Failure Patterns
� Stiffness Irregularity: Soft Story
� Mass Irregularity
� Geometric Irregularity
� In-Plane Irregularity in LFRS
� Capacity Discontinuity: Weak Story
Source: FEMA
Seismic Design Considerations
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Overview of BC3
04
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• Seismic requirement in Singapore from 1 Apr 2015
Overview of BC3
Source: Pappin et. al.
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Building height, H > 20m?
NSeismic Action need not be considered in design
• Ordinary building on Ground Type Class “D” or “S1”, or• Special building on Ground Type Class “C”, “D” or “S1”
• Drift limitation check according to Clause 7 • Minimum structural separation check according to Clause 8
Seismic Action need not be considered in design
Ground Type within building footprint determined according to Clause 2
Y
NY
Seismic Action determined according to Clause 3 & Clause 4, using where appropriate, either• Lateral Force Analysis Method according to Clause 4.4, or • Modal Response Spectrum Analysis Method according to Clause 4.5
Building analyzed according to combination of actions in Clause 5, andFoundation design carried out according to Clause 6
Overview of BC3
Design Flowchart
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Building classification Importance
Factor γl
Ground Type
B C D S1
Ordinary Building
All other than “Special
buildings” below1.0 - - Y Y
Special Building
• hospitals
• fire stations
• civil defense installations
• government offices
• institutional building
1.4 - Y Y Y
Building H > 20m
Overview of BC3
Definitions
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T (sec)
Spectral Acceleration
����� (%g)
T
(sec)
Spectral Acceleration
����� (%g)
0.0 4.50 1.8 10.00
0.1 5.25 2.0 9.00
0.2 6.00 2.2 8.18
0.3 6.75 2.4 7.50
0.4 7.50 2.7 6.67
0.5 8.25 3.0 6.00
0.6 9.00 3.5 5.14
0.7 9.75 4.0 4.50
0.8 10.50 4.6 3.91
0.9 11.25 5.2 3.06
1.0 11.25 6.0 2.30
1.1 11.25 7.0 1.69
1.2 11.25 8.0 1.29
1.4 11.25 9.0 1.02
1.6 11.25 10.0 0.83
T (sec)
Spectral Acceleration
�� ��� (%g)
T
(sec)
Spectral Acceleration
�� ��� (%g)
0.0 2.88 1.8 4.40
0.1 3.96 2.0 3.96
0.2 5.04 2.2 3.60
0.3 6.12 2.4 3.30
0.4 7.20 2.7 2.93
0.5 7.20 3.0 2.64
0.6 7.20 3.5 2.26
0.7 7.20 4.0 1.98
0.8 7.20 4.6 1.72
0.9 7.20 5.2 1.52
1.0 7.20 6.0 1.32
1.1 7.20 7.0 1.13
1.2 6.60 8.0 0.99
1.4 6.09 9.0 0.88
1.6 4.95 10.0 0.79
T (sec)
Spectral Acceleration
����� (%g)
T
(sec)
Spectral Acceleration
����� (%g)
0.0 5.76 1.8 14.40
0.1 6.30 2.0 14.40
0.2 6.84 2.2 14.40
0.3 7.38 2.4 14.40
0.4 7.92 2.7 11.38
0.5 8.46 3.0 9.22
0.6 9.00 3.5 6.77
0.7 9.54 4.0 5.18
0.8 10.08 4.6 3.92
0.9 10.62 5.2 3.07
1.0 11.16 6.0 2.30
1.1 11.70 7.0 1.69
1.2 12.24 8.0 1.30
1.4 12.78 9.0 1.02
1.6 14.40 10.0 0.83
Ground Type D Ground Type C Ground Type S1
Overview of BC3
Design Spectra
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Overview of BC3
Design Example
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Overview of BC3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis Method (Para* 4.5)
� The intent of a more rigorous dynamic analysis approach is to more accurately capture the vertical distribution of forces along the height of the building. The steps for a dynamic analysis are summarized below.� Solve for the building’s period and mode shapes.� Ensure sufficient modes are used in the dynamic analysis by inspecting the
cumulative modal participation.� Determine base shears obtained through response spectrum in each direction
under consideration.
Determine Design Spectrum (Para* 3.2)
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Overview of BC3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
A response spectrum analysis is then run in two orthogonal directions.
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Overview of BC3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
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Overview of BC3
Required Combinations of Actions (Load Combinations) (Para* 5.2)
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Overview of BC3
Building Response
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Case Studies
05
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The Sail @ Marina BaySingapore245m, 70 Story, 2008ConcreteResidential
Capital PlazaAbu Dhabi210m, 45 Story2012Concrete Residential, Hotel & Office
WTC IIJakarta, Indonesia160m, 30Story, 2012Composite Office
Ocean HeightsDubai310m, 82 Story2010ConcreteResidential
Case Studies
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Nurol Life TowerTurkey250m, 60 Story, Under constructionCompositeResidential & Office
IFC ISGYO Office TowerTurkey111m, 27 Story, Under constructionComposite Office
Izmir Ova Centre,Turkey112m, 27 Story, Under constructionComposite Office
Thamrin Nine, Jakarta, Indonesia325m, 71 Story, Under constructionCompositeOffice & Hotel
Case Studies
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245m
� Two residential towers, 70 (245m) & 63 (216m) story.
� Towers have extreme slenderness ≈ 13
� Unique coupled-outrigger-shear wall structural system.
� Seismic design, super high strength concrete & unique strut-free retention system.
600 x 650
Spandrel
Beam
600 x 1000
Spandrel Col
170
semi Pre-cast slab
650
Main Shear
walls
300
Lift/Stair Walls
The Sail @ Marina Bay, Singapore
Case Studies
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T3 = 4.9sT2 = 5.5sT1 = 6.4s
Building
Dynamic PropertiesModal Analysis
Select Structure System & Materials
Lateral Loads (wind,
seismic), WTT
Building Performance/Strength
(Seismic Design to UBC 97)
Dynamic Analysis
(Response Spectrum Analysis)
� Seismic design adopted for enhanced safety & robustness
The Sail @ Marina Bay, Singapore
Case Studies
0 100 200 300 400 500
0
38
69
100
131
162
193
224
Code CP3
Wind Tunnel Test
Height (m)
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Seismic Zone Zone Factor, Z Base Shear, V
Zone 2A 0.15g
2.4% W *
(with special detailing)
� Seismic Base Shear (V) depends on
� Zone (Z), Soil Profile (S), Structural Framing (R), Importance (I), Time Period (T) &
Weight (W)
� (0.11Ca I) W ≤ V = (Cv I / R T) W ≤ (2.5 Ca I / R) W , where
• Z represents expected ground acceleration at bedrock
• Ca & Cv are coefficients depending on Soil Profile and Zone
*Governed by minimum load required by code
Seismic Design to UBC 97
The Sail @ Marina Bay, Singapore
Case Studies
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Structural Performance Indicators Tower 1 (245m)
Fundamental Period 6.4 secs
Building Acceleration 14. 1 milli-g
Inter-storey Drift under Wind h / 550
Inter-storey Drift under Seismic h / 280 (elastic), h / 70 (in-elastic)
Tower 1 acceleration sensors triggered by Sumatra EQ on 11 April 2012, 4:56PM
660 mm
1180 mm
330 mm
580 mm
T1: Seismic Displacement T1: Wind Displacement
Coupled Walls
Uncoupled Walls
Coupled Walls
Uncoupled Walls
Shear Wall Boundary Elements
Frame Members
Wall Coupling Beams
� ≈ 60% higher loads
� Special detailing
The Sail @ Marina Bay, Singapore
Case Studies
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� The 75-storey, 342m tower will be 2nd tallest building in Malaysia when completed in 2017.
� Challenging project due to 12.5 slenderness ratio.
� WT studies revealed significant wake vortices and strong cross wind effects.
342.5mFour Seasons Place, KL, Malaysia
Case Studies
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� An innovative lateral load resisting system was devised incorporating
� suitably located fin walls � two levels of concrete outrigger and
perimeter belt walls, � all coupled with the central core-walls.
Ty = 10.1s Tx = 6.4s Tr = 6.0s
Four Seasons Place, KL, Malaysia
Case Studies
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Structural Performance
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1000
Ele
vati
on
(m
)
Lateral Load (kN)
0 20000 40000 60000
Story Shear (kN)
0 5000 10000
Story Moment (MNm)
0 0.001 0.002 0.003
Story Drift Ratio
0.0000 0.0050 0.0100
Story Drift Ratio
Wind
Notional
Seismic
Four Seasons Place, KL, Malaysia
Case Studies
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� The 360,000m2 mixed use development comprising 4
tall Towers is located in the central business district on
Jalan Thamrin, Jakarta.
� The 71-storey, 325m tower will be the tallest building
in Jakarta when completed in 2018.
Thamrin Nine, Jakarta, Indonesia
Case Studies 325m
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Ty = 7.2s Tx = 6.8s Tr = 3.2s
RC Walls/Columns/Beams/Slabs
Outriggers & Belt Trusses
Structural System
Thamrin Nine, Jakarta, Indonesia
Case Studies
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Seismic Parameters Values Remarks
Site Classification D Medium hard soil.
Sds , Sd1 0.57g, 0.36gSpectral response acceleration parameters at short and 1 second periods
Importance Factor I = 1.25 For general buildings & structures
Response Modification Coefficient
R =7Ductile RC shear walls with special moment resisting frames
Risk Category III
SNI-02-1726-2012/ ASCE 7 (2010)
Seismic Building Drift
Seismic Design Parameters
Thamrin Nine, Jakarta, Indonesia
Case Studies
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Structural Performance
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 2000 4000
Ele
vati
on
(m
)
Lateral Load (kN)
0 50000 100000
Story Shear (kN)
0.00E+00 1.00E+07 2.00E+07
Story Moment (kN-m)
0 0.002 0.004
Story Drift
0 0.002 0.004
Story Drift
Thamrin Nine, Jakarta, Indonesia
Case Studies
Wind
Seismic
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Non-Linear Static Push-Over Analysis
Thamrin Nine, Jakarta, Indonesia
Case Studies
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Curvilinear Form + Large Inclinations + Atrium Voids Unique Engineering Challenge
(23m)
(23m)(45m)
45m39m305m
49.1m
36.4m
248m
Overturning Moment
0 m
� Lateral effect due to gravity loads
> 2 times design wind load
≈ Zone 1 EQ
� All columns & internal walls curved
� Atrium voids throughout height
� Extremely weight sensitive
� Large building movements
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L4Atrium Void
Atrium Void
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L7
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L10
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L12A
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L17
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L20
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L23
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L26
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L29
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L32
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L34
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L36A
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L40
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L43
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L46
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L49
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L50
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L54
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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L56
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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Un-deformed Shape Self-WT Drift Wind Load Drift Earth-Quake Drift
360mm 160mm 800mmH/380H/1890H/840
Signature Towers, Dubai
Case Studies
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Comparison of Wind & Seismic Effects
06
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BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
heig
ht, m
heig
ht, m
Force (kN) Force (kN)
Notional Load
RC building,
L x W x H =
40m x 40m x 100m / 200m
Notional Load + G.I.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 300 600
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 300 600
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Force
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1500000 3000000
BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
he
igh
t, m
he
igh
t, m
Overturning Mom. (kN-m) Overturning Mom. (kN-m)
Notional Load
Notional Load + G.I.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500000 1000000
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Over Turning Moment
RC building,
L x W x H =
40m x 40m x 100m / 200m
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BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
he
igh
t, m
he
igh
t, m
Force (kN)Force (kN)
Notional Load
Notional Load + G.I.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 400 800
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 400 800
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Force
RC building,
L x W x H =
22m x 70m x 100m / 200m
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2000000 4000000
BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
heig
ht, m
heig
ht, m
Overturning Mom. (kN-m) Overturning Mom. (kN-m)
Notional Load
Notional Load + G.I.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500000 1000000
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Over Turning Moment
RC building,
L x W x H =
40m x 40m x 100m / 200m
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Comparison of Lateral LoadsImpact of Seismic Loads
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 250 500 7500
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000 1500 2000
heig
ht, m
heig
ht, m
Force (kN) Force (kN)
BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
Notional Load
BC3 Seismic + G.I.
(q = 1.5, Soil Type D)
Notional Load + G.I.
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Force
RC building,
L x W x H =
40m x 40m x 100m / 200m
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1000000 2000000 30000000
50
100
150
200
250
0 1000000 2000000
heig
ht, m
heig
ht, m
Overturning Mom. (kN-m)Overturning Mom. (kN-m)
BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
Notional Load
BC3 Seismic + G.I.
(q = 1.5, Soil Type D)
Notional Load + G.I.
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Over Turning Moment
RC building,
L x W x H =
40m x 40m x 100m / 200m
![Page 85: Design of Slender Tall Buildings for Wind & Earthquake - CEE](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020314/586173f61a28ab0e308b7808/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 250 500 7500
50
100
150
200
250
0 200 400 600 800
heig
ht, m
heig
ht, m
Force (kN)Force (kN)
BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
Notional Load
BC3 Seismic + G.I.
(q = 4.5, Soil Type D)
Notional Load + G.I.
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Force
RC building,
L x W x H =
40m x 40m x 100m / 200m
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1000000 2000000 30000000
50
100
150
200
250
0 200000 400000 600000 800000
heig
ht, m
heig
ht, m
Overturning Mom. (kN-m)Overturning Mom. (kN-m)
BS-6399-2 (ult)
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
Notional Load
BC3 Seismic + G.I.
(q = 4.5, Soil Type D)
Notional Load + G.I.
Comparison of Lateral LoadsUltimate Over Turning Moment
RC building,
L x W x H =
40m x 40m x 100m / 200m
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Cost Comparison of Concrete vs. Composite Tall Building
07
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Source: CTBUH
� 82% of the 100 tallest buildings are either concrete or composite.
Cost Comparison
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Building Description
GFA: 85,000 m2
Height: 130m
No. of Floors: 30
Typ. Floor Height: 4.3m
Typ. Floor Area: 2800 m2
Clear Span: up to 15.5m
Lateral System: Dual System -
RC Core + Frames
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
RC Building RC Building RC Building RC Building –––– Typical ParametersTypical ParametersTypical ParametersTypical Parameters CompositeCompositeCompositeComposite Building Building Building Building ---- Typical ParametersTypical ParametersTypical ParametersTypical Parameters
Long Span PT Band Beam: 2400x 600 Deep Long Span Steel Beams: UB610 x 229 x 92
Short Span PT Band Beam: 2400x 550 Deep Short Span Steel Beams: UB610 x 229 x 113
Edge Beam: 500x600 Deep Edge Steel Beams: UB533 x 210 x 66
PT Slab Thickness: 200 Typical Slab: 130 on Re-Entrant Deck
Primary Core Wall Thickness: 350 Primary Core Wall Thickness: 300
Secondary Core Wall Thickness: 250 Secondary Core Wall Thickness: 250
Columns : 1.0m x 1.0m Columns : 0.8m dia. CHS
Framing Systems Considered
Floor Framing Graphics
9m
15.5m13.5m
12.5m
9m
15.5m13.5m
12.5m
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Design Criteria
Gravity Loading:
Dead Load (DL) : Self-weight of elements
Superimposed Dead Load (SDL) : 1.5 kPa
Live Load (LL) : 3.5 kPa + 1 kPa for Partitions = 4.5 kPa Total
Cladding (SDL) : 1.0 kPa (on elevation)
Lateral Loading:
Wind Speed : 22m/s Mean Hourly, 50-year Return Period
Wind Load Pressure : Max Pressure ~ 1.3 kPa
Seismic : SS-EN 1998-1, BC3, q=1.5, Ground Type D
Deflections and Drift Parameters:
Interior Beams, Live Load : L / 250, 20 mm maximum
Interior Beams, Incremental Deflection : L / 350
Perimeter Beams, Live Load : L /500, 10 mm maximum
Wind Inter-story Drift : H / 500
Floor Vibrations and Acceleration: : Frequency ≥ 4 Hz & / or Acceleration ≤ 0.5%g
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Building Dynamic Properties
T1 = 3.5 s T2 = 3.1 sRC Building
Composite BuildingT1 = 3.2 s T2 = 2.9 s
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Building Performance Comparison
RC Building:
Veq1 = 3.41%*W = 35.9 MN
Veq2 = 3.95%*W = 41.6 MN
Sd (T) = Se (T). γl
q
[γl = 1.0, q=1.5]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Sto
rey
Lateral Storey Forces
Wind–RC/Composite Seismic–RC
Seismic–Composite
Composite Building:
Veq1 = 3.81%*W = 24.9 MN
Veq2 = 4.05%*W = 26.5 MN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-200000 800000 1800000 2800000 3800000
Overturning Moment
Seismic-Composite
Seismic-RC
Wind–RC/Composite
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30
Sto
rey
Inter-storey Drift
Seismic-RC
Seismic–Composite
Wind–Composite
Δ=
h / (
20
0.v
.q)
Δ=
h / 5
00
Wind-RC
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Member Envelope Forces
RC Building
Composite Building
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Costing Assumptions:Pricing information was collated & verified through a combination of local sources (based on 2013 prices)
Baseline Unit Costs (“All-in,” incl. labour)
Concrete Grade (fcu) Cost (S$/m3)
30 $ 155
40 $ 160
50 $ 165
60 $ 170
Rebar Cost (S$/T) $ 1,500
Post-tensioning (S$/T) $ 6,000
Formwork (S$/m2) $ 35
Structural Steel incl. studs (S$/T) $ 5,000
Metal Deck (S$/m2)
1 mm Bondek $ 40
Steel Fireproofing (S$/m2) $ 25
Foundation Costs (S$/ ton / m ) $ 0.60
Material Cost Information Courtesy of :• Langdon & Seah
• Bluescope Lysaght
• Hyundai E&C
• Yongnam
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Building Weight (Normalized; including imposed loads)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
1.00
0.71
No
rma
lize
d B
uil
din
g W
eig
ht
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Concrete Costs (Normalized; excluding rebar & PT)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite
Building
1.0
0.5
No
rma
lize
d C
on
cre
te C
ost
s
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Rebar and Post-tensioning Costs (Normalized)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
1.0
0.3
No
rma
lize
d R
eb
ar
& P
T C
ost
s
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Structural Steel Costs (Normalized; including Decking and FP)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
0.0
2.3N
orm
ali
zed
Ste
el
Co
sts
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Foundation Costs (Normalized)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
1.0
0.7
Fou
nd
ati
on
Co
sts
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Total Structural ‘Material’ Costs (Normalized)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
1.00
1.24N
orm
ali
zed
Str
uct
ura
l Co
sts
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Total Structural ‘Material‘ Costs (Normalized)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
RC Building Composite With Seismic Composite Without Seismic
1.00
1.24 1.30N
orm
ali
zed
Str
uct
ura
l Co
sts
This cost premium is not unique. It will vary based on location, material rates, building type / form and structural design parameters.
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Comparative Case Study of a Typical Tall Building in Singapore
Total Project Construction Costs (Normalized)
-
0
0
1
1
1
1
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
1 1.03
No
rma
lize
d P
roje
ct C
on
stru
ctio
n C
ost
s
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The Big Picture ……..
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Other Costs and Revenues
PROJECT COSTS
GFA = 85,000 sq-mLand Cost = $19,000 per sq-m of GFALegal Fee & Stamp Duty = 4% of land costTotal Project Duration (including Design Period)= 33 monthsProperty Tax = 0.5% x land cost x duration)($)Associated Costs (Prof. & Site Supervision Fee) = ~ 8% of Total Construction CostMarketing & Advertisement = ~ 5% of Total Construction CostGST = 7% of Construction & Associated CostsInterest of Financing Cost for Land = 5% of Land Cost, Legal Fee & Property TaxInterest of Financing During Construction = 5% of Construction & Associated Costs x 0.5
RENTAL RETURN + PRELIMINARIESNet Efficiency= 80%Occupancy Rate= 80%Rental Rate $$/sq-ft/month= $12 per sq-ft per monthPreliminaries / month = 10% of Total Construction Cost
The Big Picture ……..
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The Big Picture ……..
Total Development Construction Costs (Normalized)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
RC Building Steel-Concrete Composite Building
1 1.005
No
rma
lize
d S
tru
ctu
ral C
ost
s
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Total Project Construction / Development Costs (Normalized)
1.03
0.986
0.945
0.904
0.864
1.005
0.996 0.986 0.977 0.967
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
0 1 2 3 4
RC Building
Composite – Adjusted Total Development Cost
Composite –Adjusted Total Construction Cost
Savings in Construction Time (months)
Norm
aliz
ed C
ots
The Big Picture ……..
Construction Time Saving (Months)
No
rmal
ized
Co
st
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� Besides productivity & costs what are the other intangible benefits of utilizing steel?
� Higher quality
� Lesser maintenance
� More functional spaces
� Flexibility to adaptation
� Higher sustainability
� Better performance under seismic actions
Composite Construction Benefits
One Raffles Link
One Raffles Quay
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Concluding Remarks
08
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� Tall buildings present special challenges to design & construction.
� The challenges from wind and seismic loads can be addressed through innovative design concepts.
� Composite buildings offer far higher potential for greater productivity & hence lower costs.
� Moving forward, more complex & taller buildings will be conceived & constructed.
� Structural engineers have the biggest contribution to make in making buildings safe & economical.
In Summary
How will these future tall buildings be designed & constructed?
The choice is yours ………