design of sheet pile walls us army
DESCRIPTION
Sheet Piling Design as per US ArmyTRANSCRIPT
Des
ign
of
Sh
eet
Pil
e W
all
s
Co
urs
e N
o:
G0
5-0
01
Cre
dit
: 5
PD
H
Gil
ber
t G
edeo
n,
P.E
.
Continuin
g E
ducation a
nd D
evelo
pm
ent,
Inc.
9 G
reyridge F
arm
Court
Sto
ny P
oin
t, N
Y 1
0980
P:
(877)
322-5
800
F:
(877)
322-4
774
info
@cedengin
eering.c
om
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ter
zag
hi
19
54
Ter
zag
hi,
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19
54
."A
nch
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Transactions,
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ety
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mm
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A-5
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
MechanicsandFoundationsDivisions,
Am
eric
anS
oci
-
ety
of
Civ
ilE
ng
inee
rs,
Vo
l8
2,
No
.S
M1
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p1
-19
.
Na
tio
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uct
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98
6
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ion
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ore
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sso
ciat
ion
.1
98
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ion
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Des
ign
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ecif
icat
ion
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rW
oo
dC
on
stru
ctio
n,"
Was
hin
gto
n,
DC
.
New
ma
rk1
94
2
New
mar
k,
N.
M.
19
42
."I
nfl
uen
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har
tsfo
rC
om
pu
ta-
tio
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tres
ses
inE
last
icF
ou
nd
atio
ns,
"Universityof
IllinoisEngineeringExperimentStationBulletin
,S
erie
s
No
.3
38
,V
ol
61
,N
o.
92
,U
rban
a,IL
,re
pri
nte
d1
96
4,
pp
28
.
Pec
ka
nd
Ba
zara
a1
96
9
Pec
k,
R.
B.,
and
Baz
araa
,A
.S
.1
96
9.
"Dis
cuss
ion
on
Set
tlem
ent
of
Sp
read
Fo
oti
ng
so
nS
and
,"Journalofthe
SoilMechanicsandFoundationsDivision,
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yo
fC
ivil
En
gin
eers
,V
ol
95
,N
o.
SM
3,
pp
90
5-9
09
.
Pec
k,
Ha
nso
n,
an
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ho
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urn
19
74
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k,
R.
B.,
Han
son
,W
.E
.,an
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ho
rnb
urn
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.H
.
19
74
.FoundationEngineering,
Wil
ey,
NY
.
Po
tyo
nd
y1
96
1
Po
tyo
nd
y,
J.G
.1
96
1.
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inF
rict
ion
Bet
wee
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ario
us
So
ilan
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on
stru
ctio
nM
ater
ials
,"Geotechnique,
Vo
lX
I,
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.4
,p
p3
39
-35
3.
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5
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ecti
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5.
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ecif
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sin
gA
ST
MA
32
5an
d
A4
90
Bo
lts,
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mer
ican
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itu
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teel
Co
nst
ruct
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,
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,C
hic
ago
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.
Ro
ber
tso
na
nd
Ca
mp
an
ella
19
83
Rob
erts
on
,P
.K
.,an
dC
amp
anel
la,
R.
G.
19
83
."I
nte
r-
pre
tati
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ne
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etra
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ests
;P
arts
Ian
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,"
Canadian
Geotechnical
Journal,
Vo
l2
0,
No
.4
,
pp
71
8-7
45
.
Ro
we
19
52
Ro
we,
P.
W.
19
52
."A
nch
ore
dS
hee
t-P
ile
Wal
ls,"Pro-
ceedings,InstitutionofCivilEngineers
,L
on
do
n,
Par
tI,
Vo
l1
,N
o.
57
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,Ja
nu
ary
,p
p2
7-7
0.
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we
19
55
Ro
we,
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W.
19
55
a."A
Th
eore
tica
lan
dE
xp
erim
enta
l
An
aly
sis
of
Sh
eet-
Pil
eW
alls
,"Proceedings,Institution
ofCivilEngineers
,L
on
do
n,
Par
tI,
Vo
l4
,N
o.
59
89
,
Jan
uar
y,
pp
32
-69
.
Ro
we
19
55
Ro
we,
P.
W.
19
55b
."S
hee
t-P
ile
Wal
lsE
nca
stre
atth
e
An
cho
rag
e,"Proceedings,InstitutionofCivilEngineers
,
Lo
nd
on
,P
art
I,V
ol
4,
No
.5
99
0,
Jan
uar
y,
pp
70
-87
.
Ro
we
19
56
Ro
we,
P.
W.
19
56
."S
hee
t-P
ile
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lsat
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,"
Proceedings,InstitutionofCivilEngineers
,L
on
do
n,
Par
tI,
Vo
l5
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o.
61
07
,M
ay,
pp
27
6-3
15
.
Ro
we
19
57
a
Ro
we,
P.
W.
19
57
a."S
hee
t-P
ile
Wal
lsin
Cla
y,"Pro-
ceedings,InstitutionofCivilEngineers
,L
on
do
n,
Vo
l7
,
No
.6
20
1,
July
,p
p6
29
-65
4.
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we
19
57
b
Ro
we,
P.
W.
19
57b
."S
hee
t-P
ile
Wal
lsS
ub
ject
toL
ine
Res
ista
nce
Ab
ov
eth
eA
nch
ora
ge,
"Proceedings,
InstitutionofCivilEngineers
,L
on
do
n,
Vo
l6
,N
o.
62
33
,
Jun
e,p
p6
29
-65
4.
Sch
mer
tma
nn
19
75
Sch
mer
tman
n,
J.H
.1
97
5.
"Mea
sure
men
to
fIn
-Sit
u
Str
eng
th,"ProceedingsoftheConference
onIn-Situ
MeasurementofSoilProperties
,A
mer
ican
So
ciet
yo
f
Civ
ilE
ng
inee
rs,
pp
55
-13
8.
See
d,
Ara
ng
o,
an
dC
ha
n1
97
5
See
d,
H.
B.,
Ara
ng
o,
I.,
and
Ch
an,
C.
K.
19
75
."E
val
-
uat
ion
of
So
ilL
iqu
efac
tio
nP
ote
nti
alD
uri
ng
Ear
thq
uak
es,"ReportNo.EERC75-28,
Ear
thq
uak
e
En
gin
eeri
ng
Res
earc
hC
ente
r,C
oll
ege
of
En
gin
eeri
ng
,
Un
iver
sity
of
Cal
ifo
rnia
,B
erk
eley
,C
A.
Ten
g1
96
2
Ten
g,
W.
C.
19
62
.FoundationDesign,
Pre
nti
ceH
all,
En
gle
wo
od
Cli
ffs,
NJ.
Ter
zag
hi
19
34
Ter
zag
hi,
K.
19
34
."L
arg
eR
etai
nin
gW
all
Tes
ts,"
EngineeringNews-Record
,V
ol
85
,F
ebru
ary
1-
Ap
ril
19
.
Ter
zag
hi
19
43
Ter
zag
hi,
K.
19
43
.TheoreticalSoilMechanics,
Wil
ey,
NY
.
A-4
CE
CW
-ED
Engin
eer
Man
ual
11
10
-2-2
50
4
Dep
artm
ent
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U.S
. A
rmy C
orp
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Was
hin
gto
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C 2
03
14
-10
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EM
11
10
-2-2
50
4
31 M
arch
1994
Engin
eeri
ng a
nd D
esig
n
DE
SIG
N O
F S
HE
ET
PIL
E W
AL
LS
Dis
trib
uti
on
Restr
icti
on
Sta
tem
en
tA
ppro
ved
for
publi
c re
leas
e; d
istr
ibuti
on i
s
unli
mit
ed.
EM1110-2-2504
31March1994
US
Arm
yC
orp
so
fE
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ineers
EN
GIN
EE
RIN
GA
ND
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SIG
N
Desig
no
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heet
Pil
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all
s
EN
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EE
RM
AN
UA
L
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
rT
esti
ng
an
dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
7
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
7.
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ho
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rIn
den
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on
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dn
ess
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Rig
idP
last
icb
y
Mea
ns
of
aB
arco
lIm
pre
sso
r,"
D2
58
3-8
7,1988Annual
BookofASTMStandards,
Vo
l0
8.0
2,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
rT
esti
ng
an
dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
8
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
8.
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pecif
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igh
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Lo
w-A
llo
w
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lum
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anad
ium
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els
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uct
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ual
ity
,"
A5
72
-89
,1988AnnualBookofASTM
Standards,
Vo
l0
1.0
4,
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ilad
elp
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,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
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ate
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ls1
98
9a
Am
eric
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oci
ety
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gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
9a.
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ecif
icat
ion
sfo
rS
teel
Sh
eet
Pil
ing
,"A
32
8-8
9,1988
Annual
Book
of
ASTM
Standards,
Vo
l0
1.0
4,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
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esti
ng
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dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
9b
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
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ater
ials
.1
98
9b
.
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ow
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el
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iles
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Sh
eet
Pil
ing
for
Use
inM
arin
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nv
iro
n-
men
ts,"
A6
90
-89
,1988AnnualBookofASTMStan-
dards,
Vo
l0
1.0
4,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
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esti
ng
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dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
9c
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
9c.
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ecif
icat
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sfo
rS
teel
Sh
eet
Pil
ing
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old
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rmed
,
Lig
ht
Gag
e,"
A8
57
-89
,1988AnnualBookofASTM
Standards,
Vo
l0
1.0
4,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
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esti
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ate
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eric
anS
oci
ety
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tin
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ater
ials
.1
98
9d
.
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ho
dfo
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ensi
leP
rop
erti
eso
fP
last
ics,
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63
8-8
9,
1988AnnualBookofASTM
Standards,
Vo
l0
8.0
1,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
rT
esti
ng
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ate
ria
ls1
99
0
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eric
anS
oci
ety
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tin
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dM
ater
ials
.1
99
0.
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tM
eth
od
sfo
rC
om
pre
ssiv
eP
rop
erti
eso
fR
igid
Pla
stic
,"D
69
5-9
0,1990AnnualBookofASTMStan-
dards,
Vo
l_
__
_,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Ba
gu
elin
,J
ezeq
uel
,a
nd
Sh
ield
s1
97
8
Bag
uel
in,
F.,
Jeze
qu
el,
J.F
.,an
dS
hie
lds,
J.F
.1
97
8.
ThePressuremeterandFoundationEngineering,
Tra
ns-
Tec
hP
ub
lica
tio
ns,
Ro
ckp
ort
,M
A.
Bje
rru
ma
nd
Sim
on
s1
96
0
Bje
rru
m,
L.,
and
Sim
on
s,N
.E
.1
96
0.
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mp
aris
on
of
Sh
ear
Str
eng
thC
har
acte
rist
ics
of
No
rmal
lyC
on
soli
dat
ed
Cla
ys,
"ProceedingsoftheASCEResearchConference
ontheShearStrengthofCohesiveSoils,
Bo
uld
er,
CO
pp
71
1-7
26
.
Bo
wle
s1
98
2
Bo
wle
s,J.
E.
19
82
.FoundationAnalysisandDesign,
3rd
ed.,
McG
raw
-Hil
l,N
ewY
ork
,N
Y.
Clo
ug
ha
nd
Du
nca
n1
97
1
Clo
ug
h,
G.
W.,
and
Du
nca
n,
J.M
.1
97
1.
"Fin
ite
Ele
-
men
tA
nal
yse
so
fR
etai
nin
gW
all
Beh
avio
r,"Journalof
theSoilMechanicsandFoundationsDivision,
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yo
fC
ivil
En
gin
eers
,V
ol
97
,N
o.
SM
12
,
Pro
ceed
ing
sP
aper
No
.8
58
3,
pp
16
57
-16
73
.
Da
s1
98
4
Das
,B
.M
.1
98
4.PrinciplesofFoundationEngineer-
ing
,B
roo
ks/
Co
leE
ng
inee
rin
gD
ivis
ion
,M
on
tere
y,
CA
.
Ga
rdn
er1
97
7
Gar
dn
er,
W.
S.
19
77
."S
oil
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per
tyC
har
acte
riza
tio
n
inG
eo
tec
hn
ica
lE
ng
ine
erin
gP
ra
cti
ce
,"
Geotechnical/EnvironmentalBulletin
,V
ol
X,
No
.2
,
Wo
od
war
dC
lyd
eC
on
sult
ants
,S
anF
ran
cisc
o,
CA
.
Ken
ney
19
59
Ken
ney
,T
.C
.1
95
9.
Dis
cuss
ion
of
"Geo
tech
nic
al
Pro
per
ties
of
Gla
cial
Lak
eC
lay
s,"
by
T.
H.
Wu
,Journal
oftheSoilMechanicsandFoundationsDivision,
Am
eri-
can
So
ciet
yo
fC
ivil
En
gin
eers
,V
ol
85
,N
o.
SM
3,
pp
67
-79
.
La
dd
,F
oo
te,
Ish
iha
ra,
Sch
loss
er,
an
dP
ou
los
19
77
Lad
d,
C.
C.,
Fo
ote
,R
.,Is
hih
ara,
K.,
Sch
loss
er,
F.,
and
Po
ulo
s,H
.G
.1
97
7.
"Str
ess-
Def
orm
atio
nan
dS
tren
gth
Ch
arac
teri
stic
s,"
Sta
te-o
f-th
e-A
rtR
epo
rt,Proceedingsof
theNinthInternationalConferenceonSoilMechanics
andFoundationEngineering,
To
ky
o,
Vo
l2
,p
p4
21
-49
4.
La
mb
ea
nd
Wh
itm
an
19
69
Lam
be,
T.
W.,
and
Wh
itm
an,
R.
V.
19
69
.SoilMe-
chanics,
Wil
ey,
New
Yo
rk,
NY
,p
p5
53
.
Ma
rcu
son
an
dB
ieg
an
ou
sky
19
77
Mar
cuso
n,
W.
F.,
and
Bie
gan
ou
sky
,W
.A
.1
97
7(N
ov
).
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elat
ive
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sity
inC
oar
seS
and
s,"Journalof
theGeotechnicalEngineering
Division,
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yo
fC
ivil
En
gin
eers
,V
ol
10
3,
No
.G
T1
1,
pp
12
95
-13
09
.
Mey
erh
of
19
56
Mey
erh
of,
G.
G.
19
56
."P
enet
rati
on
Tes
tsan
dB
eari
ng
Cap
acit
yo
fC
oh
esio
nle
ssS
oil
s,"JournaloftheSoil
A-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Mo
sher
an
dO
ner
19
89
Mo
sher
,R
eed
,an
dO
ner
,M
ete.
19
89
(Au
g).
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eore
ti-
cal
Man
ual
for
Sh
eet
Pil
eW
alls
,"U
.S.
Arm
yE
ng
inee
r
Wat
erw
ays
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erim
ent
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tio
n,
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ksb
urg
,M
S.
To
rrey
19
88
To
rrey
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I,V
icto
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.1
98
8(J
un
)."R
etro
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ssiv
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ure
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epo
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the
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siss
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iver
,"
Tec
hn
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ort
GL
-88
-9,
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
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er-
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tio
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ksb
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S.
U.S
.A
rmy
Co
rps
of
En
gin
eers
19
88
U.S
.A
rmy
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rps
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En
gin
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.1
98
8(A
pr)
."P
erio
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ecti
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and
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nti
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alu
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no
fC
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ple
ted
Civ
ilW
ork
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res,
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11
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-10
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hin
gto
n,
DC
.
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.A
rmy
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gin
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terw
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xp
erim
ent
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tio
n
19
80
U.S
.A
rmy
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gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n.
19
80
(Au
g).
RockTestingHandbook,Standardand
RecommendedMethods.
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
er-
way
sE
xp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n,
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ksb
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S.
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.A
rmy
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gin
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Wa
terw
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xp
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tio
n
19
84
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n.
19
84
."S
ho
reP
rote
ctio
nM
anu
al,"
Co
asta
lE
ng
inee
rin
g
Res
earc
hC
ente
r,U
.S.
Arm
yE
ng
inee
rW
ater
way
s
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erim
ent
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tio
n,
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ksb
urg
,M
S.
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wa
terw
ay
sE
xp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n
19
90
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n.
19
90
(Feb
)."U
ser’
sG
uid
e:C
om
pu
ter
Pro
gra
mfo
r
Des
ign
and
An
aly
sis
of
Sh
eet
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eW
alls
by
Cla
ssic
al
Met
ho
ds
(CW
AL
SH
T),
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stru
ctio
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epo
rtIT
L-9
0-1
,
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n,
Vic
ksb
urg
,M
S.
Wh
itm
an
an
dL
iao
19
85
Wh
itm
an,
R.
V.,
and
Lia
o,
S.
19
85
(Jan
)."S
eism
ic
Des
ign
of
Gra
vit
yR
etai
nin
gW
alls
,"M
isce
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eou
s
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.S.
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ng
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ater
way
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xp
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men
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tati
on
,V
ick
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rg,
MS
.
SectionII
Oth
erP
ub
lica
tio
ns
All
rela
ted
pub
lica
tio
ns
are
avai
lab
leo
nin
terl
ibra
rylo
an
fro
mth
eR
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rary
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.S.
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TN
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ES
-IM
-
MI-
R,
39
09
Hal
lsF
erry
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ad,
Vic
ksb
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,M
S.
All
en,
Du
nca
n,
an
dS
na
cio
19
88
All
en,
R.
L.,
Du
nca
n,
J.M
.,an
dS
nac
io,
R.
T.
19
88
.
"An
En
gin
eeri
ng
Man
ual
Fo
rS
hee
tP
ile
Wal
ls,"
Dep
artm
ent
of
Civ
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rin
g,
Vir
gin
iaT
ech
,
Bla
cksb
urg
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A.
Th
eA
lum
inu
mA
sso
cia
tio
n1
97
6
Th
eA
lum
inu
mA
sso
ciat
ion
.1
97
6(A
pr)
."S
pec
ific
a-
tio
ns
for
Alu
min
um
Str
uct
ure
s,"
New
Yo
rk,
NY
.
Am
eric
an
Co
ncr
ete
Inst
itu
te1
98
3
Am
eric
anC
on
cret
eIn
stit
ute
.1
98
3.
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ild
ing
Co
de
Req
uir
emen
tsfo
rR
ein
forc
edC
on
cret
e,"
AC
I3
18
-83
,
Det
roit
,M
I.
Am
eric
an
Inst
itu
teo
fS
teel
Co
nst
ruct
ion
19
89
Am
eric
anIn
stit
ute
of
Ste
elC
on
stru
ctio
n.
19
89
.
ManualofSteel
Construction,
"All
ow
able
Str
ess
Des
ign
,"9
thed
.,N
ewY
ork
,N
Y.
Am
eric
an
Na
tio
na
lS
tan
da
rds
Inst
itu
te1
98
2
Am
eric
anN
atio
nal
Sta
nd
ard
sIn
stit
ute
.1
98
2.
"Min
i-
mu
mD
esig
nL
oad
sfo
rB
uil
din
gs
and
Oth
erS
tru
ctu
res,
"
A5
8.1
,A
mer
ican
Nat
ion
alS
tan
dar
ds
Inst
itu
te,
New
Yo
rk,
NY
.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
rT
esti
ng
an
dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
1
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
1.
"Met
ho
dfo
rW
ater
Ab
sorp
tio
no
fP
last
ics,
"D
57
0-8
1,
1988AnnualBookofASTMStandards,
Vo
l0
8.0
1,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
rT
esti
ng
an
dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
4
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
4.
"Met
ho
dfo
rP
enet
rati
on
Tes
tan
dS
pli
t-B
arre
lS
amp
lin
g
of
So
ils,
"D
15
86
-84
,1988AnnualBookofASTMStan-
dards,
Vo
l0
4.0
8,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
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esti
ng
an
dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
6a
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
6a.
"Met
ho
dfo
rD
eep
,Q
uas
i-S
tati
c,C
on
ean
dF
rict
ion
-Co
ne
Pen
etra
tio
nT
ests
of
So
il,"
D3
44
1-7
9-8
6,1988Annual
BookofASTMStandards,
Vo
l0
4.0
8,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
Am
eric
an
So
ciet
yfo
rT
esti
ng
an
dM
ate
ria
ls1
98
6b
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.1
98
6b
.
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ho
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lex
ura
lP
rop
erti
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nre
info
rced
and
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nfo
rced
Pla
stic
san
dE
lect
rica
lIn
sula
tin
gM
ater
ials
,"
D7
90
-86
,1988AnnualBookofASTM
Standards,
Vo
l0
8.0
1,
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
,P
A.
A-2
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
TH
EA
RM
YEM1110-2-2504
U.S
.A
rmy
Co
rps
of
En
gin
eers
CECW-ED
Wash
ing
ton
,D
.C.
20314-1
000
Manual
No.1110-2-2504
31March1994
En
gin
eeri
ng
an
dD
esig
nD
ES
IGN
OF
SH
EE
TP
ILE
WA
LL
S
1.
Pu
rpo
se.
This
man
ual
pro
vid
esin
form
atio
non
foundat
ion
exp
lora
tion
and
test
ing
pro
cedure
s,
anal
ysi
ste
chniq
ues
,al
low
able
crit
eria
,des
ign
pro
cedure
s,an
dco
nst
ruct
ion
consi
der
atio
nfo
rth
ese
lec-
tion,
des
ign,
and
inst
alla
tion
of
shee
tp
ile
wal
ls.
The
guid
ance
isb
ased
on
the
pre
sent
stat
eof
the
tech
nolo
gy
for
shee
tp
ile-
soil
-str
uct
ure
inte
ract
ion
beh
avio
r.T
his
man
ual
pro
vid
esdes
ign
guid
ance
inte
nded
spec
ific
ally
for
the
geo
tech
nic
alan
dst
ruct
ura
len
gin
eer.
Ital
sop
rovid
eses
senti
alin
form
a-
tion
for
oth
ers
inte
rest
edin
shee
tp
ile
wal
lssu
chas
the
const
ruct
ion
engin
eer
inunder
stan
din
gco
n-
stru
ctio
nte
chniq
ues
rela
ted
tosh
eet
pil
ew
all
beh
avio
rduri
ng
inst
alla
tion.
Sin
ceth
eunder
stan
din
gof
the
physi
cal
cause
sof
shee
tp
ile
wal
lb
ehav
ior
isac
tivel
yex
pan
din
gb
yb
ette
rdef
init
ion
thro
ugh
ongoin
gre
sear
ch,
pro
toty
pe,
model
shee
tp
ile
wal
lte
stin
gan
ddev
elop
men
tof
more
refi
ned
anal
yti
cal
model
s,th
ism
anual
isin
tended
top
rovid
eex
amp
les
and
pro
cedure
sof
what
has
bee
np
roven
succ
ess-
ful.
This
isnot
the
last
nor
final
word
on
the
stat
eof
the
art
for
this
tech
nolo
gy.
We
exp
ect,
as
furt
her
pra
ctic
aldes
ign
and
inst
alla
tion
pro
cedure
sar
edev
elop
edfr
om
the
exp
ansi
on
of
this
tech
-
nolo
gy,
that
thes
eup
dat
esw
ill
be
issu
edas
chan
ges
toth
ism
anual
.
2.
Ap
pli
cab
ilit
y.
This
man
ual
app
lies
toal
lH
QU
SA
CE
elem
ents
,m
ajor
sub
ord
inat
eco
mm
ands,
dis
tric
ts,
lab
ora
tori
es,
and
fiel
dop
erat
ing
acti
vit
ies
hav
ing
civil
work
sre
sponsi
bil
itie
s,es
pec
iall
yth
ose
geo
tech
nic
alan
dst
ruct
ura
len
gin
eers
char
ged
wit
hth
ere
sponsi
bil
ity
for
des
ign
and
inst
alla
tion
of
safe
and
econom
ical
shee
tp
ile
wal
lsuse
das
reta
inin
gw
alls
or
floodw
alls
.
FO
RT
HE
CO
MM
AN
DE
R:
WIL
LIA
MD
.B
RO
WN
Colo
nel
,C
orp
sof
Engin
eers
Chie
fof
Sta
ff
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
TH
EA
RM
YEM1110-2-2504
U.S
.A
RM
YC
OR
PS
OF
EN
GIN
EE
RS
CECW-ED
Wash
ing
ton
,D
.C.
20314-1
000
Manual
31March1994
No.1110-2-2504
En
gin
eeri
ng
an
dD
esig
nD
ES
IGN
OF
SH
EE
TP
ILE
WA
LL
S
Tab
leo
fC
on
ten
ts
Su
bje
ct
Para
gra
ph
Pag
e
Ch
ap
ter
1
Intr
od
ucti
on
Pu
rpo
se.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
-11
-1
Ap
pli
cab
ilit
y.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1-2
1-1
Ref
eren
ces,
Bib
lio
gra
ph
ical
and
Rel
ated
Mat
eria
l.
..
..
..
..
..
.1
-31
-1
Sco
pe
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1-4
1-1
Def
init
ion
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
-51
-1
Ch
ap
ter
2
Gen
era
lC
on
sid
era
tio
ns
Co
ord
inat
ion
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.2
-12
-1
Ali
gn
men
tS
elec
tio
n.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.2
-22
-1
Geo
tech
nic
alC
on
sid
erat
ion
s.
..
..
..
.2
-32
-2
Str
uct
ura
lC
on
sid
erat
ion
s.
..
..
..
..
.2
-42
-2
Co
nst
ruct
ion
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.2
-52
-3
Po
stco
nst
ruct
ion
Arc
hit
ectu
ral
Tre
atm
ent
and
Lan
dsc
apin
g.
..
..
..
2-6
2-8
Ch
ap
ter
3
Geo
tech
nic
al
Investi
gati
on
Pla
nn
ing
the
Inv
esti
gat
ion
..
..
..
..
..
3-1
3-1
Sub
surf
ace
Exp
lora
tio
nan
dS
ite
Ch
arac
teri
zati
on
..
..
..
..
..
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3-2
3-1
Tes
tin
go
fF
ou
nd
atio
n
Mat
eria
ls.
..
..
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..
..
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.3
-33
-1
InS
itu
Tes
tin
go
fF
ou
nd
atio
n
Mat
eria
ls.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.3
-43
-5
Des
ign
Str
eng
thS
elec
tio
n.
..
..
..
..
.3
-53
-8
Ch
ap
ter
4
Syste
mL
oad
sG
ener
al.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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4-1
4-1
Su
bje
ct
Para
gra
ph
Pag
e
Ear
thP
ress
ure
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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4-2
4-1
Ear
thP
ress
ure
Cal
cula
tio
ns
..
..
..
..
.4
-34
-3
Su
rch
arg
eL
oad
s.
..
..
..
..
..
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-44
-5
Wat
erL
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..
..
..
..
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..
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4-5
4-6
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dit
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..
..
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4-6
Ch
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5
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..
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-15
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Des
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for
Ro
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tab
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Ch
ap
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6
Str
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Def
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..
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-26
-1
Des
ign
of
Sh
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Pil
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..
..
..
..
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6-3
6-1
Ch
ap
ter
7
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tru
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tera
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Intr
od
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..
..
..
..
..
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..
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.7
-17
-1
So
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tru
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Met
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..
..
..
..
..
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Pre
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form
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..
..
..
..
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7-3
7-1
SS
IM
od
el.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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.7
-47
-1
No
nli
nea
rS
oil
Sp
rin
gs
..
..
..
..
..
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7-5
7-1
No
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..
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..
.7
-77
-4
Ch
ap
ter
8
En
gin
eeri
ng
Co
nsid
era
tio
ns
for
Co
nstr
ucti
on
Gen
eral
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.8
-18
-1
Sit
eC
on
dit
ion
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
8-2
8-1
i
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ap
pen
dix
AR
efe
ren
ces
A-1
.R
eq
uir
ed
Pu
bli
cati
on
s
TM
3-3
57
Un
ifie
dS
oil
Cla
ssif
icat
ion
Sy
stem
TM
5-8
49
-1
Dri
vin
gE
qu
ipm
ent
EM
38
5-1
-1
Saf
ety
and
Hea
lth
Req
uir
emen
tsM
anu
al
EM
11
10
-1-1
80
4
Geo
tech
nic
alIn
ves
tig
atio
ns
EM
11
10
-1-2
00
9
Arc
hit
ectu
ral
Co
ncr
ete
EM
11
10
-2-3
01
Gu
idel
ines
for
Lan
dsc
ape
Pla
nti
ng
atF
loo
dW
alls
,
Lev
ees,
and
Em
ban
km
ent
Dam
s
EM
11
10
-2-1
61
2
Ice
En
gin
eeri
ng
EM
11
10
-2-1
90
1
See
pag
eA
nal
ysi
san
dC
on
tro
lfo
rD
ams
EM
11
10
-2-1
90
2
Sta
bil
ity
of
Ear
than
dR
ock
-Fil
lD
ams
EM
11
10
-2-1
90
6
Lab
ora
tory
So
ils
Tes
tin
g
EM
11
10
-2-1
90
7
So
ilS
amp
lin
g
EM
11
10
-2-1
91
3
Des
ign
and
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
Lev
ees
EM
11
10
-2-2
10
2
Wat
erst
op
san
dO
ther
Join
tM
ater
ials
EM
11
10
-2-2
10
4
Str
eng
thD
esig
nfo
rR
ein
forc
ed-C
on
cret
eH
yd
rau
lic
Str
uct
ure
s
EM
11
10
-2-2
50
2
Ret
ain
ing
and
Flo
od
Wal
ls
EM
11
10
-2-2
90
6
Des
ign
of
Pil
eF
ou
nd
atio
ns
EM
11
10
-2-3
40
0
Pai
nti
ng
:N
ewC
on
stru
ctio
nan
dM
ain
ten
ance
A-2
.R
ela
ted
Pu
bli
cati
on
s
SectionI
Co
rps
of
En
gin
eers
Pu
bli
cati
on
s
All
rela
ted
pub
lica
tio
ns
are
avai
lab
leo
nin
terl
ibra
rylo
an
fro
mth
eR
esea
rch
Lib
rary
,U
SA
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n,
AT
TN
:C
EW
ES
-IM
-
MI-
R,
39
09
Hal
lsF
erry
Ro
ad,
Vic
ksb
urg
,M
S
39
18
0-6
19
9.
Da
wk
ins
19
82
Daw
kin
s,W
illi
amP
.1
98
2(F
eb).
"So
ilS
tru
ctu
reIn
ter-
acti
on
An
aly
sis
of
Sh
eet
Pil
eR
etai
nin
gW
alls
(CS
HT
SS
I),"
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
eri-
men
tS
tati
on
,V
ick
sbu
rg,
MS
.
Da
wk
ins
19
91
Daw
kin
s,W
illi
amP
.1
99
1(O
ct).
"Des
ign
/An
aly
sis
of
Sh
eet
Pil
eW
alls
by
Cla
ssic
alM
eth
od
-C
WA
LS
HT
,"
Inst
ruct
ion
Rep
ort
ITL
-91
-1,
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n,
Vic
ksb
urg
,M
S.
Da
wk
ins
19
92
Daw
kin
s,W
illi
amP
.1
99
2(A
ug
)."U
ser’
sG
uid
e:
Co
mp
ute
rP
rog
ram
for
Win
kle
rS
oil
-Str
uct
ure
Inte
rac-
tio
nA
nal
ysi
so
fS
hee
tP
ile
Wal
ls(C
WA
LS
SI)
,"
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n,
Vic
ksb
urg
,M
S.
Eb
elin
ga
nd
Mo
rris
on
19
92
Eb
elin
g,
R.
M.,
and
Mo
rris
on
,E
.E
.1
99
2(N
ov
)."T
he
Sei
smic
Des
ign
of
Wat
erfr
on
tR
etai
nin
gS
tru
ctu
res,
"
Tec
hn
ical
Rep
ort
ITL
-92
-11
,U
.S.
Arm
yE
ng
inee
r
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n,
Vic
ksb
urg
,M
S.
Ma
nso
n1
97
8
Man
son
,L
eon
ard
H.
19
78
."C
anti
lev
erR
etai
nin
gW
all
Des
ign
and
An
aly
sis
-C
AN
WA
L,"
U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n,
Vic
ksb
urg
,M
S.
A-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
usu
ally
arc
or
spo
tw
eld
edto
the
stru
ctu
ral
mem
ber
.
Th
esu
cces
so
fth
ese
gau
ges
dep
end
sh
igh
lyo
nsu
rfac
e
pre
par
atio
n,
bo
nd
ing
,an
dw
ater
pro
ofi
ng
.F
ield
test
s
hav
esh
ow
nth
atth
ese
gau
ges
,w
hen
pro
per
lyin
stal
led
and
pro
tect
ed,
wil
lsu
rviv
ep
ile
dri
vin
g.
c.Datacollectionandpresentation.
Init
ial
read
ing
s
sho
uld
be
mad
eo
nal
lin
stru
men
tati
on
sub
seq
uen
tto
inst
alla
tio
n,
soth
atan
init
ial
dat
ab
ase
ises
tab
lish
ed.
Th
ep
erso
nco
llec
tin
gth
ed
ata
sho
uld
be
exp
erie
nce
d
wit
hth
ein
stru
men
tati
on
dev
ices
inu
se.
Th
efr
equ
ency
of
dat
aco
llec
tio
nsh
ou
ldd
epen
do
nan
esta
bli
shed
mo
nit
ori
ng
sch
edu
lean
dsh
ou
ldes
cala
ted
uri
ng
crit
ical
load
ing
con
dit
ion
so
rin
crea
sed
wal
ld
efle
ctio
ns.
Pro
-
file
san
dal
ign
men
tsar
ety
pic
ally
coll
ecte
do
na
yea
rly
bas
is,
wh
ile
elec
tro
nic
dev
ices
sho
uld
be
read
mo
re
freq
uen
tly
.W
eath
erco
nd
itio
ns
and
any
app
aren
td
efo
r-
mit
ies
atth
esi
tesh
ou
ldb
ere
cord
ed.
Dat
ash
ou
ldb
e
pro
cess
edan
dev
alu
ated
by
qu
alif
ied
per
son
nel
and
rev
iew
edb
yh
igh
erau
tho
rity
.D
ata
sho
uld
be
dis
pla
yed
gra
ph
ical
lyso
that
var
iou
sre
lati
on
san
dtr
end
sca
nb
e
read
ily
seen
.
9-9
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Su
bje
ct
Para
gra
ph
Pag
e
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Seq
uen
ce.
..
..
..
..
..
.8
-38
-1
Ear
thw
ork
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.8
-48
-1
Eq
uip
men
tan
dA
cces
sori
es.
..
..
..
..
8-5
8-1
Sto
rag
ean
dH
and
lin
g.
..
..
..
..
..
..
8-6
8-2
Met
ho
ds
of
Inst
alla
tio
n.
..
..
..
..
..
.8
-78
-2
Dri
vea
bil
ity
of
Sh
eet
Pil
ing
..
..
..
..
.8
-88
-2
To
lera
nce
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.8
-98
-3
An
cho
rs.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.8
-10
8-3
Ch
ap
ter
9
Sp
ecia
lD
esig
nC
on
sid
era
tio
ns
I-W
alls
of
Var
yin
gT
hic
kn
ess
..
..
..
.9
-19
-1
Su
bje
ct
Para
gra
ph
Pag
e
Co
rro
sio
n.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9-2
9-1
Liq
uef
acti
on
Po
ten
tial
Du
rin
g
Dri
vin
g.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9-3
9-1
Set
tlem
ent
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.9
-49
-2
Tra
nsi
tio
nS
ecti
on
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9-5
9-3
Uti
lity
Cro
ssin
gs
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9-6
9-8
Per
iod
icIn
spec
tio
ns
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9-7
9-8
Mai
nte
nan
cean
dR
ehab
ilit
atio
n.
..
..
.9
-89
-8
Inst
rum
enta
tio
n.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9-9
9-8
Ap
pen
dix
A
Refe
ren
ces
ii
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
1In
tro
du
cti
on
1-1
.P
urp
ose
Th
ep
urp
ose
of
this
man
ual
isto
pro
vid
eg
uid
ance
for
the
safe
des
ign
and
eco
no
mic
alco
nst
ruct
ion
of
shee
t
pil
ere
tain
ing
wal
lsan
dfl
oo
dw
alls
.T
his
man
ual
do
es
no
tp
roh
ibit
the
use
of
oth
erm
eth
od
so
fan
aly
sis
that
mai
nta
inth
esa
me
deg
ree
of
safe
tyan
dec
on
om
yas
stru
ctu
res
des
ign
edb
yth
em
eth
od
so
utl
ined
her
ein
.
1-2
.A
pp
licab
ilit
y
Th
ism
anu
alap
pli
esto
all
HQ
US
AC
Eel
emen
ts,
maj
or
sub
ord
inat
eco
mm
and
s,d
istr
icts
,la
bo
rato
ries
,an
dfi
eld
op
erat
ing
acti
vit
ies
(FO
A)
hav
ing
civ
ilw
ork
s
resp
on
sib
ilit
ies.
1-3
.R
efe
ren
ces,
Bib
lio
gra
ph
ical
an
dR
ela
ted
Mate
rial
a.
Ref
eren
ces
per
tain
ing
toth
ism
anu
alar
eli
sted
in
Ap
pen
dix
A.
Ad
dit
ion
alre
fere
nce
mat
eria
lsp
erta
inin
g
toth
esu
bje
ctm
atte
rad
dre
ssed
inth
ism
anu
alar
eal
so
incl
ud
edin
Ap
pen
dix
A.
b.
Sev
eral
com
pu
ter
pro
gra
ms
are
avai
lab
leto
assi
st
inap
ply
ing
som
eo
fth
ean
aly
tica
lfu
nct
ion
sd
escr
ibed
in
this
man
ual
.
(1)
CW
AL
SH
T-
Per
form
sm
any
of
the
clas
sica
l
des
ign
and
anal
ysi
ste
chn
iqu
esfo
rd
eter
min
ing
req
uir
ed
dep
tho
fp
enet
rati
on
and
/or
fact
or
of
safe
tyan
din
clu
des
app
lica
tio
no
fR
ow
e’s
Mo
men
tR
edu
ctio
nfo
ran
cho
red
wal
ls.
(CO
RP
SP
rog
ram
X0
03
1)
(2)
CW
AL
SS
I-
Per
form
sso
il-s
tru
ctu
rein
tera
ctio
n
anal
ysi
so
fca
nti
lev
ero
ran
cho
red
wal
ls(D
awk
ins
19
92
).
1-4
.S
co
pe
Des
ign
gu
idan
cep
rov
ided
her
ein
isin
ten
ded
toap
ply
to
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
so
ftr
adit
ion
alh
eig
hts
and
con
fig
ura
-
tio
ns
inan
esse
nti
ally
stat
iclo
adin
gen
vir
on
men
t.
Wh
ere
asy
stem
isli
kel
yto
be
req
uir
edto
wit
hst
and
the
effe
cts
of
anea
rth
qu
ake
asa
par
to
fit
sd
esig
nfu
nct
ion
,
the
des
ign
sho
uld
foll
ow
the
pro
cess
esan
dco
nfo
rmto
the
req
uir
emen
tso
f"A
Man
ual
for
Sei
smic
Des
ign
of
Wat
erfr
on
tR
etai
nin
gS
tru
ctu
res"
(U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n(U
SA
EW
ES
)in
pre
par
atio
n).
1-5
.D
efi
nit
ion
s
Th
efo
llo
win
gte
rms
and
def
init
ion
sar
eu
sed
her
ein
.
a.Sheetpilewall
:A
row
of
inte
rlo
ckin
g,
ver
tica
l
pil
ese
gm
ents
dri
ven
tofo
rman
esse
nti
ally
stra
igh
tw
all
wh
ose
pla
nd
imen
sio
nis
suff
icie
ntl
yla
rge
that
its
beh
avio
rm
ayb
eb
ased
on
aty
pic
alu
nit
(usu
ally
1fo
ot)
ver
tica
lsl
ice.
b.Cantileverwall
:A
shee
tp
ile
wal
lw
hic
hd
eriv
es
its
sup
po
rtso
lely
thro
ug
hin
tera
ctio
nw
ith
the
surr
ou
nd
-
ing
soil
.
c.Anchoredwall
:A
shee
tp
ile
wal
lw
hic
hd
eriv
es
its
sup
po
rtfr
om
aco
mb
inat
ion
of
inte
ract
ion
wit
hth
e
surr
ou
nd
ing
soil
and
on
e(o
rm
ore
)m
ech
anic
ald
evic
es
wh
ich
inh
ibit
mo
tio
nat
anis
ola
ted
po
int(
s).
Th
ed
esig
n
pro
ced
ure
sd
escr
ibed
inth
ism
anu
alar
eli
mit
edto
a
sin
gle
lev
elo
fan
cho
rag
e.
d.Retainingwall
:A
shee
tp
ile
wal
l(c
anti
lev
ero
r
anch
ore
d)
wh
ich
sust
ain
sa
dif
fere
nce
inso
ilsu
rfac
e
elev
atio
nfr
om
on
esi
de
toth
eo
ther
.T
he
chan
ge
inso
il
surf
ace
elev
atio
ns
may
be
pro
du
ced
by
exca
vat
ion
,
dre
dg
ing
,b
ack
fill
ing
,o
ra
com
bin
atio
n.
e.Floodwall
:A
can
tile
ver
edsh
eet
pil
ew
all
wh
ose
pri
mar
yfu
nct
ion
isto
sust
ain
ad
iffe
ren
cein
wat
er
elev
atio
nfr
om
on
esi
de
toth
eo
ther
.In
con
cep
t,a
flo
od
wal
lis
the
sam
eas
aca
nti
lev
ered
reta
inin
gw
all.
Ash
eet
pil
ew
all
may
be
afl
oo
dw
all
ino
ne
load
ing
con
dit
ion
and
are
tain
ing
wal
lin
ano
ther
.
f.I-wall
:A
spec
ial
case
of
aca
nti
lev
ered
wal
lco
n-
sist
ing
of
shee
tp
ilin
gin
the
emb
edd
edd
epth
and
a
mo
no
lith
icco
ncr
ete
wal
lin
the
exp
ose
dh
eig
ht.
g.Dredgeside:
Ag
ener
icte
rmre
ferr
ing
toth
esi
de
of
are
tain
ing
wal
lw
ith
the
low
erso
ilsu
rfac
eel
evat
ion
or
toth
esi
de
of
afl
oo
dw
all
wit
hth
elo
wer
wat
er
elev
atio
n.
h.Retainedside:
Ag
ener
icte
rmre
ferr
ing
toth
e
sid
eo
fa
reta
inin
gw
all
wit
hth
eh
igh
erso
ilsu
rfac
e
elev
atio
no
rto
the
sid
eo
fa
flo
od
wal
lw
ith
the
hig
her
wat
erel
evat
ion
.
1-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
9-6
.U
tili
tyC
rossin
gs
Wh
enit
isn
eces
sary
for
anu
nd
erg
rou
nd
uti
lity
top
ene-
trat
ea
shee
tp
ile
wal
l,a
slee
ve
mu
stb
ep
rov
ided
to
per
mit
rela
tiv
em
oti
on
atth
ecr
oss
ing
.T
yp
ical
ly,
the
uti
lity
lin
eis
cut
and
reco
nn
ecte
do
nei
ther
sid
eo
fth
e
slee
ve.
Th
esl
eev
eis
then
pac
ked
wit
ha
pla
stic
seal
ant
and
cov
ered
wit
ha
wat
erti
gh
tru
bb
erb
oo
t.If
con
di-
tio
ns
per
mit
,an
alte
rnat
ive
met
ho
do
fp
assi
ng
au
tili
ty
lin
eth
rou
gh
the
shee
tp
ile
can
be
acco
mp
lish
edw
ith
ou
t
cutt
ing
.T
his
met
ho
dco
nsi
sts
of
late
rall
yd
isp
laci
ng
the
uti
lity
lin
e,d
riv
ing
the
shee
tp
ilin
g,
no
tch
ing
the
shee
t
pil
ing
,an
din
stal
lin
gth
esl
eev
ein
hal
ves
.S
eeF
ig-
ure
9-3
for
typ
ical
uti
lity
cro
ssin
gd
etai
ls.
9-7
.P
eri
od
icIn
sp
ecti
on
s
Str
uct
ure
ssh
ou
ldb
ein
spec
ted
per
iod
ical
lyto
ensu
re
stru
ctu
ral
inte
gri
tyan
dto
iden
tify
mai
nte
nan
cen
eed
s.
Met
ho
ds
of
insp
ecti
on
usu
ally
incl
ud
ev
isu
alin
spec
tio
n,
mag
net
icp
arti
cle
insp
ecti
on
,u
ltra
son
icin
spec
tio
n,
rad
iog
rap
hy
,an
din
som
eca
ses
no
nd
estr
uct
ive
test
ing
.
Typ
ical
lysh
eet
pil
est
ruct
ure
sar
ev
isu
ally
insp
ecte
d,
rely
ing
hea
vil
yo
nth
ein
spec
tor’
sex
per
ien
cean
dk
no
w-
led
ge.
Ult
raso
nic
mea
sure
men
tsh
ave
bee
nu
sed
to
det
erm
ine
the
rem
ain
ing
thic
kn
ess
of
stee
lsh
eet
pil
ing
.
Info
rmat
ion
con
cern
ing
freq
uen
cyan
dm
ann
ero
f
con
du
ctin
gp
erio
dic
insp
ecti
on
sis
con
tain
edin
ER
11
10
-2-1
00
.
9-8
.M
ain
ten
an
ce
an
dR
eh
ab
ilit
ati
on
Tim
ber
ssh
ow
ing
evid
ence
of
dec
ayo
rst
eel
pil
ing
sig
-
nif
ican
tly
wea
ken
edb
yco
rro
sio
nm
ayre
qu
ire
rep
lace
-
men
t.C
on
cret
eca
pp
ing
sho
uld
be
insp
ecte
dfo
r
crac
kin
gan
dse
aled
asn
eed
edto
pre
ven
tin
tru
sio
no
f
fore
ign
mat
eria
ls.
Sco
ur
pro
ble
ms
sho
uld
be
mo
nit
ore
d
and
corr
ecte
dif
the
stab
ilit
yo
fa
ver
tica
lsh
eet
pil
ew
all
isaf
fect
ed.
Str
uct
ure
sth
ath
ave
sust
ain
edm
ajo
rd
am-
age
fro
mst
orm
so
rh
ave
det
erio
rate
dto
ap
oin
tat
wh
ich
no
rmal
mai
nte
nan
ceis
imp
ract
ical
may
req
uir
eto
tal
reh
abil
itat
ion
.A
tth
isti
me
con
sid
erat
ion
sho
uld
be
giv
ento
alte
rnat
ive
typ
eso
fst
ruct
ure
s,su
chas
rep
laci
ng
tim
ber
wit
hst
eel.
9-9
.In
str
um
en
tati
on
a.General.
Inst
rum
enta
tio
nis
usu
ally
req
uir
edto
mo
nit
or
the
per
form
ance
of
ash
eet
pil
est
ruct
ure
eith
er
du
rin
go
raf
ter
con
stru
ctio
n.
Mea
sure
men
tso
fm
ov
e-
men
tsan
dp
ress
ure
sfu
rnis
hv
alu
able
info
rmat
ion
for
use
inv
erif
yin
gd
esig
nas
sum
pti
on
s.M
ost
imp
ort
antl
y,
the
dat
am
ayfo
rew
arn
of
ap
ote
nti
ally
dan
ger
ou
ssi
tuat
ion
that
cou
ldaf
fect
the
stab
ilit
yo
fth
est
ruct
ure
.W
hen
a
shee
tp
ile
wal
lis
con
stru
cted
on
soft
or
div
erse
ly
bed
ded
soil
,in
area
so
fh
igh
or
flu
ctu
atin
gw
ater
tab
les,
or
isfr
equ
entl
ysu
bje
cted
toit
sm
axim
um
load
ing
con
di-
tio
n,
inst
rum
enta
tio
nis
cert
ain
lyw
arra
nte
d.
b.Typesofinstruments.
Th
ek
ind
of
inst
rum
ents
sele
cted
sho
uld
dep
end
on
site
con
dit
ion
s,ty
pe
of
dat
a
req
uir
ed,
reli
abil
ity
,d
ura
bil
ity
,an
dea
seo
fco
nst
ruct
ion
.
(1)
Pie
zom
eter
s.A
pie
zom
eter
isan
inst
rum
ent
mai
nly
use
dfo
rm
on
ito
rin
gp
ore
wat
erp
ress
ure
sin
fou
nd
atio
nan
db
ack
fill
mat
eria
ls.
Th
em
ost
com
mo
n
typ
eis
the
op
entu
be
or
op
enst
and
pip
ep
iezo
met
er,
off
erin
gb
oth
sim
pli
city
and
reli
abil
ity
.P
ore
pre
ssu
re
dat
aca
nb
eu
sed
inan
effe
ctiv
est
ress
anal
ysi
s,w
hic
h
can
ind
icat
ea
stat
eo
fim
pen
din
gfa
ilu
ren
ot
app
aren
t
fro
ma
tota
lst
ress
(Q)
anal
ysi
s.A
lso
fro
mth
ese
pie
zo-
met
ers
ag
ener
alfo
un
dat
ion
zon
ep
erm
eab
ilit
yca
nb
e
esti
mat
edfo
ru
sein
seep
age
anal
yse
s.P
iezo
met
ers
atta
ched
toth
esh
eet
pil
ep
rio
rto
inst
alla
tio
nsh
ou
ldb
e
pro
tect
edfr
om
po
ssib
led
amag
ed
uri
ng
dri
vin
g.
Inst
all-
ing
pie
zom
eter
s,af
ter
dri
vin
go
rb
ack
fill
ing
the
shee
t
pil
e,b
eco
mes
mo
red
iffi
cult
.
(2)
Incl
ino
met
ers.
Incl
ino
met
ers
are
gen
eral
lyu
sed
for
mea
suri
ng
late
ral
dis
pla
cem
ent
of
fou
nd
atio
ns
and
emb
ank
men
tsb
ut
can
be
use
dto
mo
nit
or
ho
rizo
nta
l
mo
vem
ents
insh
eet
pil
ew
alls
.T
he
mo
reco
mm
on
typ
esem
plo
ya
casi
ng
of
eith
erp
last
ic,
alu
min
um
,o
r
stee
lin
stal
led
ina
ver
tica
lb
ore
ho
leo
rse
cure
ly
atta
ched
toth
esu
rfac
eo
fa
shee
tp
ile.
No
rmal
ly,
the
low
eren
do
fth
ein
clin
om
eter
casi
ng
isan
cho
red
firm
ly
inro
ckto
pre
ven
tm
ov
emen
tat
this
end
,th
us
serv
ing
as
are
fere
nce
po
int.
Ifa
rock
anch
or
isn
ot
avai
lab
le,
the
low
eren
dsh
ou
ldp
enet
rate
am
inim
um
of
15
feet
inso
il
that
wil
ln
ot
exp
erie
nce
mo
vem
ent.
Incl
ino
met
ers
atta
ched
tosh
eet
pil
esar
eli
mit
edto
the
len
gth
of
the
pil
eif
they
are
tosu
rviv
ed
riv
ing
.T
his
lim
itat
ion
do
es
no
tp
erm
itd
ata
coll
ecti
on
for
mo
vem
ents
occ
urr
ing
bel
ow
the
tip
.F
or
thes
eca
ses
anad
dit
ion
al
incl
ino
met
er,
wh
ich
pen
etra
tes
into
an
on
mo
vin
gd
eep
form
atio
n,
may
be
war
ran
ted
.
(3)
Str
ain
gau
ges
.T
he
mo
stco
mm
on
stra
ing
aug
es
use
dfo
rm
on
ito
rin
gsh
eet
pil
est
ruct
ure
sar
eo
fth
e
elec
tric
alre
sist
ance
and
vib
rati
ng
wir
ety
pe.
Th
ese
gau
ges
are
des
ign
edto
mea
sure
min
ute
chan
ges
ina
stru
ctu
ral
dim
ensi
on
,w
hic
hca
nth
enb
eco
nv
erte
dto
a
stre
ss,
load
,o
rb
end
ing
mo
men
t.T
he
elec
tric
al
resi
stan
cest
rain
gau
ges
are
mad
eso
that
they
can
be
easi
lyat
tach
edto
asu
rfac
eb
ym
ean
so
fan
epo
xy
adh
e-
siv
eo
rb
yw
eld
ing
.T
he
vib
rati
ng
wir
est
rain
gau
ge
is
9-8
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
9-3
.(S
heet
4o
f4)
9-7
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
i.Dredgeline:
Ag
ener
icte
rmap
pli
edto
the
soil
surf
ace
on
the
dre
dg
esi
de
of
are
tain
ing
or
flo
od
wal
l.
j.Wallheight:
Th
ele
ng
tho
fth
esh
eet
pil
ing
abo
ve
the
dre
dg
eli
ne.
k.Backfill
:A
gen
eric
term
app
lied
toth
em
ater
ial
on
the
reta
ined
sid
eo
fth
ew
all.
l.Foundation:
Ag
ener
icte
rmap
pli
edto
the
soil
on
eith
ersi
de
of
the
wal
lb
elo
wth
eel
evat
ion
of
the
dre
dg
eli
ne.
m.Anchorage:
Am
ech
anic
alas
sem
bla
ge
con
sist
ing
of
wal
es,
tie
rod
s,an
dan
cho
rsw
hic
hsu
pp
lem
ent
soil
sup
po
rtfo
ran
anch
ore
dw
all.
(1)
Sin
gle
anch
ore
dw
all:
An
cho
rsar
eat
tach
edto
the
wal
lat
on
lyo
ne
elev
atio
n.
(2)
Mu
ltip
lean
cho
red
wal
l:A
nch
ors
are
atta
ched
toth
ew
all
atm
ore
than
on
eel
evat
ion
.
n.Anchorforce:
Th
ere
acti
on
forc
e(u
sual
ly
exp
ress
edp
erfo
ot
of
wal
l)w
hic
hth
ean
cho
rm
ust
pro
vid
eto
the
wal
l.
o.Anchor:
Ad
evic
eo
rst
ruct
ure
wh
ich
,b
y
inte
ract
ing
wit
hth
eso
ilo
rro
ck,
gen
erat
esth
ere
qu
ired
anch
or
forc
e.
p.Tierods:
Par
alle
lb
ars
or
ten
do
ns
wh
ich
tran
sfer
the
anch
or
forc
efr
om
the
anch
or
toth
ew
ales
.
q.Wales:
Ho
rizo
nta
lb
eam
(s)
atta
ched
toth
ew
all
to
tran
sfer
the
anch
or
forc
efr
om
the
tie
rod
sto
the
shee
t
pil
ing
.
r.Passivepressure
:T
he
lim
itin
gp
ress
ure
bet
wee
n
the
wal
lan
dso
ilp
rod
uce
dw
hen
the
rela
tiv
ew
all/
soil
mo
tio
nte
nd
sto
com
pre
ssth
eso
ilh
ori
zon
tall
y.
s.Activepressure
:T
he
lim
itin
gp
ress
ure
bet
wee
n
the
wal
lan
dso
ilp
rod
uce
dw
hen
the
rela
tiv
ew
all/
soil
mo
tio
nte
nd
sto
allo
wth
eso
ilto
exp
and
ho
rizo
nta
lly
.
t.At-restpressure
:T
he
ho
rizo
nta
lin
situ
eart
h
pre
ssu
rew
hen
no
ho
rizo
nta
ld
efo
rmat
ion
of
the
soil
occ
urs
.
u.Penetration:
Th
ed
epth
tow
hic
hth
esh
eet
pil
ing
isd
riv
enb
elo
wth
ed
red
ge
lin
e.
v.Classicaldesignprocedures:
Ap
roce
ssfo
rev
al-
uat
ing
the
soil
pre
ssu
res,
req
uir
edp
enet
rati
on
,an
d
des
ign
forc
esfo
rca
nti
lev
ero
rsi
ng
lean
cho
red
wal
ls
assu
min
gli
mit
ing
stat
esin
the
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
.
w.Factorofsafety
:
(1)
Fac
tor
of
safe
tyfo
rro
tati
on
alfa
ilu
reo
fth
een
tire
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
(mas
so
ver
turn
ing
)is
the
rati
oo
f
avai
lab
lere
sist
ing
effo
rtto
dri
vin
gef
fort
.
(2)
Fac
tor
of
safe
ty(s
tren
gth
red
uct
ion
fact
or)
ap-
pli
edto
soil
stre
ng
thp
aram
eter
sfo
ras
sess
ing
lim
itin
g
soil
pre
ssu
res
inC
lass
ical
Des
ign
Pro
ced
ure
s.
(3)
Str
uct
ura
lm
ater
ial
fact
or
of
safe
tyis
the
rati
oo
f
lim
itin
gst
ress
(usu
ally
yie
ldst
ress
)fo
rth
em
ater
ial
to
the
calc
ula
ted
stre
ss.
x.Soil-structureinteraction:
Ap
roce
ssfo
ran
aly
z-
ing
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
sin
wh
ich
com
pat
ibil
ity
of
soil
pre
ssu
res
and
stru
ctu
ral
dis
pla
cem
ents
are
enfo
rced
.
1-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
2G
en
era
lC
on
sid
era
tio
ns
2-1
.C
oo
rdin
ati
on
Th
eco
ord
inat
ion
effo
rtre
qu
ired
for
des
ign
and
con
-
stru
ctio
no
fa
shee
tp
ile
wal
lis
dep
end
ent
on
the
typ
e
and
loca
tio
no
fth
ep
roje
ct.
Co
ord
inat
ion
and
coop
era-
tio
nam
on
gh
yd
rau
lic,
geo
tech
nic
al,
and
stru
ctu
ral
eng
inee
rsm
ust
be
con
tin
uo
us
fro
mth
ein
cep
tio
no
fth
e
pro
ject
tofi
nal
pla
cem
ent
inop
erat
ion
.A
tth
eb
egin
-
nin
g,
thes
een
gin
eeri
ng
dis
cip
lin
esm
ust
con
sid
eral
ter-
nat
ive
wal
lty
pes
and
alig
nm
ents
toid
enti
fyre
ales
tate
req
uir
emen
ts.
Oth
erd
isci
pli
nes
mu
stre
vie
wth
ep
ro-
po
sed
pro
ject
tod
eter
min
eit
sef
fect
on
exis
tin
gfa
cili
ties
and
the
env
iro
nm
ent.
Clo
seco
ord
inat
ion
and
con
sult
a-
tio
no
fth
ed
esig
nen
gin
eers
and
loca
lin
tere
sts
mu
stb
e
mai
nta
ined
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
des
ign
and
con
stru
ctio
np
ro-
cess
sin
celo
cal
inte
rest
ssh
are
the
cost
of
the
pro
ject
and
are
resp
on
sib
lefo
rac
qu
irin
gri
gh
ts-o
f-w
ay,
acco
m-
pli
shin
gre
loca
tio
ns,
and
op
erat
ing
and
mai
nta
inin
gth
e
com
ple
ted
pro
ject
.T
he
pro
ject
site
sho
uld
be
sub
ject
ed
tov
isu
alin
spec
tio
nb
yal
lco
nce
rned
gro
up
sth
rou
gh
ou
t
the
imp
lem
enta
tio
no
fth
ep
roje
ctfr
om
des
ign
thro
ug
h
con
stru
ctio
nto
pla
cem
ent
inop
erat
ion
.
2-2
.A
lig
nm
en
tS
ele
cti
on
Th
eal
ign
men
to
fa
shee
tp
ile
wal
lm
ayd
epen
do
nit
s
fun
ctio
n.
Su
chsi
tuat
ion
sin
clu
de
tho
sein
har
bo
ro
rp
ort
con
stru
ctio
nw
her
eth
eal
ign
men
tis
dic
tate
db
yth
e
wat
erso
urc
eo
rw
her
eth
ew
all
serv
esas
ati
e-in
to
pri
mar
yst
ruct
ure
ssu
chas
lock
s,d
ams,
etc.
Inu
rban
or
ind
ust
rial
area
s,it
wil
lb
en
eces
sary
toco
nsi
der
sev
eral
alte
rnat
ive
alig
nm
ents
wh
ich
mu
stb
ecl
ose
ly
coo
rdin
ated
wit
hlo
cal
inte
rest
s.In
oth
erci
rcu
mst
ance
s,
the
alig
nm
ent
may
be
dep
end
ent
on
the
con
fig
ura
tio
no
f
the
syst
emsu
chas
spac
ere
qu
irem
ents
for
anan
cho
red
wal
lo
rth
en
eces
sary
rig
ht-
of-
way
for
afl
oo
dw
all/
lev
ee
syst
em.
Th
efi
nal
alig
nm
ent
mu
stm
eet
the
gen
eral
req
uir
emen
tso
fp
rov
idin
gth
em
ost
via
ble
com
pro
mis
e
bet
wee
nec
on
om
yan
dm
inim
alen
vir
on
men
tal
imp
act.
a.Obstructions.
Sit
ein
spec
tio
ns
inth
ep
lan
nin
g
ph
ase
sho
uld
iden
tify
any
ob
stru
ctio
ns
wh
ich
inte
rfer
e
wit
hal
tern
ativ
eal
ign
men
tso
rw
hic
hm
ayn
eces
sita
te
spec
ial
con
stru
ctio
np
roce
du
res.
Th
ese
site
insp
ecti
on
s
sho
uld
be
sup
ple
men
ted
by
info
rmat
ion
ob
tain
edfr
om
loca
lag
enci
esto
loca
teu
nd
erg
rou
nd
uti
liti
essu
chas
sew
ers,
wat
erli
nes
,p
ow
erli
nes
,an
dte
lep
ho
ne
lin
es.
Rem
ov
alo
rre
loca
tio
no
fan
yob
stru
ctio
nm
ust
be
coo
rdin
ated
wit
hth
eo
wn
eran
dth
elo
cal
assu
rin
g
agen
cy.
Un
dis
cov
ered
ob
stru
ctio
ns
wil
lli
kel
yre
sult
in
con
stru
ctio
nd
elay
san
dad
dit
ion
alco
sts
for
rem
ov
alo
r
relo
cati
on
of
the
ob
stru
ctio
n.
Co
ntr
acts
for
con
stru
ctio
n
inco
ng
este
dar
eas
may
incl
ud
ea
req
uir
emen
tfo
rth
e
con
trac
tor
top
rov
ide
anin
spec
tio
ntr
ench
top
rece
de
pil
ed
riv
ing
.
b.Impactsonthesurroundingarea.
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
aw
all
can
hav
ea
sev
ere
per
man
ent
and
/or
tem
po
rary
imp
act
on
its
imm
edia
tev
icin
ity
.P
erm
anen
tim
pac
ts
may
incl
ud
em
od
ific
atio
n,
rem
ov
al,
or
relo
cati
on
of
exis
tin
gst
ruct
ure
s.A
lig
nm
ents
wh
ich
req
uir
ep
erm
a-
nen
tre
loca
tio
no
fre
sid
ence
so
rb
usi
nes
ses
req
uir
ead
di-
tio
nal
lead
tim
esfo
rim
ple
men
tati
on
and
are
seld
om
cost
effe
ctiv
e.P
arti
cula
rco
nsi
der
atio
nm
ust
be
giv
ento
shee
tp
ile
wal
lsco
nst
ruct
edas
flo
od
pro
tect
ion
alo
ng
wat
erfr
on
ts.
Co
mm
erci
alop
erat
ion
sb
etw
een
the
shee
t
pil
ew
all
and
the
wat
erfr
on
tw
ill
be
neg
ativ
ely
affe
cted
du
rin
gp
erio
ds
of
hig
hw
ater
and
,in
add
itio
n,
gat
ed
op
enin
gs
thro
ug
hth
ew
all
mu
stb
ep
rov
ided
for
acce
ss.
Tem
po
rary
imp
acts
of
con
stru
ctio
nca
nb
em
itig
ated
to
som
eex
ten
tb
yca
refu
lch
oic
eo
fco
nst
ruct
ion
stra
teg
ies
and
by
pla
cin
gre
stri
ctio
ns
on
con
stru
ctio
nop
erat
ion
s.
Th
eef
fect
so
fp
ile
dri
vin
go
nex
isti
ng
stru
ctu
res
sho
uld
be
care
full
yco
nsi
der
ed.
c.Rights-of-way.
Inso
me
case
s,p
arti
cula
rly
for
flo
od
pro
tect
ion
,ri
gh
ts-o
f-w
aym
ayal
read
yb
ed
edic
a-
ted
.E
ver
yef
fort
sho
uld
be
mad
eto
mai
nta
inth
eal
ign
-
men
to
fp
erm
anen
tco
nst
ruct
ion
wit
hin
the
ded
icat
ed
rig
ht-
of-
way
.P
rocu
rem
ent
of
new
rig
hts
-of-
way
sho
uld
beg
inin
the
feas
ibil
ity
stag
eo
fw
all
des
ign
and
sho
uld
be
coo
rdin
ated
wit
hre
alty
spec
iali
sts
and
loca
lin
tere
sts.
Tem
po
rary
serv
itu
des
for
con
stru
ctio
np
urp
ose
ssh
ou
ld
be
det
erm
ined
and
del
inea
ted
inth
eco
ntr
act
do
cum
ents
.
Wh
enp
oss
ible
,ri
gh
ts-o
f-w
aysh
ou
ldb
em
ark
edw
ith
per
man
ent
mo
nu
men
ts.
d.Surveys.
All
po
ints
of
inte
rsec
tio
nin
the
alig
n-
men
tan
dal
lop
enin
gs
inth
ew
all
sho
uld
be
stak
edin
the
fiel
dfo
rp
roje
cts
inco
ng
este
dar
eas.
Th
efi
eld
surv
eyis
usu
ally
mad
ed
uri
ng
the
det
aile
dd
esig
np
has
e.
Th
efi
eld
surv
eym
ayb
ere
qu
ired
du
rin
gth
efe
asib
ilit
y
ph
ase
ifsu
itab
ilit
yo
fth
eal
ign
men
tis
qu
esti
on
able
.
Th
efi
eld
surv
eysh
ou
ldid
enti
fyan
yo
ver
hea
dob
stru
c-
tio
ns,
par
ticu
larl
yp
ow
erli
nes
,to
ensu
resu
ffic
ien
t
ver
tica
lcl
eara
nce
toac
com
mo
dat
ep
ile
dri
vin
gan
d
con
stru
ctio
nop
erat
ion
s.In
form
atio
no
nob
stru
ctio
n
hei
gh
tsan
dcl
eara
nce
ssh
ou
ldb
ev
erif
ied
wit
hth
e
ow
ner
so
fth
eit
ems.
2-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
9-3
.(S
heet
3o
f4)
9-6
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
9-3
.(S
heet
2o
f4)
9-5
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
2-3
.G
eo
tech
nic
al
Co
nsid
era
tio
ns
Bec
ause
shee
tp
ile
wal
lsd
eriv
eth
eir
sup
po
rtfr
om
the
surr
ou
nd
ing
soil
,an
inv
esti
gat
ion
of
the
fou
nd
atio
n
mat
eria
lsal
on
gth
ew
all
alig
nm
ent
sho
uld
be
con
du
cted
atth
ein
cep
tio
no
fth
ep
lan
nin
gfo
rth
ew
all.
Th
is
inv
esti
gat
ion
sho
uld
be
aco
op
erat
ive
effo
rtam
on
gth
e
stru
ctu
ral
and
geo
tech
nic
alen
gin
eers
and
sho
uld
incl
ud
e
anen
gin
eeri
ng
geo
log
ist
fam
ilia
rw
ith
the
area
.A
ll
exis
tin
gd
ata
bas
essh
ou
ldb
ere
vie
wed
.T
he
go
als
of
the
init
ial
geo
tech
nic
alsu
rvey
sho
uld
be
toid
enti
fyan
y
po
or
fou
nd
atio
nco
nd
itio
ns
wh
ich
mig
ht
ren
der
aw
all
no
tfe
asib
leo
rre
qu
ire
rev
isio
no
fth
ew
all
alig
nm
ent,
to
iden
tify
sub
surf
ace
con
dit
ion
sw
hic
hw
ou
ldim
ped
ep
ile
dri
vin
g,
and
top
lan
mo
red
etai
led
exp
lora
tio
nre
qu
ired
tod
efin
ed
esig
np
aram
eter
so
fth
esy
stem
.G
eote
chn
ical
inv
esti
gat
ion
req
uir
emen
tsar
ed
iscu
ssed
ind
etai
lin
Ch
apte
r3
of
this
EM
.
2-4
.S
tru
ctu
ral
Co
nsid
era
tio
ns
a.Walltype.
Th
ese
lect
ion
of
the
typ
eo
fw
all,
anch
ore
do
rca
nti
lev
er,
mu
stb
eb
ased
on
the
fun
ctio
no
f
the
wal
l,th
ech
arac
teri
stic
so
fth
efo
un
dat
ion
soil
s,an
d
the
pro
xim
ity
of
the
wal
lto
exis
tin
gst
ruct
ure
s.
(1)
Can
tile
ver
wal
ls.
Can
tile
ver
wal
lsar
eu
sual
ly
use
das
flo
od
wal
lo
ras
eart
hre
tain
ing
wal
lsw
ith
low
wal
lh
eig
hts
(10
to1
5fe
eto
rle
ss).
Bec
ause
can
tile
ver
wal
lsd
eriv
eth
eir
sup
po
rtso
lely
fro
mth
efo
un
dat
ion
soil
s,th
eym
ayb
ein
stal
led
inre
lati
vel
ycl
ose
pro
xim
ity
(bu
tn
ot
less
than
1.5
tim
esth
eo
ver
all
len
gth
of
the
pil
ing
)to
exis
tin
gst
ruct
ure
s.T
yp
ical
can
tile
ver
wal
l
con
fig
ura
tio
ns
are
sho
wn
inF
igu
re2
-1.
(2)
An
cho
red
wal
ls.
An
anch
ore
dw
all
isre
qu
ired
wh
enth
eh
eig
ht
of
the
wal
lex
ceed
sth
eh
eig
ht
suit
able
for
aca
nti
lev
ero
rw
hen
late
ral
def
lect
ion
sar
ea
con
sid
-
erat
ion
.T
he
pro
xim
ity
of
anan
cho
red
wal
lto
anex
ist-
ing
stru
ctu
reis
go
ver
ned
by
the
ho
rizo
nta
ld
ista
nce
req
uir
edfo
rin
stal
lati
on
of
the
anch
or
(Ch
apte
r5
).
Typ
ical
con
fig
ura
tio
ns
of
anch
ore
dw
all
syst
ems
are
sho
wn
inF
igu
re2
-2.
b.Materials
.T
he
des
ign
erm
ust
con
sid
erth
ep
oss
i-
bil
ity
of
mat
eria
ld
eter
iora
tio
nan
dit
sef
fect
on
the
stru
ctu
ral
inte
gri
tyo
fth
esy
stem
.M
ost
per
man
ent
stru
ctu
res
are
con
stru
cted
of
stee
lo
rco
ncr
ete.
Co
ncr
ete
isca
pab
leo
fp
rov
idin
ga
lon
gse
rvic
eli
feu
nd
ern
orm
al
circ
um
stan
ces
bu
th
asre
lati
vel
yh
igh
init
ial
cost
sw
hen
com
par
edto
stee
lsh
eet
pil
ing
.T
hey
are
mo
red
iffi
cult
toin
stal
lth
anst
eel
pil
ing
.L
on
g-t
erm
fiel
dob
serv
atio
ns
ind
icat
eth
atst
eel
shee
tp
ilin
gp
rov
ides
alo
ng
serv
ice
life
wh
enp
rop
erly
des
ign
ed.
Per
man
ent
inst
alla
tio
ns
sho
uld
allo
wfo
rsu
bse
qu
ent
inst
alla
tio
no
fca
tho
dic
pro
tect
ion
sho
uld
exce
ssiv
eco
rro
sio
no
ccu
r.
(1)
Hea
vy
-gau
ge
stee
l.S
teel
isth
em
ost
com
mo
n
mat
eria
lu
sed
for
shee
tp
ile
wal
lsd
ue
toit
sin
her
ent
stre
ng
th,
rela
tiv
eli
gh
tw
eig
ht,
and
lon
gse
rvic
eli
fe.
Th
ese
pil
esco
nsi
sto
fin
terl
ock
ing
shee
tsm
anu
fact
ure
d
by
eith
era
ho
t-ro
lled
or
cold
-fo
rmed
pro
cess
and
con
-
form
toth
ere
qu
irem
ents
of
the
Am
eric
anS
oci
ety
for
Tes
tin
gan
dM
ater
ials
(AS
TM
)S
tan
dar
ds
A3
28
(AS
TM
19
89
a),
A5
72
(AS
TM
19
88
),o
rA
69
0(A
ST
M1
98
9b
).
Pil
ing
con
form
ing
toA
32
8ar
esu
itab
lefo
rm
ost
inst
al-
lati
on
s.S
teel
shee
tp
iles
are
avai
lab
lein
av
arie
tyo
f
stan
dar
dcr
oss
sect
ion
s.T
he
Z-t
yp
ep
ilin
gis
pre
do
mi-
nan
tly
use
din
reta
inin
gan
dfl
oo
dw
all
app
lica
tio
ns
wh
ere
ben
din
gst
ren
gth
go
ver
ns
the
des
ign
.W
hen
inte
rlo
ckte
nsi
on
isth
ep
rim
ary
con
sid
erat
ion
for
des
ign
,
anar
ched
or
stra
igh
tw
ebp
ilin
gsh
ou
ldb
eu
sed
.T
urn
s
inth
ew
all
alig
nm
ent
can
be
mad
ew
ith
stan
dar
db
ent
or
fab
rica
ted
corn
ers.
Th
eu
seo
fst
eel
shee
tp
ilin
gsh
ou
ld
be
con
sid
ered
for
any
shee
tp
ile
stru
ctu
re.
Typ
ical
con
fig
ura
tio
ns
are
sho
wn
inF
igu
re2
-3.
(2)
Lig
ht-
gau
ge
stee
l.L
igh
t-g
aug
est
eel
pil
ing
are
shal
low
-dep
thse
ctio
ns,
cold
form
edto
aco
nst
ant
thic
k-
nes
so
fle
ssth
an0
.25
inch
and
man
ufa
ctu
red
inac
cor-
dan
cew
ith
AS
TM
A8
57
(19
89
c).
Yie
ldst
ren
gth
is
dep
end
ent
on
the
gau
ge
thic
kn
ess
and
var
ies
bet
wee
n2
5
and
36
kip
sp
ersq
uar
ein
ch(k
si).
Th
ese
sect
ion
sh
ave
low
-sec
tio
nm
od
uli
and
ver
ylo
wm
om
ents
of
iner
tia
in
com
par
iso
nto
hea
vy
-gau
ge
Z-s
ecti
on
s.S
pec
iali
zed
coat
ing
ssu
chas
ho
td
ipg
alv
aniz
ed,
zin
cp
late
d,
and
alu
min
ized
stee
lar
eav
aila
ble
for
imp
rov
edco
rro
sio
n
resi
stan
ce.
Lig
ht-
gau
ge
pil
ing
sho
uld
be
con
sid
ered
for
tem
po
rary
or
min
or
stru
ctu
res.
Lig
ht-
gau
ge
pil
ing
can
be
con
sid
ered
for
per
man
ent
con
stru
ctio
nw
hen
acco
m-
pan
ied
by
ad
etai
led
corr
osi
on
inv
esti
gat
ion
.F
ield
test
s
sho
uld
min
imal
lyin
clu
de
PH
and
resi
stiv
ity
mea
sure
-
men
ts.
See
Fig
ure
2-4
for
typ
ical
lig
ht-
gau
ge
sect
ion
s.
(3)
Wo
od
.W
oo
dsh
eet
pil
ew
alls
can
be
con
stru
cted
of
ind
epen
den
to
rto
ng
ue-
and
-gro
ov
ein
terl
ock
ing
wo
od
shee
ts.
Th
isty
pe
of
pil
ing
sho
uld
be
rest
rict
edto
sho
rt-
to-m
od
erat
ew
all
hei
gh
tsan
du
sed
on
lyfo
rte
mp
ora
ry
stru
ctu
res.
See
Fig
ure
2-5
for
typ
ical
wo
od
sect
ion
s.
(4)
Co
ncr
ete.
Th
ese
pil
esar
ep
reca
stsh
eets
6to
12
inch
esd
eep
,3
0to
48
inch
esw
ide,
and
pro
vid
edw
ith
ton
gu
e-an
d-g
roo
ve
or
gro
ute
djo
ints
.T
he
gro
ute
d-t
yp
e
join
tis
clea
ned
and
gro
ute
daf
ter
dri
vin
gto
pro
vid
ea
reas
on
ably
wat
erti
gh
tw
all.
Ab
evel
acro
ssth
ep
ile
bo
tto
m,
inth
ed
irec
tio
no
fp
ile
pro
gre
ss,
forc
eso
ne
pil
e
2-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
2-1
.T
yp
ical
can
tile
vere
dw
all
s
agai
nst
the
oth
erd
uri
ng
inst
alla
tio
n.
Co
ncr
ete
shee
t
pil
esar
eu
sual
lyp
rest
ress
edto
faci
lita
teh
and
lin
gan
d
dri
vin
g.
Sp
ecia
lco
rner
and
ang
lese
ctio
ns
are
typ
ical
ly
mad
efr
om
rein
forc
edco
ncr
ete
du
eto
the
lim
ited
nu
m-
ber
req
uir
ed.
Co
ncr
ete
shee
tp
ilin
gca
nb
ead
van
tag
eou
s
for
mar
ine
env
iro
nm
ents
,st
ream
bed
sw
ith
hig
hab
rasi
on
,
and
wh
ere
the
shee
tp
ile
mu
stsu
pp
ort
sig
nif
ican
tax
ial
load
.P
ast
exp
erie
nce
ind
icat
esth
isp
ile
can
ind
uce
sett
lem
ent
(du
eto
its
ow
nw
eig
ht)
inso
ftfo
un
dat
ion
mat
eria
ls.
Inth
isca
seth
ew
ater
tig
htn
ess
of
the
wal
l
wil
lp
rob
ably
be
lost
.T
yp
ical
con
cret
ese
ctio
ns
are
sho
wn
inF
igu
re2
-6.
Th
isty
pe
of
pil
ing
may
no
tb
e
read
ily
avai
lab
lein
all
loca
liti
es.
(5)
Lig
ht-
gau
ge
alu
min
um
.A
lum
inu
msh
eet
pil
ing
isav
aila
ble
asin
terl
ock
ing
corr
ug
ated
shee
ts,
20
to
4in
ches
dee
p.
0.1
0to
0.1
88
inch
thic
k,
and
mad
efr
om
alu
min
um
allo
y5
05
2o
r6
06
1.
Th
ese
sect
ion
sh
ave
a
rela
tiv
ely
low
-sec
tio
nm
od
ulu
san
dm
om
ent
of
iner
tia
nec
essi
tati
ng
tieb
ack
sfo
rm
ost
situ
atio
ns.
AZ
-typ
e
sect
ion
isal
soav
aila
ble
ina
dep
tho
f6
inch
esan
da
thic
kn
ess
of
up
to0
.25
inch
.A
lum
inu
mse
ctio
ns
sho
uld
be
con
sid
ered
for
sho
reli
ne
ero
sio
np
roje
cts
and
low
bu
lkh
ead
sex
po
sed
tosa
lto
rb
rack
ish
wat
erw
hen
emb
edm
ent
wil
lb
ein
free
-dra
inin
gg
ran
ula
rm
ater
ial.
See
Fig
ure
2-7
for
typ
ical
sect
ion
s.
(6)
Oth
erm
ater
ials
.P
ilin
gs
mad
efr
om
spec
ial
mat
eria
lssu
chas
vin
yl,
po
lyv
iny
lch
lori
de,
and
fib
er-
gla
ssar
eal
soav
aila
ble
.T
hes
ep
ilin
gs
hav
elo
wst
ruc-
tura
lca
pac
itie
san
dar
en
orm
ally
use
din
tie-
bac
k
situ
atio
ns.
Av
aila
ble
len
gth
so
fp
ilin
gar
esh
ort
wh
en
com
par
edto
oth
erm
ater
ials
.M
ater
ial
pro
per
ties
mu
st
be
ob
tain
edfr
om
the
man
ufa
ctu
rer
and
mu
stb
eca
re-
full
yev
alu
ated
by
the
des
ign
erfo
rea
chap
pli
cati
on
.
2-5
.C
on
str
ucti
on
Inst
ruct
ion
sto
the
fiel
dar
en
eces
sary
toco
nv
eyto
fiel
d
per
son
nel
the
inte
nt
of
the
des
ign
.A
rep
ort
sho
uld
be
pre
par
edb
yth
ed
esig
ner
and
sho
uld
min
imal
lyin
clu
de
the
foll
ow
ing
:
a.
Des
ign
assu
mp
tio
ns
reg
ard
ing
inte
rpre
tati
on
of
sub
surf
ace
and
fiel
din
ves
tig
atio
ns.
2-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
9-3
.T
yp
ical
uti
lity
cro
ssin
gs
(Sh
eet
1o
f4)
9-4
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
9-2
.D
eta
ilo
fI-
wall
of
vary
ing
thic
kn
ess
b.Effectsonwalls.
Wal
lse
ttle
men
tis
av
ery
seri
-
ou
sco
nce
rnin
the
ov
eral
lsy
stem
stab
ilit
yo
fth
efl
oo
d-
wal
l,ea
rth
reta
inin
gw
all,
or
tied
bac
kw
all.
Inm
ost
case
sth
ew
all
wil
lse
ttle
alo
ng
wit
hth
eso
ilm
ass
into
wh
ich
itis
emb
edd
ed.
Th
eco
nso
lid
atio
nm
eth
od
use
d
for
pre
dic
tin
gw
all
sett
lem
ent
sho
uld
be
the
on
ew
ith
wh
ich
the
des
ign
eris
mo
stfa
mil
iar,
wh
eth
erit
isth
e
clas
sic
Ter
zag
hi
pre
dic
tio
no
ro
ne
of
the
hin
dca
st-
fore
cast
met
ho
ds.
Sin
ceth
ew
all
can
no
tea
sily
be
mo
di-
fied
ing
rad
e,th
ed
esig
ner
sho
uld
con
sid
erth
e
con
fid
ence
lev
elo
fth
ese
ttle
men
tp
red
icti
on
and
ov
er-
bu
ild
the
wal
lsu
ffic
ien
tly
top
rev
ent
sett
lem
ent
of
the
wal
lb
elo
wg
rad
e.C
on
cret
eca
pp
ing
sho
uld
be
del
ayed
un
til
am
ajo
rp
ort
ion
of
the
sett
lem
ent
has
occ
urr
ed.
Th
e"a
fter
sett
lem
ent"
con
fig
ura
tio
nis
use
din
the
wal
l
ov
ertu
rnin
gan
aly
sis.
Ad
dit
ion
ally
,as
the
load
sap
pli
ed
toth
efo
un
dat
ion
by
the
wal
lar
ees
sen
tial
lyh
ori
zon
tal
the
des
ign
erh
asto
be
cog
niz
ant
of
the
fact
that
late
ral
con
soli
dat
ion
wil
lo
ccu
rw
ith
sust
ain
edlo
adin
g.
Th
is
sho
uld
be
eval
uat
edan
dth
ew
all
syst
emsh
ou
ldb
e
cap
able
of
com
pen
sati
ng
for
this
mo
vem
ent.
9-5
.T
ran
sit
ion
Secti
on
s
a.Sheetpiletolevee.
Wh
ena
shee
tp
ile
wal
l
term
inat
esw
ith
ina
lev
ee,
the
pil
ing
isty
pic
ally
exte
nd
eda
min
imu
mo
f5
feet
into
the
full
lev
ee
sect
ion
.
b.I-walltoT-wall.
Wh
ena
con
cret
eca
pp
edI-
Wal
l
abu
tsa
T-W
all,
con
sid
erat
ion
mu
stb
eg
iven
toth
e
dif
fere
nce
ind
efle
ctio
ns
lik
ely
too
ccu
r.T
he
rela
tiv
e
mo
vem
ent
may
tear
any
emb
edd
edw
ater
stop
s.T
o
acco
mm
od
ate
thes
ela
rge
mo
vem
ents
bet
wee
nw
alls
,a
spec
ial
shee
tp
ile
sect
ion
wit
han
L-T
yp
ew
ater
stop
is
sug
ges
ted
.A
typ
ical
det
ail
issh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
9-3
.
9-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
2-2
.A
nch
ore
dw
all
s(C
on
tin
ued
)
2-4
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
2-2
.(C
on
clu
ded
)
2-5
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
9-1
.T
yp
ical
secti
on
thro
ug
hI-
wall
of
vary
ing
thic
kn
ess
soil
sm
eet
the
crit
eria
of
this
rep
ort
,th
eas
sum
pti
on
may
be
mad
eth
atd
uri
ng
pil
ed
riv
ing
the
acce
lera
tio
no
fso
il
par
ticl
esw
ill
be
suff
icie
nt
toin
du
celi
qu
efac
tio
n,
and
ther
efo
re,
ap
ote
nti
alfo
rd
amag
eex
ists
.L
imit
atio
ns
sho
uld
then
be
set
on
pil
ed
riv
ing
,su
chas
:m
axim
um
wat
erst
age
du
rin
gd
riv
ing
;m
inim
um
dis
tan
ceto
the
dep
osi
to
fli
qu
efac
tio
np
ron
eso
il;
and
size
of
pil
ed
riv
-
ing
ham
mer
and
its
rate
den
erg
y.
Ato
tal
ban
on
dri
v-
ing
may
be
war
ran
ted
.L
imit
so
np
ile
dri
vin
gh
ave
bee
n
succ
essf
ull
yap
pli
edal
on
gth
ele
vee
so
fb
oth
the
Mis
sis-
sip
pi
and
Atc
haf
alay
aR
iver
s.P
ile
dri
vin
gis
pre
ven
ted
or
lim
ited
bas
edup
on
the
po
ten
tial
for
liq
uef
acti
on
ata
stag
ew
hen
the
wat
erle
vel
isab
ov
eth
ela
nd
sid
eg
rou
nd
surf
ace
and
pil
ed
riv
ing
isp
lan
ned
wit
hin
1,5
00
feet
of
the
lev
eeo
rfl
oo
dp
rote
ctio
nw
ork
s.T
he
exte
nt
of
any
lim
itat
ion
sp
lace
do
np
ile
dri
vin
gsh
ou
ldb
eev
alu
ated
agai
nst
the
po
ten
tial
for
dam
age
toth
ep
ub
lic.
9-4
.S
ett
lem
en
t
a.Effectsontierods.
Tie
rod
sp
lace
dab
ov
elo
ose
gra
nu
lar
or
soft
coh
esiv
eso
ils
can
be
sub
ject
edto
load
s
gre
ater
than
that
com
pu
ted
by
con
ven
tio
nal
met
ho
ds.
As
the
un
der
lyin
gso
ils
com
pre
ss,
eith
erd
ue
tov
olu
me
chan
ges
,d
isto
rtio
n,
or
con
soli
dat
ion
,th
ew
eig
ht
of
the
ov
erly
ing
soil
sin
du
ces
add
itio
nal
load
sas
the
rod
def
lect
s.W
her
eex
cav
atio
nis
nec
essa
ryto
pla
cean
anch
or,
the
bac
kfi
lled
mat
eria
lsh
ou
ldb
ea
sele
ctso
il,
com
pac
ted
toat
leas
t9
0p
erce
nt
of
stan
dar
dp
roct
or
max
imu
md
ryd
ensi
ty.
Ifso
ilco
nd
itio
ns
war
ran
tth
e
con
sid
erat
ion
of
sett
lem
ent,
met
ho
ds
use
din
elim
inat
ing
the
effe
cts
incl
ud
esu
pp
ort
ing
the
tie
rod
or
enca
sin
git
inco
nd
uit
.
9-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
9S
pecia
lD
esig
nC
on
sid
era
tio
ns
9-1
.I-
Wall
so
fV
ary
ing
Th
ickn
ess
Dif
fere
nt
rest
rain
tco
nd
itio
ns
are
crea
ted
wit
hab
rup
t
chan
ges
inw
all
geo
met
ryan
db
yen
casi
ng
stee
lsh
eet
pil
esin
con
cret
e.U
nd
erth
erm
allo
ads
pro
du
ced
by
hea
t
of
hy
dra
tio
nan
dam
bie
nt
tem
per
atu
reef
fect
s,st
ress
rela
ted
crac
kin
gca
no
ccu
r.T
he
foll
ow
ing
acti
on
sw
ere
reco
mm
end
edb
yth
eS
tru
ctu
res
Lab
ora
tory
,U
SA
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n(W
ES
),af
ter
per
form
ing
anin
ves
tig
atio
no
fcr
ack
ing
inI-
wal
lm
on
o-
lith
sin
the
New
Tig
erIs
lan
dF
loo
dw
all.
Th
ein
ves
tig
a-
tio
nw
asli
mit
edto
anI-
wal
lw
ith
alo
wer
po
rtio
n
thic
kn
ess
of
2fe
etan
dan
up
per
stem
of
1fo
ot.
a.
A4
5-d
egre
ech
amfe
rsh
ou
ldb
ein
clu
ded
ata
chan
ge
ing
eom
etry
.S
eeF
igu
re9
-1fo
rd
etai
ls.
b.
Gen
eral
ly,
the
top
of
the
shee
tp
iles
sho
uld
be
pla
ced
9in
ches
bel
ow
the
po
int
atw
hic
hth
eco
ncr
ete
sect
ion
thic
kn
ess
isin
crea
sed
,ex
cep
tat
each
end
of
the
mo
no
lith
.T
wo
shee
tp
ile
sect
ion
sat
each
end
of
the
mo
no
lith
sho
uld
be
low
ered
anad
dit
ion
al9
inch
es,
pla
cin
gth
ese
shee
tsa
tota
lo
f1
8in
ches
bel
ow
the
thic
k-
nes
sch
ang
e.T
he
shee
tp
iles
loca
ted
atth
em
on
oli
th
join
tsh
ou
ldb
en
otc
hed
do
wn
to9
inch
esab
ov
eth
eb
ase
of
the
wal
l.S
eeF
igu
res
9-1
and
9-2
for
det
ails
.
c.A
dd
itio
nal
ver
tica
lan
dh
ori
zon
tal
rein
forc
ing
stee
lsh
ou
ldb
ep
lace
dat
the
end
so
fth
em
on
oli
ths
to
pro
vid
efo
rte
mp
erat
ure
ind
uce
dlo
ads
assh
ow
nin
Fig
-
ure
s9
-1an
d9
-2.
9-2
.C
orr
osio
n
a.General.
Th
eco
rro
sio
np
roce
ssin
shee
tp
ilin
gis
hig
hly
dep
end
ent
on
the
env
iro
nm
ent
inw
hic
hit
is
pla
ced
.G
ener
ally
,u
nca
pp
edex
po
sed
shee
tp
ile
cor-
rod
esat
var
yin
gra
tes
aver
agin
gfr
om
2to
10
mil
sp
er
yea
rd
epen
din
go
nth
esu
rro
un
din
gat
mo
sph
eric
con
di-
tio
ns,
i.e.
rura
lv
ersu
sh
eav
yin
du
stri
al.
Co
rro
sio
nra
tes
usu
ally
dec
reas
eaf
ter
the
firs
tfe
wy
ears
of
exp
osu
re.
Sh
eet
pil
ed
riv
enin
nat
ura
lu
nd
istu
rbed
soil
has
an
egli
-
gib
leco
rro
sio
nra
ted
ue
toth
ed
efic
ien
cyo
fo
xy
gen
at
lev
els
just
bel
ow
the
gro
un
dli
ne.
Incr
ease
dco
rro
sio
n
rate
sfo
rp
iles
ino
rgan
ico
rfr
esh
fill
ssh
ou
ldb
ean
tici
-
pat
edd
ue
too
xy
gen
rep
len
ish
men
t.In
mar
ine
env
iro
n-
men
ts,
the
rate
of
corr
osi
on
isre
late
dto
the
typ
eo
f
wat
erto
wh
ich
the
shee
tp
ile
isex
po
sed
.T
yp
ical
ly,
fres
hw
ater
isth
ele
ast
corr
osi
ve
and
salt
wat
erth
e
mo
st,
wit
hco
nta
min
ants
and
po
llu
tan
tsp
lay
ing
am
ajo
r
role
inm
agn
ify
ing
its
corr
osi
ven
ess.
Th
ecr
itic
alzo
ne
for
shee
tp
iles
exp
ose
dto
wat
eris
the
spla
shzo
ne,
the
area
bet
wee
nth
est
ill
wat
erel
evat
ion
and
the
up
per
lim
ito
fw
ave
acti
on
.T
his
area
corr
od
esat
am
uch
gre
ater
rate
than
ifit
rem
ain
edco
mp
lete
lysu
bm
erg
ed.
b.Methodsofprotection.
(1)
Th
em
ost
com
mo
nw
ayo
fp
rote
ctin
gst
eel
shee
t
pil
eag
ain
stco
rro
sio
nis
thro
ug
hth
eu
seo
fco
atin
gs.
Gen
eral
ly,
coal
tar
epo
xy
has
bec
om
ew
idel
yac
cep
ted
for
this
app
lica
tio
n.
Ifth
ep
ilin
gis
dri
ven
infr
esh
fill
,th
eco
atin
gsh
ou
ldco
ver
the
area
inco
nta
ctan
d
exte
nd
am
inim
um
of
2ad
dit
ion
alfe
et.
Fo
rsh
eet
pil
e
exp
ose
dto
wat
er,
itis
crit
ical
that
the
coat
ing
cov
erth
e
spla
shzo
ne
and
exte
nd
am
inim
um
of
5fe
etb
elo
wth
e
po
int
wh
ere
the
shee
tin
gre
mai
ns
sub
mer
ged
(EM
11
10
-2-3
40
0).
(2)
An
add
itio
nal
mea
ns
of
pro
vid
ing
corr
osi
on
resi
stan
ceis
by
spec
ify
ing
AS
TM
A-6
90
(19
89b
)st
eel.
Th
isst
eel
off
ers
corr
osi
on
resi
stan
cesu
per
ior
toei
ther
A-3
28
(19
89
a)o
rA
-57
2(1
98
8)
thro
ug
hth
ead
dit
ion
of
cop
per
and
nic
kel
asal
loy
elem
ents
.
(3)
An
oth
eref
fect
ive
met
ho
do
fp
rote
ctin
gst
eel
shee
tp
ile
isth
rou
gh
the
use
of
cath
od
icp
rote
ctio
n.
Th
e
corr
osi
on
pro
cess
isel
ectr
och
emic
alin
nat
ure
and
occ
urs
wh
erev
erth
ere
isa
dif
fere
nce
inel
ectr
icp
ote
nti
al
on
the
pil
essu
rfac
e.In
anef
fort
top
rov
ide
elec
tric
al
con
tin
uit
y,
par
ticu
larl
yin
cap
ped
wal
ls,
aco
nti
nu
ou
s
No
.6
reb
arsh
ou
ldb
ep
rov
ided
atop
the
pil
ing
.T
he
reb
arsh
ou
ldb
ew
eld
edat
each
sect
ion
and
term
inat
eat
mo
no
lith
join
tsw
her
ea
flex
ible
jum
per
isre
qu
ired
.If
sub
seq
uen
tin
spec
tio
ns
sho
wa
rap
idlo
sso
fm
ater
ial,
the
syst
emca
nb
eex
tern
ally
char
ged
toh
alt
the
flo
wo
f
elec
tric
curr
ent,
thu
ssu
pp
ress
ing
the
corr
osi
on
pro
cess
.
See
Fig
ure
s9
-1an
d9
-2fo
rd
etai
ls.
(4)
Inso
me
case
sa
larg
ersh
eet
pil
ese
ctio
nm
ayb
e
spec
ifie
dto
pro
vid
efo
rth
ean
tici
pat
edlo
sso
fse
ctio
n
resu
ltin
gfr
om
corr
osi
on
.
9-3
.L
iqu
efa
cti
on
Po
ten
tial
Du
rin
gD
rivin
g
Th
ep
ote
nti
alfo
rli
qu
efac
tio
nm
ayex
ist
atan
yti
me
a
dy
nam
icop
erat
ion
tak
esp
lace
up
on
ag
ran
ula
rfo
un
da-
tio
no
ra
stra
tifi
edfo
un
dat
ion
wh
ich
con
tain
sg
ran
ula
r
soil
s.T
he
risk
of
liq
uef
acti
on
sho
uld
be
eval
uat
edo
na
case
-by
-cas
eb
asis
usi
ng
the
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
of
Tec
h-
nic
alR
epo
rtG
L-8
8-9
(To
rrey
19
88
).If
the
fou
nd
atio
n
9-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
2-3
.T
yp
ical
heavy-g
au
ge
ste
el
pil
ing
Fig
ure
2-4
.T
yp
ical
lig
ht-
gau
ge
ste
el
pil
ing
2-6
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
2-5
.T
yp
ical
wo
od
secti
on
s
Fig
ure
2-6
.T
yp
ical
co
ncre
tesecti
on
s
2-7
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
the
shee
tp
iles
.T
he
cold
-ro
lled
sect
ion
sal
soar
eu
sual
ly
thin
and
may
be
pro
ne
too
ver
stre
ssin
gd
uri
ng
dri
vin
g.
Th
eh
ot-
roll
edp
iles
can
be
sim
ilar
lyd
amag
ed,
bu
tth
eir
inte
rlo
cks
are
ab
all-
and
sock
et-t
yp
eco
nn
ecti
on
wh
ich
can
"pop
"if
har
dd
riv
ing
con
dit
ion
sar
een
cou
nte
red
.
b.Concrete.
Co
ncr
ete
shee
tp
iles
usu
ally
can
no
tb
e
dri
ven
wit
hh
igh
-en
erg
yim
pac
th
amm
ers
wit
ho
ut
dam
agin
gth
ep
ile.
Th
eyac
tas
dis
pla
cem
ent
pil
esan
d
oft
enre
qu
ire
jett
ing
tob
ed
riv
en.
Th
eyar
eo
ften
tren
ched
inp
lace
bec
ause
they
are
usu
ally
use
din
low
dec
ora
tiv
ew
alls
wh
ich
hav
ea
shal
low
dep
tho
f
pen
etra
tio
n.
c.Aluminum,timber,andplastics.
Th
ese
typ
eso
f
shee
tp
iles
are
usu
ally
dri
ven
wit
hli
gh
tco
nst
ruct
ion
equ
ipm
ent,
such
asb
ack
ho
eso
rja
ckh
amm
ers,
top
rev
ent
dam
age
toth
ep
ilin
g.
Wal
lsco
mp
ose
do
fth
ese
mat
e-
rial
sar
eo
ften
tren
ched
inp
lace
.
8-9
.T
ole
ran
ces
a.Driving.
Av
erti
cal
tole
ran
ceo
fp
lus
or
min
us
11
/2in
ches
,fr
om
the
des
ign
elev
atio
n,
isu
sual
lyp
er-
mit
ted
.S
hee
tp
ilin
gsh
ou
ldn
ot
be
dri
ven
mo
reth
an
1/8
inch
per
foo
to
ut
of
plu
mb
eith
erin
the
pla
ne
of
the
wal
lo
rp
erp
end
icu
lar
toth
ep
lan
eo
fth
ew
all.
b.Excavation.
Gen
eral
ly,
for
anex
cav
ated
surf
ace
on
wh
ich
con
cret
ew
ill
be
pla
ced
,th
eal
low
able
ver
tica
l
tole
ran
ceis
1/2
inch
abo
ve
lin
ean
dg
rad
ean
d2
inch
es
bel
ow
.F
or
all
oth
erar
eas,
ver
tica
lan
dh
ori
zon
tal
tole
r-
ance
so
f6
inch
es,
plu
so
rm
inu
s,fr
om
the
spec
ifie
d
gra
de
are
usu
ally
per
mit
ted
.N
eith
erex
trem
eso
fth
ese
tole
ran
ces
sho
uld
be
con
tin
uo
us
ov
eran
area
gre
ater
than
20
0sq
uar
efe
et.
Ab
rup
tch
ang
essh
ou
ldn
ot
be
per
mit
ted
.
8-1
0.
An
ch
ors
Imp
rop
erly
pla
nn
edco
nst
ruct
ion
met
ho
ds
may
pro
du
ce
load
sw
hic
hex
ceed
tho
seu
sed
for
des
ign
.A
nch
or
forc
es,
soil
pre
ssu
res,
and
wat
erlo
ads
are
affe
cted
by
the
met
ho
do
fco
nst
ruct
ion
and
con
stru
ctio
np
ract
ices
.
Th
ese
qu
ence
of
tig
hte
nin
gti
ero
ds
sho
uld
be
spec
ifie
d
top
rev
ent
ov
erst
ress
esin
iso
late
dse
ctio
ns
of
the
wal
e
or
the
shee
tp
ile
wal
l.A
nch
ors
and
tie
rod
ssh
ou
ldb
e
pla
ced
and
tig
hte
ned
ina
un
ifo
rmm
ann
erso
that
no
ov
erst
ress
esm
ayo
ccu
r.B
ack
fill
ing
abo
ve
the
anch
or
elev
atio
nsh
ou
ldb
eca
refu
lly
con
tro
lled
top
rev
ent
ben
d-
ing
of
the
tie
rod
s.T
he
bac
kfi
llm
ater
ial
sho
uld
be
con
tro
lled
,an
dth
eth
ick
nes
so
fco
mp
acte
dla
yer
ssh
ou
ld
be
lim
ited
toen
sure
pro
per
com
pac
tio
nan
dd
rain
age
of
the
bac
kfi
llm
ater
ial.
8-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
and
anim
pac
th
amm
ersh
ou
ldb
eem
plo
yed
.T
he
sele
c-
tio
no
fth
ety
pe
or
size
of
the
ham
mer
isb
ased
on
the
soil
inw
hic
hth
ep
ile
isd
riv
en.
Th
ed
esig
ner
sho
uld
be
awar
eo
fth
eso
ilst
iffn
ess
and
po
ssib
ilit
yo
fob
stru
ctio
ns
wh
ich
cou
ldca
use
fail
ure
or
wea
ken
ing
of
the
shee
tp
ile
du
rin
gd
riv
ing
.
c.GuidesandTemplates.
To
ensu
reth
atp
iles
are
pla
ced
and
dri
ven
toth
eco
rrec
tal
ign
men
t,a
gu
ide
stru
ctu
reo
rte
mp
late
ssh
ou
ldb
eu
sed
.A
tle
ast
two
tem
pla
tes
sho
uld
be
use
din
dri
vin
gea
chp
ile
or
pai
ro
f
pil
es.
Tem
pla
tes
sho
uld
also
be
use
dto
ob
tain
the
pro
per
plu
mb
nes
so
fth
esh
eet
pil
ew
all.
Met
alp
ilin
gs
pro
per
lyp
lace
dan
dd
riv
enar
ein
terl
ock
edth
rou
gh
ou
t
thei
rle
ng
th.
d.Accessories.
Ap
rote
ctiv
eca
psh
ou
ldb
e
emp
loy
edw
ith
imp
act
ham
mer
sto
pre
ven
td
amag
eto
the
top
so
fth
ep
ilin
g.
Pro
tect
ive
sho
esto
pro
tect
the
tip
are
also
avai
lab
leso
that
dri
vin
gth
rou
gh
har
der
soil
stra
tais
po
ssib
le.
Ifan
ob
stru
ctio
nis
enco
un
tere
dd
ur-
ing
dri
vin
g,
itsh
ou
ldb
ere
mo
ved
or
pen
etra
ted
wit
ha
chis
elb
eam
.D
uri
ng
dri
vin
g,
the
pil
ing
nex
tto
the
on
e
bei
ng
dri
ven
may
ten
dto
foll
ow
bel
ow
the
fin
ald
esig
n
elev
atio
n;
inth
isca
seit
may
be
nec
essa
ryto
pin
inp
lace
pil
esto
get
her
bef
ore
the
nex
tp
ile
isd
riv
en.
Ex
trac
tio
n,
or
pu
llin
go
fsp
ecif
icp
iles
for
insp
ecti
on
s,m
ayb
e
req
uir
edif
dam
age
toth
ep
ile
or
inte
rlo
cks
issu
spec
ted
or
ifex
cess
ive
dri
fto
ccu
rs.
Th
eci
rcu
mst
ance
ssh
ou
ld
be
care
full
yin
ves
tig
ated
tod
eter
min
eth
eca
use
of
dam
-
age,
and
rem
edia
lac
tio
nsh
ou
ldb
eta
ken
bef
ore
red
riv
ing
.
8-6
.S
tora
ge
an
dH
an
dli
ng
a.Steelpiling.
Ste
elp
ilin
gm
ayb
ed
amag
edw
hen
mis
han
dle
do
rst
ore
dim
pro
per
ly,
resu
ltin
gin
per
-
man
entl
yb
ent
shee
ts.
Pil
ing
sto
red
on
site
sho
uld
no
t
exce
edst
ack
hei
gh
tan
dw
eig
ht
assh
ipp
edfr
om
the
mil
l.B
lock
ing
isu
sed
tom
ain
tain
pil
ing
ina
lev
el
po
siti
on
.B
lock
ing
bet
wee
nb
un
dle
ssh
ou
ldb
elo
cate
d
dir
ectl
yo
ver
any
blo
ckin
gp
lace
dim
med
iate
lyb
elo
w.
Sli
ng
so
ro
ther
met
ho
ds
that
pre
ven
tb
uck
lin
gd
uri
ng
lift
ing
are
typ
ical
lyu
sed
on
lon
gle
ng
ths
of
stee
lp
ilin
g.
Sh
eets
ov
er8
0fe
etin
len
gth
sho
uld
be
han
dle
du
sin
ga
min
imu
mo
ftw
op
ick
-up
po
ints
.A
dd
itio
nal
care
is
req
uir
edw
hen
han
dli
ng
pil
ing
wit
hp
rote
ctiv
eco
atin
gs,
and
any
dam
aged
area
wil
lre
qu
ire
rep
airs
pri
or
to
dri
vin
g.
b.Hot-rolledandcold-formedsteelsections.
Th
e
foll
ow
ing
are
sug
ges
ted
blo
ckin
gp
roce
du
res
for
cert
ain
pop
ula
rh
ot-
roll
edan
dco
ld-r
oll
edst
eel
sect
ion
s:
(1)
Blo
ckin
gfo
rP
Z-4
0an
dP
Z-3
5sh
eet
pil
ese
c-
tio
ns
sho
uld
be
spac
edn
om
ore
than
15
feet
apar
tan
d
no
mo
reth
an2
feet
fro
mth
een
ds.
(2)
Blo
ckin
gfo
rP
Z-2
1,
PZ
-22
,P
SA
-23
,P
S-2
7.5
,
and
PS
-31
shee
tp
ile
sect
ion
ssh
ou
ldb
esp
aced
no
mo
re
than
10
feet
apar
tan
dn
om
ore
than
2fe
etfr
om
the
end
s. (3)
Blo
ckin
gfo
rS
PZ
-22
,S
PZ
-23
.5,
SP
Z-2
3,
SP
Z-
26
,F
Z-7
,an
dF
Z-9
shee
tp
ile
sect
ion
ssh
ou
ldb
esp
aced
no
mo
reth
an1
2fe
etap
art
and
no
mo
reth
an2
feet
fro
mth
een
ds.
Lig
ht-
du
tyst
eel,
alu
min
um
,co
ncr
ete,
and
pla
stic
shee
t
pil
esar
en
ot
com
mo
nly
use
dfo
rst
ruct
ura
lsh
eet
pil
e
wal
lsan
dsh
ou
ldb
est
ore
dan
dh
and
led
acco
rdin
gto
the
man
ufa
ctu
rer’
sre
com
men
dat
ion
s.
8-7
.M
eth
od
so
fIn
sta
llati
on
a.Driving.
Sh
eet
pil
ing
isty
pic
ally
dri
ven
wit
h
trad
itio
nal
pil
ed
riv
ing
equ
ipm
ent.
Th
esh
eet
pil
esar
e
alig
ned
usi
ng
tem
pla
tes
or
asi
mil
arg
uid
ing
stru
ctu
re
inst
ead
of
lead
s.F
or
furt
her
info
rmat
ion
on
pil
ed
riv
ing
equ
ipm
ent
see
EM
11
10
-2-2
90
6.
b.Jetting.
Pil
ing
ssh
ou
ldn
ot
be
dri
ven
wit
hth
eai
d
of
wat
erje
tsw
ith
ou
tau
tho
riza
tio
no
fth
ed
esig
nen
gi-
nee
r.Je
ttin
gis
usu
ally
auth
ori
zed
top
enet
rate
stra
tao
f
den
seco
hes
ion
less
soil
s.A
uth
ori
zed
jett
ing
sho
uld
be
per
form
edo
nb
oth
sid
eso
fth
ep
ilin
gsi
mu
ltan
eou
sly
and
mu
stb
ed
isco
nti
nu
edd
uri
ng
the
last
5to
10
feet
of
pil
ep
enet
rati
on
.A
deq
uat
ep
rov
isio
ns
mu
stb
em
ade
for
the
con
tro
l,tr
eatm
ent,
and
dis
po
sal
of
run
off
wat
er.
c.Trenching.
Un
der
cert
ain
con
dit
ion
sit
may
be
nec
essa
ryto
inst
all
ash
eet
pil
ew
all
by
mea
ns
of
a
tren
ch.
Tre
nch
ing
isu
sual
lyd
on
ew
hen
the
pil
ep
ene-
trat
ion
isre
lati
vel
ysh
allo
wan
dth
ere
isa
con
tro
llin
g
fact
or
wh
ich
pre
clu
des
dri
vin
g.
Th
eb
ack
fill
mat
eria
lo
n
bo
thsi
des
of
the
tren
ched
shee
tp
ile
wal
lsh
ou
ldb
e
care
full
yd
esig
ned
.
8-8
.D
riveab
ilit
yo
fS
heet
Pil
ing
a.Steel.
Ste
elsh
eet
pil
esar
eth
em
ost
com
mo
nan
d
are
usu
ally
pla
ced
by
dri
vin
g.
Th
etw
oty
pes
of
stee
l
shee
tp
iles
,h
ot-
roll
edan
dco
ld-r
oll
ed,
hav
ed
iffe
ren
t
dri
vin
gco
nsi
der
atio
ns.
Co
ld-r
oll
edse
ctio
ns
hav
ea
wea
ker
inte
rlo
ckth
anth
eh
ot-
roll
edse
ctio
ns
and
inh
ard
dri
vin
gco
nd
itio
ns
this
inte
rlo
ckm
igh
t"u
nzi
p"
or
cau
se
alig
nm
ent
pro
ble
ms
wh
ich
wo
uld
req
uir
ere
pla
cem
ent
of
8-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
2-7
.T
yp
ical
alu
min
um
sh
eet
pil
ing
b.
Exp
lan
atio
no
fth
eco
nce
pts
,as
sum
pti
on
s,an
d
spec
ial
det
ails
of
the
des
ign
.
c.A
ssis
tan
cefo
rfi
eld
per
son
nel
inin
terp
reti
ng
the
pla
ns
and
spec
ific
atio
ns.
d.
Ind
icat
ion
tofi
eld
per
son
nel
of
crit
ical
area
sin
the
des
ign
wh
ich
req
uir
ead
dit
ion
alco
ntr
ol
and
insp
ecti
on
.
2-6
.P
ostc
on
str
ucti
on
Arc
hit
ectu
ral
Tre
atm
en
t
an
dL
an
dscap
ing
Ret
ain
ing
wal
lsan
dfl
oo
dw
alls
can
be
esth
etic
ally
enh
ance
dw
ith
arch
itec
tura
ltr
eatm
ents
toth
eco
ncr
ete
and
lan
dsc
apin
g(r
efer
ence
sE
M1
11
0-1
-20
09
and
EM
11
10
-2-3
01
,re
spec
tiv
ely
).T
his
isst
ron
gly
reco
m-
men
ded
inu
rban
ized
area
s.
2-8
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
3G
eo
tech
nic
al
Investi
gati
on
3-1
.P
lan
nin
gth
eIn
vesti
gati
on
a.Purpose
.T
he
pu
rpo
seo
fth
eg
eote
chn
ical
inv
es-
tig
atio
nfo
rw
all
des
ign
isto
iden
tify
the
typ
ean
dd
istr
i-
bu
tio
no
ffo
un
dat
ion
mat
eria
ls,
toid
enti
fyso
urc
esan
d
char
acte
rist
ics
of
bac
kfi
llm
ater
ials
,an
dto
det
erm
ine
mat
eria
lp
aram
eter
sfo
ru
sein
des
ign
/an
aly
ses.
Sp
ecif
i-
call
y,
the
info
rmat
ion
ob
tain
edw
ill
be
use
dto
sele
ctth
e
typ
ean
dd
epth
of
wal
l,d
esig
nth
esh
eet
pil
ew
all
sys-
tem
,es
tim
ate
eart
hp
ress
ure
s,lo
cate
the
gro
un
d-w
ater
lev
el,
esti
mat
ese
ttle
men
ts,
and
iden
tify
po
ssib
leco
n-
stru
ctio
np
rob
lem
s.F
or
flo
od
wal
ls,
fou
nd
atio
nu
nd
er-
seep
age
con
dit
ion
sm
ust
also
be
asse
ssed
.D
etai
led
info
rmat
ion
reg
ard
ing
sub
surf
ace
exp
lora
tio
nte
chn
iqu
es
ma
yb
efo
un
din
EM
11
10
-1-1
80
4a
nd
EM
11
10
-2-1
90
7.
b.Reviewofexistinginformation.
Th
efi
rst
step
in
anin
ves
tig
atio
nal
pro
gra
mis
tore
vie
wex
isti
ng
dat
aso
that
the
pro
gra
mca
nb
eta
ilo
red
toco
nfi
rman
dex
ten
d
the
exis
tin
gk
no
wle
dg
eo
fsu
bsu
rfac
eco
nd
itio
ns.
EM
11
10
-1-1
80
4p
rov
ides
ad
etai
led
list
ing
of
po
ssib
le
dat
aso
urc
es;
imp
ort
ant
sou
rces
incl
ud
eae
rial
ph
oto
-
gra
ph
s,g
eolo
gic
map
s,su
rfic
ial
soil
map
s,an
dlo
gs
fro
mp
rev
iou
sb
ori
ng
s.In
the
case
of
flo
od
wal
ls,
stu
dy
of
old
top
og
rap
hic
map
sca
np
rov
ide
info
rmat
ion
on
pas
tri
ver
ban
ko
rsh
ore
geo
met
ryan
did
enti
fyli
kel
yfi
ll
area
s. c.Coordination.
Th
eg
eote
chn
ical
inv
esti
gat
ion
pro
gra
msh
ou
ldb
ela
ido
ut
by
ag
eote
chn
ical
eng
inee
r
fam
ilia
rw
ith
the
pro
ject
and
the
des
ign
of
shee
tp
ile
wal
ls.
Th
eex
plo
rati
on
pro
gra
msh
ou
ldb
eco
ord
inat
ed
wit
han
eng
inee
rin
gg
eolo
gis
tan
d/o
rg
eolo
gis
tfa
mil
iar
wit
hth
eg
eolo
gy
of
the
area
.
3-2
.S
ub
su
rface
Exp
lora
tio
nan
dS
ite
Ch
ara
cte
rizati
on
a.
Reconnaissance
phase
andfeasibilityphase
exploration:
Wh
ere
po
ssib
le,
exp
lora
tio
np
rog
ram
s
sho
uld
be
acco
mp
lish
edin
ph
ases
soth
atin
form
atio
n
ob
tain
edin
each
ph
ase
may
be
use
dad
van
tag
eou
sly
in
pla
nn
ing
late
rp
has
es.
Th
ere
sult
so
fea
chp
has
ear
e
use
dto
"ch
arac
teri
ze"
the
site
dep
osi
tsfo
ran
aly
sis
and
des
ign
by
dev
elop
ing
idea
lize
dm
ater
ial
pro
file
san
d
assi
gn
ing
mat
eria
lp
rop
erti
es.
Fo
rlo
ng
,li
nea
rst
ruct
ure
s
lik
efl
oo
dw
alls
,g
eop
hy
sica
lm
eth
od
ssu
chas
seis
mic
and
resi
stiv
ity
tech
niq
ues
oft
enp
rov
ide
anab
ilit
yto
rap
idly
def
ine
gen
eral
con
dit
ion
sat
mo
des
tco
st.
In
allu
via
lfl
oo
dp
lain
s,ae
rial
ph
oto
gra
ph
stu
die
sca
no
ften
loca
tere
cen
tch
ann
elfi
llin
go
ro
ther
po
ten
tial
pro
ble
m
area
s.A
mo
der
ate
nu
mb
ero
fb
ori
ng
ssh
ou
ldb
e
ob
tain
edat
the
sam
eti
me
tore
fin
eth
esi
tech
arac
teri
za-
tio
nan
dto
"cal
ibra
te"
geo
ph
ysi
cal
fin
din
gs.
Bo
rin
gs
sho
uld
exte
nd
dee
pen
ou
gh
tosa
mp
lean
ym
ater
ials
wh
ich
may
affe
ctw
all
per
form
ance
;a
dep
tho
ffi
ve
tim
esth
eex
po
sed
wal
lh
eig
ht
bel
ow
the
gro
un
dsu
rfac
e
can
be
con
sid
ered
am
inim
um
"ru
leo
fth
um
b."
Fo
r
flo
od
wal
lsat
op
ale
vee
,th
eex
plo
rati
on
pro
gra
mm
ust
be
suff
icie
nt
no
to
nly
toev
alu
ate
and
des
ign
the
shee
t
pil
ew
all
syst
emb
ut
also
asse
ssth
est
abil
ity
of
the
ov
er-
all
lev
eesy
stem
.F
or
flo
od
wal
lsw
her
eu
nd
erse
epag
eis
of
con
cern
,a
suff
icie
nt
nu
mb
ero
fth
eb
ori
ng
ssh
ou
ld
exte
nd
dee
pen
ou
gh
toes
tab
lish
the
thic
kn
ess
of
any
per
vio
us
stra
ta.
Th
esp
acin
go
fb
ori
ng
sd
epen
ds
on
the
geo
log
yo
fth
ear
eaan
dm
ayv
ary
fro
msi
teto
site
.
Bo
rin
gsp
acin
gsh
ou
ldb
ese
lect
edto
inte
rsec
td
isti
nct
geo
log
ical
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
pro
ject
.
b.Preconstructionengineeringanddesignphase
.
Du
rin
gth
isp
has
e,ex
plo
rati
on
sar
eco
nd
uct
edto
dev
elop
det
aile
dm
ater
ial
pro
file
san
dq
uan
tifi
cati
on
of
mat
eria
l
par
amet
ers.
Th
en
um
ber
of
bo
rin
gs
sho
uld
typ
ical
lyb
e
two
tofi
ve
tim
esth
en
um
ber
of
pre
lim
inar
yb
ori
ng
s.
No
exac
tsp
acin
gis
reco
mm
end
ed,
asth
eb
ori
ng
lay
ou
t
sho
uld
be
con
tro
lled
by
the
geo
log
icco
nd
itio
ns
and
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
pro
po
sed
stru
ctu
re.
Bas
edo
nth
e
pre
lim
inar
ysi
tech
arac
teri
zati
on
,b
ori
ng
ssh
ou
ldb
e
situ
ated
toco
nfi
rmth
elo
cati
on
of
sig
nif
ican
tch
ang
esin
sub
surf
ace
con
dit
ion
sas
wel
las
toco
nfi
rmth
eco
nti
nu
-
ity
of
app
aren
tly
con
sist
ent
sub
surf
ace
con
dit
ion
s.A
t
this
tim
e,u
nd
istu
rbed
sam
ple
ssh
ou
ldb
eob
tain
edfo
r
lab
ora
tory
test
ing
and
/or
insi
tute
sts
sho
uld
be
per
form
ed.
c.Constructiongeneralphase
.In
som
eca
ses,
add
i-
tio
nal
exp
lora
tio
np
has
esm
ayb
eu
sefu
lto
reso
lve
qu
es-
tio
ns
aris
ing
du
rin
gd
etai
led
des
ign
top
rov
ide
mo
re
det
aile
din
form
atio
nto
bid
der
sin
the
pla
ns
and
spec
ifi-
cati
on
s,su
bse
qu
ent
toco
nst
ruct
ion
,o
rto
sup
po
rtcl
aim
s
and
mo
dif
icat
ion
s.
3-3
.T
esti
ng
of
Fo
un
dati
on
Mate
rials
a.General.
Pro
ced
ure
sfo
rte
stin
gso
ils
are
des
crib
edin
EM
11
10
-2-1
90
6.
Pro
ced
ure
sfo
rte
stin
g
rock
spec
imen
sar
ed
escr
ibed
inth
eRock
Testing
Handbook
(U.S
.A
rmy
En
gin
eer
Wat
erw
ays
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tio
n(W
ES
)1
98
0).
Mu
cho
fth
ed
iscu
ssio
no
nu
seo
f
lab
ora
tory
test
sin
EM
11
10
-1-1
80
4an
dE
M1
11
0-2
-
19
13
also
app
lies
tosh
eet
pil
ew
all
des
ign
.
3-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
8E
ng
ineeri
ng
Co
nsid
era
tio
ns
for
Co
nstr
ucti
on
8-1
.G
en
era
l
Th
isch
apte
rad
dre
sses
eng
inee
rin
gco
nsi
der
atio
ns
for
shee
tp
ile
wal
lco
nst
ruct
ion
.It
sin
ten
tis
tog
ive
des
ign
and
con
stru
ctio
nen
gin
eers
ano
ver
vie
wo
fin
stal
lati
on
and
its
effe
cto
nth
ed
esig
n.
8-2
.S
ite
Co
nd
itio
ns
Sit
eco
nd
itio
ns
sho
uld
be
eval
uat
edd
uri
ng
the
reco
n-
nai
ssan
cep
has
e,w
ith
effo
rtin
crea
sin
gas
the
des
ign
pro
gre
sses
.O
ver
hea
dan
du
nd
erg
rou
nd
ob
stru
ctio
ns,
such
asp
ipes
,p
ow
erli
nes
,an
dex
isti
ng
stru
ctu
res,
may
dic
tate
spec
ial
con
stru
ctio
nte
chn
iqu
es.
So
me
situ
atio
ns
may
even
nec
essi
tate
ach
ang
ein
wal
lal
ign
men
t.T
he
effe
cts
of
pil
ed
riv
ing
on
nea
rby
stru
ctu
res
or
emb
ank
-
men
tssh
ou
ldal
sob
eco
nsi
der
ed.
8-3
.C
on
str
ucti
on
Seq
uen
ce
a.Interimprotection.
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
an
ewfl
oo
d-
wal
lso
met
imes
req
uir
esre
mo
val
of
the
exis
tin
gp
rote
c-
tio
n.
Inth
atsi
tuat
ion
itis
nec
essa
ryto
pro
vid
ein
teri
m
pro
tect
ion
or
toco
nst
ruct
the
new
wal
lin
stag
es.
Inte
rim
pro
tect
ion
sho
uld
be
toth
esa
me
lev
elas
the
rem
ov
edp
rote
ctio
nli
ne.
Sta
ged
con
stru
ctio
nsh
ou
ld
lim
itth
eb
reac
hto
on
eth
atca
nb
ecl
ose
dsh
ou
ldfl
oo
d-
wat
ers
app
roac
h.
b.Relocations.
Ov
erh
ead
uti
lity
lin
esar
ere
loca
ted
tem
po
rari
lyfo
rm
ost
shee
tp
ile
wal
ls.
Sub
seq
uen
tto
pil
ed
riv
ing
,th
eli
nes
can
usu
ally
be
pla
ced
bac
kin
thei
r
ori
gin
alp
osi
tio
n.
Un
der
gro
un
dli
nes
are
rem
ov
edfo
r
pil
ed
riv
ing
and
then
pla
ced
bac
kth
rou
gh
the
shee
tp
ile.
Tem
po
rary
byp
ass
lin
esar
en
eces
sary
for
som
esi
tua-
tio
ns.
Per
man
ent
relo
cati
on
thro
ug
hth
ew
all
mu
stal
low
for
dif
fere
nti
alse
ttle
men
tb
etw
een
the
wal
lan
dth
e
uti
lity
lin
es.
8-4
.E
art
hw
ork
a.Excavation.
Ex
cav
atio
nco
nsi
sts
of
the
rem
ov
al
and
dis
po
sal
of
mat
eria
lto
the
gra
des
and
dim
ensi
on
s
pro
vid
edo
nth
ep
lan
s.E
xca
vat
ion
isg
ener
ally
req
uir
ed
wh
enca
pp
ing
or
tren
chin
gsh
eet
pil
ean
dfo
rp
lace
men
t
of
tie
rod
so
ran
cho
rs.
Ad
ewat
erin
gsy
stem
con
sist
ing
of
sum
ps
and
pu
mp
so
rw
ells
may
be
req
uir
edd
epen
d-
ing
on
sub
surf
ace
con
dit
ion
s.A
nex
cav
atio
nan
d
dew
ater
ing
pla
nsh
ou
ldb
esu
bm
itte
db
yth
eco
ntr
acto
r
for
rev
iew
pri
or
toco
mm
ence
men
to
fw
ork
.
b.Voidsduetodriving.
Du
rin
gp
ile
dri
vin
gop
era-
tio
ns,
vo
ids
may
form
adja
cen
tto
the
web
san
dfl
ang
es
of
the
shee
tp
ilin
gd
ue
toso
ild
raw
do
wn
.T
yp
ical
ly,
thes
ev
oid
sar
efi
rst
pu
mp
edfr
eeo
fan
yw
ater
pre
sen
t,
eith
erd
ue
tose
epag
eo
rra
in,
and
then
bac
kfi
lled
wit
ha
cem
ent-
ben
ton
ite-
san
dsl
urr
y.
Th
esl
urr
ysh
ou
ldb
e
flu
iden
ou
gh
tofi
llth
ev
oid
san
dst
ron
gen
ou
gh
to
app
rox
imat
eth
est
ren
gth
of
the
insi
tum
ater
ial.
c.Backfill
.It
isre
com
men
ded
that
clea
nsa
nd
san
d
gra
vel
sb
eu
sed
asb
ack
fill
for
reta
inin
gw
alls
wh
enev
er
po
ssib
le.
Mat
eria
lp
lace
db
ehin
dth
ew
all
sho
uld
be
com
pac
ted
top
rev
ent
sett
lem
ent.
Th
eam
ou
nt
of
com
-
pac
tio
nre
qu
ired
dep
end
so
nth
em
ater
ial
use
d.
Ov
er
com
pac
tio
nco
uld
ind
uce
add
itio
nal
late
ral
pre
ssu
res
that
may
no
th
ave
bee
nac
cou
nte
dfo
rin
the
des
ign
.T
yp
i-
call
y,
gra
nu
lar
fill
isp
lace
din
thin
lift
s,w
ith
each
lift
com
pac
ted
bef
ore
the
nex
tis
pla
ced
.If
bac
kfi
llis
tob
e
pla
ced
on
bo
thsi
des
of
aw
all,
pla
cem
ent
sho
uld
be
in
sim
ult
aneo
us
equ
alli
fts
on
each
sid
e.T
her
ear
eso
me
situ
atio
ns
inw
hic
hth
eu
seo
fcl
ayb
ack
fill
isu
nav
oid
-
able
,as
inb
ack
fill
for
wal
lsin
lev
ees.
Un
der
thes
e
circ
um
stan
ces
ver
yst
rict
con
tro
lso
nco
mp
acti
on
are
req
uir
ed.
8-5
.E
qu
ipm
en
tan
dA
ccesso
ries
a.General.
Th
em
ost
com
mo
nm
eth
od
so
fin
stal
lin
g
shee
tp
ile
wal
lsin
clu
de
dri
vin
g,
jett
ing
,an
dtr
ench
ing
.
Th
ety
pe
of
shee
tp
ilin
go
ften
go
ver
ns
the
met
ho
do
f
inst
alla
tio
n.
Co
ntr
act
spec
ific
atio
ns
sho
uld
pro
hib
itth
e
inst
alla
tio
no
fsh
eet
pil
ing
un
til
the
con
trac
tor’
sm
eth
od
s
and
equ
ipm
ent
are
app
rov
ed.
b.Hammers.
Typ
eso
fd
riv
ing
ham
mer
sal
low
edfo
r
shee
tp
iles
incl
ud
est
eam
,ai
r,o
rd
iese
ld
rop
,si
ng
le-
acti
on
,d
oub
le-a
ctio
n,
dif
fere
nti
al-a
ctio
n,
or
vib
rato
ry.
Th
ere
qu
ired
dri
vin
gen
erg
yra
ng
esh
ou
ldb
esp
ecif
ied
in
foo
t-p
ou
nd
sb
ased
on
the
man
ufa
ctu
rer’
sre
com
men
da-
tio
ns
and
the
typ
eo
fsu
bsu
rfac
eth
atw
ill
be
enco
un
-
tere
d.
Vib
rato
ryh
amm
ers
are
wid
ely
use
db
ecau
seth
ey
usu
ally
can
dri
ve
the
pil
esfa
ster
,d
on
ot
dam
age
the
top
of
the
pil
e,an
dca
nea
sily
be
extr
acte
dw
hen
nec
essa
ry.
Av
ibra
tory
ham
mer
can
dri
ve
pil
ing
up
toei
gh
tti
mes
fast
erth
anim
pac
th
amm
ers
dep
end
ing
on
the
typ
eo
f
sub
gra
de.
Wh
ena
har
dd
riv
ing
con
dit
ion
isen
cou
n-
tere
d,
av
ibra
tory
ham
mer
can
cau
seth
ein
terl
ock
sto
mel
t.If
the
pen
etra
tio
nra
teis
1fo
ot
or
less
per
min
ute
,
the
use
of
av
ibra
tory
ham
mer
sho
uld
be
dis
con
tin
ued
8-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
7-3
.A
nch
or
sp
rin
g
wh
ere
L=
len
gth
of
tie
rod
sat
tach
edto
dis
cret
ean
cho
rso
r
the
unb
on
ded
len
gth
of
gro
ute
dan
cho
rs
E=
mo
du
lus
of
elas
tici
tyo
fth
ero
d
Aa
=cr
oss
-sec
tio
nal
area
of
the
rod
Th
efo
rce-
def
orm
atio
nch
arac
teri
stic
for
cab
lete
nd
on
s
sho
uld
be
ob
tain
edfr
om
man
ufa
ctu
rer’
ssp
ecif
icat
ion
s.
7-7
.A
pp
licati
on
of
SS
IA
naly
sis
Th
eS
SI
pro
ced
ure
pro
vid
esso
luti
on
sin
wh
ich
forc
es
(ben
din
gm
om
ents
,sh
ears
,an
cho
rfo
rce,
and
soil
pre
s-
sure
s)ar
eco
mp
atib
lew
ith
wal
ld
isp
lace
men
tsat
all
po
ints
.In
add
itio
n,
solu
tio
ns
may
be
ob
tain
edb
yth
is
met
ho
dfo
rst
ages
inte
rmed
iate
toth
efi
nal
con
fig
ura
tio
n
asw
ell
asal
low
ing
for
mu
ltip
lean
cho
rs.
Ho
wev
er,
it
mu
stb
eem
ph
asiz
edth
atth
ep
roce
du
reis
a"g
rav
ity
turn
-on
"an
dd
oes
no
tta
ke
into
acco
un
tth
ecu
mu
lati
ve
effe
cts
of
the
con
stru
ctio
nse
qu
ence
.T
he
gre
ates
t
un
cert
ain
tyin
the
met
ho
dis
inse
lect
ing
the
soil
stif
f-
nes
sp
aram
eter
s,co
nse
qu
entl
yth
em
eth
od
sho
uld
be
use
dto
eval
uat
eth
ese
nsi
tiv
ity
of
the
solu
tio
nto
var
ia-
tio
ns
inso
ilst
iffn
ess.
Ter
zag
hi
(19
55
)h
asin
dic
ated
that
the
forc
esin
the
syst
emar
ere
lati
vel
yin
sen
siti
ve
to
larg
ev
aria
tio
ns
inso
ilst
iffn
ess,
alth
ou
gh
calc
ula
ted
dis
-
pla
cem
ents
are
sig
nif
ican
tly
affe
cted
.A
lth
ou
gh
the
forc
esan
dd
isp
lace
men
tsar
eco
mp
atib
lein
the
solu
tio
n,
itm
ust
be
reco
gn
ized
that
the
calc
ula
ted
def
lect
ion
sar
e
on
lyre
pre
sen
tati
ve
of
the
def
orm
atio
no
fth
ew
all
and
do
no
tin
clu
de
dis
pla
cem
ents
of
the
enti
rew
all/
soil
mas
s.
7-4
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Cla
ssif
icat
ion
and
ind
exte
sts
(wat
erco
nte
nt,
Att
erb
erg
lim
its,
gra
insi
ze)
sho
uld
be
per
form
edo
nm
ost
or
all
sam
ple
san
dsh
ear
test
ssh
ou
ldb
ep
erfo
rmed
on
sele
cted
rep
rese
nta
tiv
eu
nd
istu
rbed
sam
ple
s.W
her
ese
ttle
men
t
of
fin
e-g
rain
fou
nd
atio
nm
ater
ials
iso
fco
nce
rn,
con
soli
-
dat
ion
test
ssh
ou
ldal
sob
ep
erfo
rmed
.T
he
stre
ng
th
par
amet
ers
φan
dc
are
no
tin
trin
sic
mat
eria
lp
rop
erti
es
bu
tra
ther
are
par
amet
ers
that
dep
end
on
the
app
lied
stre
sses
,th
ed
egre
eo
fco
nso
lid
atio
nu
nd
erth
ose
stre
sses
,an
dth
ed
rain
age
con
dit
ion
sd
uri
ng
shea
r.
Co
nse
qu
entl
y,
thei
rv
alu
esm
ust
be
bas
edo
nla
bo
rato
ry
test
sth
atap
pro
pri
atel
ym
od
elth
ese
con
dit
ion
sas
exp
ecte
din
the
fiel
d.
b.Coarse-grainmaterials(cohesionless).
Co
arse
-
gra
inm
ater
ials
such
assa
nd
s,g
rav
els,
and
no
np
last
ic
silt
sar
esu
ffic
ien
tly
per
vio
us
that
exce
ssp
ore
pre
ssu
res
do
no
td
evel
op
wh
enst
ress
con
dit
ion
sar
ech
ang
ed.
Th
eir
shea
rst
ren
gth
isch
arac
teri
zed
by
the
ang
leo
f
inte
rnal
fric
tio
n(φ
)d
eter
min
edfr
om
con
soli
dat
ed,
dra
ined
(So
rC
D)
test
s.F
ailu
reen
vel
op
esp
lott
edin
term
so
fto
tal
or
effe
ctiv
est
ress
esar
eth
esa
me,
and
typ
ical
lyex
hib
ita
zeroc
val
ue
and
aφ
val
ue
inth
e
ran
ge
of
25
to4
5d
egre
es.
Th
ev
alu
eo
fφ
for
coar
se-
gra
inso
ils
var
ies
dep
end
ing
pre
do
min
atel
yo
nth
ep
arti
-
cle
shap
e,g
rad
atio
n,
and
rela
tiv
ed
ensi
ty.
Bec
ause
of
the
dif
ficu
lty
of
ob
tain
ing
un
dis
turb
edsa
mp
les
of
coar
se-g
rain
soil
s,th
eφ
val
ue
isu
sual
lyin
ferr
edfr
om
in
situ
test
so
rco
nse
rvat
ivel
yas
sum
edb
ased
on
mat
eria
l
typ
e. (1)
Tab
le3
-1sh
ow
sap
pro
xim
ate
rela
tio
nsh
ips
bet
wee
nth
ere
lati
ve
den
sity
,st
and
ard
pen
etra
tio
nre
sis-
tan
ce(S
PT
),an
gle
of
inte
rnal
fric
tio
n,
and
un
itw
eig
ht
of
gra
nu
lar
soil
s.F
igu
re3
-1sh
ow
san
oth
erco
rrel
atio
n
bet
wee
nφ
,re
lati
ve
den
sity
,an
du
nit
wei
gh
tfo
rv
ario
us
typ
eso
fco
arse
-gra
inso
ils.
Wh
ere
site
-sp
ecif
icco
rrel
a-
tio
ns
are
des
ired
for
imp
ort
ant
stru
ctu
res,
lab
ora
tory
test
sm
ayb
ep
erfo
rmed
on
sam
ple
sre
com
pac
ted
to
sim
ula
tefi
eld
den
sity
.
(2)
Th
ew
all
fric
tio
nan
gle
,δ,
isu
sual
lyex
pre
ssed
asa
frac
tio
no
fth
ean
gle
of
inte
rnal
fric
tio
n,
φ.
Tab
le3
-2sh
ow
sth
esm
alle
stra
tio
sb
etw
een
δan
dφ
det
erm
ined
inan
exte
nsi
ve
seri
eso
fte
sts
by
Po
tyo
nd
y
(19
61
).T
able
3-3
sho
ws
ang
leo
fw
all
fric
tio
nfo
r
var
iou
sso
ils
agai
nst
stee
lan
dco
ncr
ete
shee
tp
ile
wal
ls.
c.Fine-grainmaterials(cohesivesoils)
.T
he
shea
r
stre
ng
tho
ffi
ne-
gra
inm
ater
ials
,su
chas
clay
san
dp
last
ic
silt
s,is
con
sid
erab
lym
ore
com
ple
xth
anco
arse
-gra
in
soil
sb
ecau
seo
fth
eir
sig
nif
ican
tly
low
erp
erm
eab
ilit
y,
hig
her
vo
idra
tio
s,an
dth
ein
tera
ctio
nb
etw
een
the
po
re
wat
eran
dth
eso
ilp
arti
cles
.
(1)
Fin
e-g
rain
soil
ssu
bje
cted
tost
ress
chan
ges
dev
elop
exce
ss(e
ith
erp
osi
tiv
eo
rn
egat
ive)
po
rep
res-
sure
sb
ecau
seth
eir
low
per
mea
bil
ity
pre
clu
des
an
inst
anta
neo
us
wat
erco
nte
nt
chan
ge,
anap
par
ent
φ=
0
con
dit
ion
inte
rms
of
tota
lst
ress
es.
Th
us,
thei
rb
ehav
ior
isti
me
dep
end
ent
du
eto
thei
rlo
wp
erm
eab
ilit
y,
resu
lt-
ing
ind
iffe
ren
tb
ehav
ior
un
der
sho
rt-t
erm
(un
dra
ined
)
and
lon
g-t
erm
(dra
ined
)lo
adin
gco
nd
itio
ns.
Th
eco
nd
i-
tio
no
fφ
=0
occ
urs
on
lyin
no
rmal
lyco
nso
lid
ated
soil
s.
Ov
erco
nso
lid
ated
clay
s"r
emem
ber
"th
ep
ast
effe
ctiv
e
stre
ssan
dex
hib
itth
esh
ear
stre
ng
thco
rres
po
nd
ing
toa
stre
ssle
vel
clo
ser
toth
ep
reco
nso
lid
atio
np
ress
ure
rath
er
than
the
curr
ent
stre
ss;
ath
igh
erst
ress
es,
abo
ve
the
pre
con
soli
dat
ion
pre
ssu
re,
they
beh
ave
lik
en
orm
ally
con
soli
dat
edcl
ays.
(2)
Th
ese
con
dfa
cto
r,h
igh
erv
oid
rati
o,
gen
eral
ly
mea
ns
low
ersh
ear
stre
ng
th(a
nd
mo
red
iffi
cult
des
ign
s).
Bu
tin
add
itio
n,
itcr
eate
so
ther
pro
ble
ms.
Inso
me
(sen
siti
ve)
clay
sth
elo
ose
stru
ctu
reo
fth
ecl
aym
ayb
e
dis
turb
edb
yco
nst
ruct
ion
op
erat
ion
sle
adin
gto
am
uch
low
erst
ren
gth
and
even
ali
qu
idst
ate.
(3)
Th
eth
ird
fact
or,
the
inte
ract
ion
bet
wee
ncl
ay
par
ticl
esan
dw
ater
(at
mic
rosc
op
icsc
ale)
,is
the
mai
n
cau
seo
fth
e"d
iffe
ren
t"b
ehav
ior
of
clay
s.T
he
firs
ttw
o
fact
ors
,in
fact
,ca
nb
eat
trib
ute
dto
this
(Lam
be
and
Wh
itm
an1
96
9).
Oth
eras
pec
tso
f"p
ecu
liar
"cl
ayb
ehav
-
ior,
such
asse
nsi
tiv
ity
,sw
elli
ng
(exp
ansi
ve
soil
s),
and
low
,ef
fect
ive-
φan
gle
sar
eal
soex
pla
inab
leb
yth
is
fact
or.
(4)
Inp
ract
ice,
the
ov
eral
lef
fect
so
fth
ese
fact
ors
are
ind
irec
tly
exp
ress
edw
ith
the
ind
exp
rop
erti
essu
ch
asLL
(liq
uid
lim
it),PL
(pla
stic
lim
it),w
(wat
erco
n-
ten
t),
ande
(vo
idra
tio
).A
hig
hLL
orPL
ina
soil
is
ind
icat
ive
of
am
ore
"cla
y-l
ike"
or
"pla
stic
"b
ehav
ior.
Ing
ener
al,
ifth
en
atu
ral
wat
erco
nte
nt,w
,is
clo
ser
to
PL
,th
ecl
aym
ayb
eex
pec
ted
tob
est
iff,
ov
erco
n-
soli
dat
ed,
and
hav
ea
hig
hu
nd
rain
edsh
ear
stre
ng
th;
this
usu
ally
(bu
tn
ot
alw
ays)
mea
ns
that
the
dra
ined
con
di-
tio
nm
ayb
em
ore
crit
ical
(wit
hre
spec
tto
the
ov
eral
l
stab
ilit
yan
dth
ep
assi
ve
resi
stan
ceo
fth
eb
eari
ng
stra
-
tum
ina
shee
tp
ile
pro
ble
m).
On
the
oth
erh
and
,if
wis
clo
ser
toL
L,
the
clay
may
be
exp
ecte
dto
be
soft
(Tab
le3
-4),
no
rmal
lyco
nso
lid
ated
,an
dh
ave
alo
w,
un
dra
ined
shea
rst
ren
gth
;an
dth
isu
sual
lym
ean
sth
atth
e
un
dra
ined
con
dit
ion
wil
lb
em
ore
crit
ical
.
3-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Tab
le3-1
Gra
nu
lar
So
ilP
rop
ert
ies
(aft
er
Ten
g1962)
Compactness
Relative
Density
(%)
SPT
N (blows
perft)
Angle
ofInternal
Friction
(deg)
UnitWeight
Moist(pcf)
Submerged(pcf)
VeryLoose
0-15
0-4
<28
<100
<60
Loose
16-35
5-10
28-30
95-125
55-65
Medium
36-65
11-30
31-36
110-130
60-70
Dense
66-85
31-50
37-41
110-140
65-85
VeryDense
86-100
>51
>41
>130
>75
Fig
ure
3-1
.C
oh
esio
nle
ss
So
ilP
rop
ert
ies
(aft
er
U.S
.D
ep
art
men
to
fth
eN
avy
1971)
3-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
(7-1
)po
pvKo
wh
ere
pv
=ef
fect
ive
ver
tica
lso
ilp
ress
ure
atth
ep
oin
to
f
inte
rest
Ko
=at
-res
tso
ilco
effi
cien
t
Th
eat
-res
tco
effi
cien
tsh
ou
ldb
eas
cert
ain
edb
yth
e
geo
tech
nic
alen
gin
eer
du
rin
gso
ilex
plo
rati
on
.In
the
abse
nce
of
test
dat
a,K
om
ayb
ees
tim
ated
by
(7-2
)Ko
1si
n(φ
)
Alt
ho
ug
hth
ev
aria
tio
no
fso
ilp
ress
ure
bet
wee
nli
mit
s
foll
ow
sa
curv
edp
ath
,th
esi
mp
lifi
edb
ilin
ear
rep
rese
nta
-
tio
nsh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
7-2
isu
sed
.T
he
dis
pla
cem
ents
at
wh
ich
lim
itin
gac
tiv
eo
rp
assi
ve
pre
ssu
rear
ere
ach
ed
dep
end
on
the
typ
eo
fso
ilan
dth
efl
exib
ilit
yo
fth
ew
all.
Th
ese
infl
uen
ces
are
char
acte
rize
db
yso
ilst
iffn
ess
val
ues
and
anes
tim
ate
of
the
dis
tan
cefr
om
the
wal
lto
wh
ich
the
soil
issi
gn
ific
antl
yst
ress
ed(t
he
inte
ract
ion
dis
tan
ce).
Ru
les-
of-
thu
mb
for
esti
mat
ing
the
inte
ract
ion
dis
tan
cear
ep
rov
ided
inth
eC
WA
LS
SI
Use
r’s
Gu
ide
(Daw
kin
s1
99
2).
Rep
rese
nta
tiv
eso
ilst
iffn
esse
sar
e
giv
enb
yT
erza
gh
i(1
95
5).
Wit
hk
no
wn
val
ues
of
soil
stif
fnes
s,th
etr
ansi
tio
nd
isp
lace
men
ts,p
aan
dp
pin
Fig
ure
7-2
,fo
ran
yn
od
ein
the
mo
del
are
ob
tain
edfo
r
san
das
(7-3
)∆a
po
pa
(sapv)
/(γd)
(7-4
)∆p
pp
po
(sppv)
/(γd)
and
for
clay
as
(7-5
)∆a
po
pa
(sa)/
(d)
(7-6
)∆p
pp
po
(sp)/
(d)
wh
ere
pa,p
o,
andp
p=
acti
ve,
at-r
est,
and
pas
siv
ep
ress
ure
s
s aan
ds p
=ac
tiv
ean
dp
assi
ve
soil
stif
fnes
ses,
resp
ecti
vel
y
pv
=ef
fect
ive
ver
tica
lso
ilp
ress
ure
γ=
effe
ctiv
eso
ilu
nit
wei
gh
t
d=
inte
ract
ion
dis
tan
ce,
all
atth
en
od
eo
f
inte
rest
7-6
.N
on
lin
ear
An
ch
or
Sp
rin
gs
An
cho
rsar
ere
pre
sen
ted
asco
nce
ntr
ated
no
nli
nea
r
spri
ng
sin
wh
ich
the
forc
ev
arie
sw
ith
wal
ld
isp
lace
men
t
assh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
7-3
.T
he
lim
itin
gte
nsi
on
forc
eis
giv
enb
y
(7-7
)Ft
Arf y
wh
ere
Ar
=th
eef
fect
ive
area
of
the
tie
rod
f y=
yie
ldst
ress
of
the
mat
eria
l
Th
eli
mit
ing
forc
ein
com
pre
ssio
nF
cd
epen
ds
on
the
man
ner
inw
hic
hth
eti
ero
dis
con
nec
ted
toth
ew
ales
and
the
com
pre
ssiv
eax
ial
load
cap
acit
yo
fth
eti
ero
d
(ro
db
uck
lin
g)
and
may
var
yfr
om
zero
toth
ey
ield
val
ue
giv
enin
Eq
uat
ion
7-7
.T
he
dis
pla
cem
ents
at
wh
ich
the
lin
ear
var
iati
on
of
forc
ece
ases
are
giv
enb
y
(7-8
)∆t
FtL
EAa
(7-9
)∆c
FcL
EAa
7-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
7-1
.S
yste
mfo
rS
SI
an
aly
sis
Fig
ure
7-2
.D
istr
ibu
ted
so
ilsp
rin
gs
7-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Tab
le3-2
Rati
oo
fφ/δ
(Aft
er
All
en
,D
un
can
,an
dS
nacio
1988)
SoilType
Steel
Wood
Concrete
Sand
δ/φ=0.54
δ/φ=0.76
δ/φ=0.76
Silt&Clay
δ/φ=0.54
δ/φ=0.55
δ/φ=0.50
Tab
le3-3
Valu
es
of
δfo
rV
ari
ou
sIn
terf
aces
(aft
er
U.S
.D
ep
art
men
to
fth
eN
avy
1982)
SoilType
δ(deg)
(a)Steelsheetpiles
Cleangravel,gravelsandmixtures,
well-gradedrockfillwithspalls
22
Cleansand,siltysand-gravelmixture,
single-sizehardrockfill
17
Siltysand,gravelorsandmixedwithsiltorclay
14
Finesandysilt,nonplasticsilt
11
(b)Concretesheetpiles
Cleangravel,gravelsandmixtures,well-graded
rockfillwithspalls
22-26
Cleansand,siltysand-gravelmixture,
single-sizehardrockfill
17-22
Siltysand,gravelorsandmixedwithsiltorclay
17
Finesandysilt,nonplasticsilt
14
Tab
le3-4
Co
rrela
tio
no
fU
nd
rain
ed
Sh
ear
Str
en
gth
of
Cla
y(q
u=
2c
)
Consistency
qu
(psf)
SPT
(blows/ft)
Saturated
UnitWeight
(psf)
VerySoft
0-500
0-2
<100-110
Soft
500-1,000
3-4
100-120
Medium
1,000-2,000
5-8
110-125
Stiff
2,000-4,000
9-16
115-130
VeryStiff
4,000-8,000
16-32
120-140
Hard
>8,000
>32
>130
(5)
Sin
cean
un
dra
ined
con
dit
ion
may
be
exp
ecte
dto
occ
ur
un
der
"fas
t"lo
adin
gin
the
fiel
d,
itre
pre
sen
tsa
"sh
ort
-ter
m"
con
dit
ion
;in
tim
e,d
rain
age
wil
lo
ccu
r,an
d
the
dra
ined
stre
ng
thw
ill
go
ver
n(t
he
"lo
ng
-ter
m"
con
di-
tio
n).
To
mo
del
thes
eco
nd
itio
ns
inth
ela
bo
rato
ry,
thre
e
typ
eso
fte
sts
are
gen
eral
lyu
sed
;u
nco
nso
lid
ated
un
dra
ined
(Qo
rU
U),
con
soli
dat
edu
nd
rain
ed(R
or
CU
),an
dco
nso
lid
ated
dra
ined
(So
rC
D).
Un
dra
ined
shea
rst
ren
gth
inth
ela
bo
rato
ryis
det
erm
ined
fro
m
eith
erQ
or
Rte
sts
and
dra
ined
shea
rst
ren
gth
ises
tab
-
lish
edfr
om
Ste
sts
or
fro
mco
nso
lid
ated
un
dra
ined
test
s
wit
hp
ore
pre
ssu
rem
easu
rem
ents
(R
).
(6)
Th
eu
nd
rain
edsh
ear
stre
ng
th,S
u,
of
an
orm
ally
con
soli
dat
edcl
ayis
usu
ally
exp
ress
edb
yo
nly
aco
he-
sio
nin
terc
ept;
and
itis
lab
eledc u
toin
dic
ate
that
φw
as
tak
enas
zero
.c u
dec
reas
esd
ram
atic
ally
wit
hw
ater
con
ten
t;th
eref
ore
,in
des
ign
itis
com
mo
nto
con
sid
er
the
full
ysa
tura
ted
con
dit
ion
even
ifa
clay
isp
artl
y
satu
rate
din
the
fiel
d.
Typ
ical
un
dra
ined
shea
rst
ren
gth
val
ues
are
pre
sen
ted
inT
able
3-4
.S
uin
crea
ses
wit
h
dep
th(o
ref
fect
ive
stre
ss)
and
this
isco
mm
on
ly
exp
ress
edw
ith
the
rati
o"S
u/p
"(p
den
ote
sth
eef
fect
ive
ver
tica
lst
ress
).T
his
rati
oco
rrel
ates
rou
gh
lyw
ith
pla
s-
tici
tyin
dex
and
ov
erco
nso
lid
atio
nra
tio
(Fig
ure
s3
-2,
3-3
,re
spec
tiv
ely
).T
he
un
dra
ined
shea
rst
ren
gth
of
man
yo
ver
con
soli
dat
edso
ils
isfu
rth
erco
mp
lica
ted
du
e
toth
ep
rese
nce
of
fiss
ure
s;th
isle
ads
toa
low
erfi
eld
stre
ng
thth
ante
sts
on
smal
lla
bo
rato
rysa
mp
les
ind
icat
e.
(7)
Th
ed
rain
edsh
ear
stre
ng
tho
fn
orm
ally
con
soli
-
dat
edcl
ays
issi
mil
arto
that
of
loo
sesa
nd
s(c
′=O
),
exce
pt
that
φis
gen
eral
lylo
wer
.A
nem
pir
ical
corr
e-
lati
on
of
the
effe
ctiv
ean
gle
of
inte
rnal
fric
tio
n,
φ′,
wit
h
pla
stic
ity
ind
exfo
rn
orm
ally
con
soli
dat
edcl
ays
issh
ow
n
inF
igu
re3
-4.
Th
ed
rain
edsh
ear
stre
ng
tho
fo
ver
-co
n-
soli
dat
edcl
ays
issi
mil
arto
that
of
den
sesa
nd
s(a
gai
n
wit
hlo
wer
φ′)
,w
her
eth
ere
isa
pea
kst
ren
gth
(c′
no
nze
ro)
and
a"r
esid
ual
"sh
ear
stre
ng
th(c
′=O
).
(8)
Th
eg
ener
alap
pro
ach
inso
lvin
gp
rob
lem
s
inv
olv
ing
clay
isth
at,
un
less
the
cho
ice
isob
vio
us,
bo
th
un
dra
ined
and
dra
ined
con
dit
ion
sar
ean
aly
zed
sep
a-
rate
ly.
Th
em
ore
crit
ical
con
dit
ion
go
ver
ns
the
des
ign
.
To
tal
stre
sses
are
use
din
anan
aly
sis
wit
hu
nd
rain
ed
shea
rst
ren
gth
(sin
cep
ore
pre
ssu
res
are
"in
clu
ded
"in
the
un
dra
ined
shea
rst
ren
gth
)an
def
fect
ive
stre
sses
ina
dra
ined
case
;th
us
such
anal
yse
sar
eu
sual
lyca
lled
tota
l
and
effe
ctiv
est
ress
anal
yse
s,re
spec
tiv
ely
.
(9)
At
low
stre
ssle
vel
s,su
chas
nea
rth
eto
po
fa
wal
l,th
eu
nd
rain
edst
ren
gth
isg
reat
erth
anth
ed
rain
ed
3-4
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
3-2
.R
ela
tio
nsh
ipb
etw
een
the
rati
oS
u/p
an
dp
lasti
cit
yin
dex
for
no
rmall
yco
nso
lid
ate
dcla
ys
(aft
er
Gard
ner
1977)
stre
ng
thd
ue
toth
eg
ener
atio
no
fn
egat
ive
po
rep
ress
ure
s
wh
ich
can
dis
sip
ate
wit
hti
me.
Su
chn
egat
ive
po
re
pre
ssu
res
allo
wst
eep
tem
po
rary
cuts
tob
em
ade
incl
ay
soil
s.A
ctiv
eea
rth
pre
ssu
res
calc
ula
ted
usi
ng
un
dra
ined
par
amet
ers
are
min
imu
m(s
om
etim
esn
egat
ive)
val
ues
that
may
be
un
con
serv
ativ
efo
rd
esig
n.
Th
eysh
ou
ldb
e
use
d,
ho
wev
er,
toca
lcu
late
crac
kd
epth
sw
hen
chec
kin
g
the
case
of
aw
ater
-fil
led
crac
k.
(10
)A
th
igh
stre
ssle
vel
s,su
chas
bel
ow
the
bas
eo
f
ah
igh
wal
l,th
eu
nd
rain
edst
ren
gth
islo
wer
than
the
dra
ined
stre
ng
thd
ue
tog
ener
atio
no
fp
osi
tiv
ep
ore
pre
s-
sure
sd
uri
ng
shea
r.C
on
seq
uen
tly
,th
em
ass
stab
ilit
yo
f
wal
lso
nfi
ne-
gra
info
un
dat
ion
ssh
ou
ldb
ech
eck
edu
sin
g
bo
thd
rain
edan
du
nd
rain
edst
ren
gth
s.
(11
)C
erta
inm
ater
ials
such
ascl
aysh
ales
exh
ibit
gre
atly
red
uce
dsh
ear
stre
ng
tho
nce
shea
rin
gh
asin
iti-
ated
.F
or
wal
lsfo
un
ded
on
such
mat
eria
ls,
slid
ing
anal
y-
ses
sho
uld
incl
ud
ea
chec
ku
sin
gre
sid
ual
shea
r
stre
ng
ths.
3-4
.In
Sit
uT
esti
ng
of
Fo
un
dati
on
Mate
rials
a.Advantages
.F
or
des
ign
sin
vo
lvin
gco
arse
-gra
in
fou
nd
atio
nm
ater
ials
,u
nd
istu
rbed
sam
pli
ng
isu
sual
ly
imp
ract
ical
and
insi
tute
stin
gis
the
on
lyw
ayto
ob
tain
anes
tim
ate
of
mat
eria
lp
rop
erti
eso
ther
than
pu
re
assu
mp
tio
n.
Ev
enw
her
eu
nd
istu
rbed
sam
ple
sca
nb
e
ob
tain
ed,
the
use
of
insi
tum
eth
od
sto
sup
ple
men
tco
n-
ven
tio
nal
test
sm
ayp
rov
ide
sev
eral
adv
anta
ges
:lo
wer
cost
s,te
stin
go
fa
gre
ater
vo
lum
eo
fm
ater
ial,
and
test
-
ing
atth
ein
situ
stre
ssst
ate.
Alt
ho
ug
hn
um
ero
us
typ
es
of
insi
tute
sts
hav
eb
een
dev
ised
,th
ose
mo
stcu
rren
tly
app
lica
ble
tow
all
des
ign
are
the
SP
T,
the
con
ep
enet
ra-
tio
nte
st(C
PT
),an
dth
ep
ress
ure
met
erte
st(P
MT
).
b.Standardpenetrationtest
.T
he
SP
T(A
ST
M
D-1
58
6(1
98
4))
isro
uti
nel
yu
sed
toes
tim
ate
the
rela
tiv
e
den
sity
and
fric
tio
nan
gle
of
san
ds
usi
ng
emp
iric
alco
r-
rela
tio
ns.
To
min
imiz
eef
fect
so
fo
ver
bu
rden
stre
ss,
the
pen
etra
tio
nre
sist
ance
,o
rN
val
ue
(blo
ws
per
foo
t),
is
usu
ally
corr
ecte
dto
anef
fect
ive
ver
tica
lo
ver
bu
rden
3-5
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
7S
oil
-Str
uctu
reIn
tera
cti
on
An
aly
sis
7-1
.In
tro
du
cti
on
Th
ecl
assi
cal
des
ign
pro
ced
ure
sd
iscu
ssed
inC
hap
ters
5
and
6re
lyo
nse
ver
alsi
mp
lify
ing
and
oft
enco
n-
trad
icto
ryas
sum
pti
on
sre
gar
din
gth
eb
ehav
ior
of
the
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
.S
om
eo
fth
ean
om
alie
sco
nta
ined
in
the
clas
sica
lp
roce
du
res
are:
a.Incompatiblepressuresanddisplacements
.In
bo
thca
nti
lev
eran
dan
cho
red
wal
ld
esig
n,
the
soil
pre
s-
sure
sar
eas
sum
edto
be
eith
erth
eli
mit
ing
acti
ve
or
pas
siv
ep
ress
ure
atev
ery
po
int
wit
ho
ut
reg
ard
toth
e
mag
nit
ud
eo
rd
irec
tio
no
fw
all/
soil
dis
pla
cem
ents
.In
the
case
of
anan
cho
red
wal
l,th
ete
nd
ency
of
wal
l
mo
tio
nto
pro
du
cea
pas
siv
eco
nd
itio
nab
ov
eth
ean
cho
r
isig
no
red
.T
he
effe
cts
of
wal
lan
dan
cho
rfl
exib
ilit
ies
on
soil
pre
ssu
res
are
ign
ore
d,
and
the
dis
pla
cem
ents
are
calc
ula
ted
bas
edo
nh
yp
oth
etic
al,
and
per
hap
s,u
nre
alis
-
tic
sup
po
rts.
b.Effectofpilepenetration.
An
aly
sis
by
the
clas
si-
cal
met
ho
ds
of
aw
all
wit
ha
pen
etra
tio
ng
reat
erth
an
that
req
uir
edfo
rst
abil
ity
ind
icat
esn
ot
on
lyan
incr
ease
inth
efa
cto
ro
fsa
fety
bu
tat
ten
dan
tin
crea
ses
inso
il
pre
ssu
res,
ben
din
gm
om
ents
,an
cho
rfo
rces
,an
dd
efle
c-
tio
ns
asw
ell.
Wh
ile
the
incr
ease
dd
efle
ctio
ns
are
con
-
sist
ent
wit
hth
eas
sum
pti
on
sin
the
clas
sica
lp
roce
du
res,
anin
crea
sein
pen
etra
tio
nsh
ou
ldb
eex
pec
ted
tore
sult
inre
du
ced
def
lect
ion
s.
c.Multipleanchors.
Ap
pro
xim
ate
met
ho
ds
of
des
ign
hav
eb
een
pro
po
sed
for
wal
lsw
ith
mu
ltip
le
anch
ors
,h
ow
ever
thes
em
eth
od
sin
tro
du
cefu
rth
ersi
m-
pli
fyin
gas
sum
pti
on
sre
gar
din
gsy
stem
beh
avio
ran
d
suff
erfr
om
the
sam
eli
mit
atio
ns
asth
ose
for
sin
gle
anch
ore
dw
alls
.
7-2
.S
oil
-Str
uctu
reIn
tera
cti
on
Meth
od
Th
eso
il-s
tru
ctu
rein
tera
ctio
n(S
SI)
met
ho
do
fan
aly
sis
des
crib
edin
this
chap
ter
enfo
rces
com
pat
ibil
ity
of
def
lect
ion
s,so
ilp
ress
ure
s,an
dan
cho
rfo
rces
wh
ile
acco
un
tin
gfo
rw
all
and
anch
or
flex
ibil
itie
s.T
he
SS
I
met
ho
dis
bas
edo
na
on
e-d
imen
sio
nal
(1-D
)fi
nit
eel
e-
men
tm
od
elo
fth
ew
all/
soil
syst
emco
nsi
stin
go
fli
nea
rly
elas
tic
bea
m-c
olu
mn
elem
ents
for
the
wal
l,d
istr
ibu
ted
no
nli
nea
rW
ink
ler
spri
ng
sto
rep
rese
nt
the
soil
and
no
n-
lin
ear
con
cen
trat
edsp
rin
gs
tore
pre
sen
tan
yan
cho
rs.
7-3
.P
reli
min
ary
Info
rmati
on
Req
uir
edp
reli
min
ary
info
rmat
ion
for
app
lica
tio
no
fth
e
SS
Im
eth
od
incl
ud
esth
esy
stem
char
acte
rist
ics
des
crib
ed
inp
arag
rap
h5
-2b
asw
ell
asth
ep
enet
rati
on
of
the
shee
t
pil
ing
,sh
eet
pil
ing
mat
eria
lan
dcr
oss
-sec
tio
nal
pro
per
-
ties
(are
a,m
om
ent
of
iner
tia,
and
mo
du
lus
of
elas
tici
ty),
and
anch
or
pro
per
ties
(tie
rod
area
,m
od
ulu
so
fel
asti
c-
ity
,an
dfl
exib
lele
ng
th).
Th
ese
dat
aw
ill
be
avai
lab
le
for
anal
ysi
so
fan
exis
tin
gw
all/
soil
syst
em.
Fo
ru
seo
f
the
SS
Im
eth
od
asa
sup
ple
men
tal
too
lin
des
ign
of
a
new
syst
em,
anin
itia
ld
esig
nu
sin
go
ne
of
the
clas
sica
l
met
ho
ds
may
be
per
form
edan
dth
eS
SI
anal
ysi
su
sed
to
refi
ne
the
des
ign
.
7-4
.S
SI
Mo
del
Th
eo
ne-
dim
ensi
on
alm
od
elo
fa
typ
ical
1-f
oo
tsl
ice
of
the
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
issh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
7-1
.N
od
esin
the
mo
del
are
def
ined
atth
eto
pan
db
ott
om
of
the
wal
l,
atso
illa
yer
bo
un
dar
ies
on
each
sid
e,at
the
gro
un
d-
wat
erel
evat
ion
on
each
sid
e,at
the
anch
or
elev
atio
ns
and
ato
ther
inte
rmed
iate
loca
tio
ns
toas
sure
that
the
len
gth
of
each
bea
mel
emen
tis
no
mo
reth
an6
inch
es.
Lat
eral
sup
po
rtis
pro
vid
edb
yth
ed
istr
ibu
ted
soil
spri
ng
san
dco
nce
ntr
ated
anch
or
spri
ng
s.A
tp
rese
nt,
ther
eis
no
acce
pta
ble
pro
ced
ure
toac
cou
nt
for
the
effe
cts
of
wal
lfr
icti
on
or
adh
esio
nin
resi
stin
gv
erti
cal
mo
tio
ns
of
the
wal
l.T
he
effe
cts
of
thes
efa
cto
rsar
e
incl
ud
edin
the
asse
ssm
ent
of
the
late
ral
resi
stan
ceo
f
the
soil
.W
hen
anin
clin
edan
cho
rp
rod
uce
sax
ial
forc
e
inth
ep
ilin
g,
the
bo
tto
mo
fth
ew
all
isas
sum
edto
be
fix
edag
ain
stv
erti
cal
tran
slat
ion
.C
on
ven
tio
nal
mat
rix
stru
ctu
ral
anal
ysi
sis
use
dto
rela
teth
ed
efo
rmat
ion
so
f
the
syst
em(d
efin
edb
yth
eh
ori
zon
tal
and
ver
tica
ltr
ans-
lati
on
san
dth
ero
tati
on
so
fth
en
od
es)
toth
eap
pli
ed
exte
rnal
forc
es.
Th
isre
sult
sin
asy
stem
of
3N
(fo
ra
mo
del
wit
hN
no
des
)n
on
lin
ear
sim
ult
aneo
us
equ
atio
ns
wh
ich
mu
stb
eso
lved
by
iter
atio
n.
Th
ed
etai
lso
fth
e
anal
yti
cal
pro
ced
ure
are
pre
sen
ted
inth
eC
WA
LS
SI
Use
r’s
Gu
ide
(Daw
kin
s1
99
2).
7-5
.N
on
lin
ear
So
ilS
pri
ng
s
Th
efo
rces
exer
ted
by
the
dis
trib
ute
dso
ilsp
rin
gs
var
y
wit
hla
tera
lw
all
dis
pla
cem
ent
bet
wee
nth
eac
tiv
ean
d
pas
siv
eli
mit
sas
sho
wn
inF
igu
re7
-2.
Act
ive
and
pas
-
siv
eso
ilp
ress
ure
sar
eca
lcu
late
dfo
ra
fact
or
of
safe
ty
of
1b
yth
ep
roce
du
res
des
crib
edin
Ch
apte
r4
incl
ud
ing
wal
l/so
ilfr
icti
on
and
adh
esio
n.
Th
eat
-res
tp
ress
urep
o,
corr
esp
on
din
gto
zero
wal
ld
isp
lace
men
t,is
ob
tain
ed
fro
m
7-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
for
slac
kre
mo
val
,F
igu
re6
-5.
Up
set
thre
ads
are
reco
mm
end
ed.
(a)
Tie
rod
area
.T
he
forc
esu
stai
ned
by
each
tie
rod
isg
iven
by
(6-1
2)
Trod
TaS
wh
ere
Ta
=an
cho
rfo
rce
per
foo
to
fw
all
fro
mth
est
abil
ity
anal
ysi
s(s
eeal
soF
igu
re6
-3)
S=
spac
ing
bet
wee
nad
jace
nt
tie
rod
s
Th
em
inim
um
req
uir
edn
etar
eafo
ra
tie
rod
is
(6-1
3)
Anet
Trod
/f t
wh
ere
An
et=
avai
lab
len
ette
nsi
on
area
of
the
thre
aded
rod
f t=
allo
wab
lete
nsi
lest
ress
for
the
rod
mat
eria
l
acco
rdin
gto
Ste
elro
ds:f t
=0
.4f y
Alu
min
um
rod
s:f t
isth
esm
alle
ro
fm
inim
um
yie
ld
stre
ng
thd
ivid
edb
y2
.5o
ru
ltim
ate
ten
sio
nst
ren
gth
div
ided
by
3.0
.
(b)
Tie
rod
yie
ldst
ren
gth
.T
he
tie
rod
yie
ld
stre
ng
this
the
pro
du
cto
fA
net
tim
esf y
for
stee
lro
ds
and
An
etti
mes
min
imu
my
ield
stre
ng
thfo
ral
um
inu
mro
ds.
Th
ed
esig
nca
pac
ity
of
the
anch
or
wal
lo
rd
ead
man
,
Ch
apte
r5
,sh
ou
ldb
esu
ffic
ien
tto
dev
elop
the
tie
rod
yie
ldst
ren
gth
.
(c)
Tie
rod
sup
po
rt.
Th
eti
ero
dd
esig
nis
bas
edo
n
the
assu
mp
tio
nth
atth
ero
dis
stra
igh
tan
dce
ntr
ical
ly
load
ed.
Th
ero
dm
ust
be
pro
tect
edag
ain
stan
yin
flu
ence
wh
ich
ten
ds
toin
du
ceb
end
ing
inth
ero
d.
Car
efu
lat
ten
-
tio
nm
ust
be
dir
ecte
dto
the
tie
rod
-to
-wal
eco
nn
ecti
on
and
tie
rod
-to
-an
cho
rco
nn
ecti
on
toel
imin
ate
any
ecce
ntr
icit
ies
atth
ese
po
ints
.T
he
tie
rod
mu
stal
sob
e
pro
tect
edag
ain
stan
yp
ote
nti
alco
nso
lid
atio
nin
the
bac
kfi
ll.
Th
eg
eote
chn
ical
eng
inee
rsh
ou
ldev
alu
ate
any
po
ten
tial
sett
lem
ent
du
eto
con
soli
dat
ion
and
the
tie
rod
sho
uld
be
enca
sed
ina
con
du
ito
fsu
ffic
ien
td
iam
eter
to
per
mit
bac
kfi
llco
nso
lid
atio
nw
ith
ou
tco
nta
ctb
etw
een
the
rod
and
con
du
it.
(2)
Des
ign
of
ten
do
ns
for
gro
ute
dan
cho
rs.
Ten
do
ns
for
gro
ute
dan
cho
rsm
ayb
eei
ther
rod
so
rca
ble
s.R
od
s
use
das
ten
do
ns
sho
uld
be
des
ign
edac
cord
ing
toth
e
pre
ced
ing
stre
ng
thre
qu
irem
ents
for
tie
rod
s.W
hen
cab
les
are
use
d,
the
size
sho
uld
be
eval
uat
edb
ased
on
man
ufa
ctu
rer’
ssp
ecif
icat
ion
sfo
rth
esu
mo
fth
ean
cho
r
forc
e(T
rod,
Eq
uat
ion
6-1
2)
and
any
alig
nm
ent
load
s.
(3)
Des
ign
of
wal
es.
Wal
esw
hic
htr
ansf
erth
eti
e
rod
forc
esto
the
shee
tp
ilin
gar
eu
sual
lyco
mp
ose
do
f
bac
k-t
o-b
ack
chan
nel
sas
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
res
6-5
.
Fro
ma
load
tran
sfer
stan
dp
oin
t,th
em
ost
des
irab
le
po
siti
on
of
the
wal
esis
on
the
ou
tsid
eo
fth
ep
ilin
g,
Fig
ure
6-5
a.W
hen
the
wal
esar
ep
lace
do
nth
ein
sid
e
face
,F
igu
re6
-5b
,ea
chin
div
idu
alsh
eet
pil
em
ust
be
bo
lted
toth
ew
ale.
Th
ew
ale
isas
sum
edto
act
asa
con
tin
uo
us
flex
ura
lm
emb
ero
ver
sim
ple
sup
po
rts
atth
e
tie
rod
loca
tio
ns.
Th
em
axim
um
ben
din
gm
om
ent
inth
e
wal
em
ayb
eap
pro
xim
ated
as
(6-1
4)
Mm
axTahS
2/
10
wh
ere
Tah
=an
cho
rfo
rce
per
foo
to
fw
all
S=
dis
tan
ceb
etw
een
adja
cen
tti
ero
ds
Siz
ing
of
the
wal
ecr
oss
sect
ion
,w
ale-
to-p
ilin
gco
nn
ec-
tio
ns,
and
tie
rod
-to
-wal
eco
nn
ecti
on
ssh
all
be
inac
cor-
dan
cew
ith
the
curr
entManualofSteelConstruction,
"All
ow
able
Str
ess
Des
ign
,"as
pub
lish
edb
yA
ISC
(19
89
)w
ith
the
exce
pti
on
that
allo
wab
lest
ress
essh
all
be
lim
ited
tofi
ve-
six
ths
of
tho
sesp
ecif
ied
inth
ed
esig
n
cod
es.
Th
ed
esig
nsh
ou
ldta
ke
into
con
sid
erat
ion
such
fact
ors
asw
ebcr
ipp
lin
gan
dp
oss
ible
tors
ion
,b
iax
ial
ben
din
g,
and
shea
rp
rod
uce
db
yin
clin
edti
ero
ds.
6-8
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
3-3
.U
nd
rain
ed
str
en
gth
rati
overs
us
over-
co
nso
lid
ati
on
rati
o(a
fter
Lad
det
al.
1977)
3-6
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
3-4
.E
mp
iric
al
co
rrela
tio
nb
etw
een
fric
tio
nan
gle
an
dP
Ifr
om
tria
xia
lte
sts
on
no
rmall
yco
nso
lid
ate
dcla
ys
stre
sso
f1
ton
per
squ
are
foo
tu
sin
gan
equ
atio
no
fth
e
form
:
(3-1
)N
′CNN
wh
ere
N′
=co
rrec
ted
resi
stan
ce
CN
=co
rrec
tio
nfa
cto
r
N=
mea
sure
dre
sist
ance
Tab
le3
-5an
dF
igu
re3
-5su
mm
ariz
eth
eso
me
mo
st
com
mo
nly
pro
po
sed
val
ues
forC
N.
Wh
itm
anan
dL
iao
(19
84
)d
evel
op
edth
efo
llo
win
gex
pre
ssio
nfo
rC
N: (3
-2)
CN
1 σ′ vo
wh
ere
effe
ctiv
est
ress
du
eto
ov
erb
urd
en,
σ′ vo
,is
exp
res-
sed
into
ns
per
squ
are
foo
t.T
he
dra
ined
fric
tio
nan
gle
φ′
can
be
esti
mat
edfr
omN
′u
sin
gF
igu
re3
-6.
Th
e
rela
tiv
ed
ensi
tyo
fn
orm
ally
con
soli
dat
edsa
nd
sca
nb
e
esti
mat
edfr
om
the
corr
elat
ion
ob
tain
edb
yM
arcu
son
and
Bie
gan
ou
sky
(19
77
):
(3-3
)Dr
11
.70.7
6[
22
2(N
)1
60
0
53(p
′ vo)
50(C
u)2
]1/2
wh
ere
p′ v
o=
effe
ctiv
eo
ver
bu
rden
pre
ssu
rein
po
un
ds
per
squ
are
inch
Cu
=co
effi
cien
to
fu
nif
orm
ity
(D6
0/D
10)
Co
rrel
atio
ns
hav
eal
sob
een
pro
po
sed
bet
wee
nth
eS
PT
and
the
un
dra
ined
stre
ng
tho
fcl
ays
(see
Tab
le3
-4).
Ho
wev
er,
thes
ear
eg
ener
ally
un
reli
able
and
sho
uld
be
use
dfo
rv
ery
pre
lim
inar
yst
ud
ies
on
lyan
dfo
rch
eck
ing
the
reas
on
able
nes
so
fS
PT
and
lab
dat
a.
c.Conepenetrationtest
.T
he
CP
T(A
ST
MD
34
41
-
79
(19
86
a))
isw
idel
yu
sed
inE
uro
pe
and
isg
ain
ing
3-7
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
6-5
.T
yp
ical
wale
co
nfi
gu
rati
on
s
6-7
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
6-6
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Tab
le3-5
SP
TC
orr
ecti
on
to1
tsf
(2ksf)
CorrectionfactorCN
Effective
Seed,
Peck,
Overburden
Arango,
Peck
Hanson,and
Stress
andChan
andBazaraa
Thornburn
kips/sqft
(1975)
(1969)
(1974)
0.20
2.25
2.86
0.40
1.87
2.22
1.54
0.60
1.65
1.82
1.40
0.80
1.50
1.54
1.31
1.00
1.38
1.33
1.23
1.20
1.28
1.18
1.17
1.40
1.19
1.05
1.12
1.60
1.12
0.99
1.08
1.80
1.06
0.96
1.04
2.00
1.00
0.94
1.00
2.20
0.95
0.92
0.97
2.40
0.90
0.90
0.94
2.60
0.86
0.88
0.91
2.80
0.82
0.86
0.89
3.00
0.78
0.84
0.87
3.20
0.74
0.82
0.84
3.40
0.71
0.81
0.82
3.60
0.68
0.79
0.81
3.80
0.65
0.78
0.79
4.00
0.62
0.76
0.77
4.20
0.60
0.75
0.75
4.40
0.57
0.73
0.74
4.60
0.55
0.72
0.72
4.80
0.52
0.71
0.71
5.00
0.50
0.70
0.70
con
sid
erab
leac
cep
tan
cein
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes.
Th
ein
ter-
pre
tati
on
of
the
test
isd
escr
ibed
by
Rob
erts
on
and
Cam
pan
ella
(19
83
).F
or
coar
se-g
rain
soil
s,th
eco
ne
resi
stan
ceq
ch
asb
een
emp
iric
ally
corr
elat
edw
ith
stan
-
dar
dp
enet
rati
on
resi
stan
ce(N
val
ue)
.T
he
rati
o(q
c/N
)
isty
pic
ally
inth
era
ng
eo
f2
to6
and
isre
late
dto
med
ium
gra
insi
ze(F
igu
re3
-7).
Th
eu
nd
rain
edst
ren
gth
of
fin
e-g
rain
soil
sm
ayb
ees
tim
ated
by
am
od
ific
atio
n
of
bea
rin
gca
pac
ity
theo
ry:
(3-4
)s u
qc
po
Nk
wh
ere
po
=th
ein
situ
tota
lo
ver
bu
rden
pre
ssu
re
Nk
=em
pir
ical
con
efa
cto
rty
pic
ally
inth
era
ng
eo
f
10
to2
0
Fig
ure
3-5
.S
PT
co
rrecti
on
to1
tsf
Th
eN
kv
alu
esh
ou
ldb
eb
ased
on
loca
lex
per
ien
cean
d
corr
elat
ion
tola
bo
rato
ryte
sts.
Co
ne
pen
etra
tio
nte
sts
also
may
be
use
dto
infe
rso
ilcl
assi
fica
tio
nto
sup
ple
-
men
tp
hy
sica
lsa
mp
lin
g.
Fig
ure
3-8
ind
icat
esp
rob
able
soil
typ
eas
afu
nct
ion
of
con
ere
sist
ance
and
fric
tio
n
rati
o.
Co
ne
pen
etra
tio
nte
sts
may
pro
du
ceer
rati
cre
sult
s
ing
rav
elly
soil
s.
d.Pressuremetertest
.T
he
PM
Tal
soo
rig
inat
edin
Eu
rop
e.It
su
sean
din
terp
reta
tio
nar
ed
iscu
ssed
by
Bag
uel
in,
Jeze
qu
el,
and
Sh
ield
s(1
97
8).
Tes
tre
sult
sar
e
no
rmal
lyu
sed
tod
irec
tly
calc
ula
teb
eari
ng
cap
acit
yan
d
sett
lem
ents
,b
ut
the
test
can
be
use
dto
esti
mat
est
ren
gth
par
amet
ers.
Th
eu
nd
rain
edst
ren
gth
of
fin
e-g
rain
mat
eria
lsis
giv
enb
y:
(3-5
)s up
1p
′ ho
2Kb
wh
ere
p1
=li
mit
pre
ssu
re
3-8
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
3-6
.C
orr
ela
tio
ns
betw
een
SP
Tre
su
lts
an
dsh
ear
str
en
gth
of
gra
nu
lar
mate
rials
ph
o′
=ef
fect
ive
at-r
est
ho
rizo
nta
lp
ress
ure
Kb
=a
coef
fici
ent
typ
ical
lyin
the
ran
ge
of
2.5
to3
.5
for
mo
stcl
ays
Ag
ain
,co
rrel
atio
nw
ith
lab
ora
tory
test
san
dlo
cal
exp
eri-
ence
isre
com
men
ded
.
3-5
.D
esig
nS
tren
gth
Sele
cti
on
As
soil
sar
eh
eter
og
eno
us
(or
ran
do
m)
mat
eria
ls,
stre
ng
thte
sts
inv
aria
bly
exh
ibit
scat
tere
dre
sult
s.T
he
gu
idan
ceco
nta
ined
inE
M1
11
0-2
-19
02
reg
ard
ing
the
sele
ctio
no
fd
esig
nst
ren
gth
sat
or
bel
ow
the
thir
ty-t
hir
d
per
cen
tile
of
the
test
resu
lts
isal
soap
pli
cab
leto
wal
ls.
Fo
rsm
all
pro
ject
s,co
nse
rvat
ive
sele
ctio
no
fd
esig
n
stre
ng
ths
nea
rth
elo
wer
bo
un
do
fp
lau
sib
lev
alu
esm
ay
be
mo
reco
st-e
ffec
tiv
eth
anp
erfo
rmin
gad
dit
ion
alte
sts.
Wh
ere
exp
ecte
dv
alu
eso
fd
rain
edst
ren
gth
s(φ
val
ues
)
are
esti
mat
edfr
om
corr
elat
ion
s,ta
ble
s,an
d/o
rex
per
i-
ence
,a
des
ign
stre
ng
tho
f9
0p
erce
nt
of
the
exp
ecte
d
(mo
stli
kel
y)
val
ue
wil
lu
sual
lyb
esu
ffic
ien
tly
con
serv
ativ
e.
3-9
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
(b)
Mo
men
tre
du
ctio
nfa
cto
rfo
rco
hes
ive
fou
nd
a-
tio
nso
ils.
Mo
men
tre
du
ctio
nfa
cto
rsfo
rp
iles
in
ho
mo
gen
eou
sco
hes
ive
soil
sal
sod
epen
do
nth
est
abil
ity
nu
mb
erg
iven
by
(6-9
)Sn
1.2
5(c
/pv)
wh
ere
c=
coh
esiv
est
ren
gth
of
the
soil
pv
=ef
fect
ive
ver
tica
lso
ilp
ress
ure
on
the
reta
ined
sid
e
of
the
wal
lat
the
elev
atio
no
fth
ed
red
ge
lin
e
Cu
rves
forR
mar
eg
iven
for
var
iou
sco
mb
inat
ion
so
f
syst
emp
aram
eter
sin
Fig
ure
6-4
.
(2)
An
cho
red
wal
lso
fm
ater
ials
oth
erth
anco
ncr
ete.
(a)
Fle
xu
re.
Th
em
inim
um
req
uir
edse
ctio
n
mo
du
lus
isg
iven
by
(6-1
0)
Sm
in[M
des
Tav(y m
e a)]
/fb
wh
ere
Md
es=
red
uce
dm
axim
um
ben
din
gm
om
ent
Tav
=ax
ial
com
po
nen
to
fan
incl
ined
anch
or
forc
e
y m=
com
pu
ted
def
lect
ion
atth
eel
evat
ion
of
max
i-
mu
mm
om
ent
e a=
ecce
ntr
icit
yd
ue
toan
cho
rco
nn
ecti
on
det
ails
(may
be
po
siti
ve
or
neg
ativ
e,se
ed
iscu
ssio
no
f
des
ign
of
wal
es,
par
agra
ph
6-3
e).
(b)
Sh
ear.
Th
ere
qu
ired
shea
rar
eao
fth
ese
ctio
nis
calc
ula
ted
asd
escr
ibed
inp
arag
rap
h6
-4c(
1)(
b).
(c)
Co
mb
ined
Lo
adin
g.
Wh
enex
tern
alef
fect
so
ther
than
anin
clin
edan
cho
rp
rod
uce
axia
llo
adin
go
nth
e
shee
tp
ilin
g,
the
min
imu
mse
ctio
nm
od
ulu
sis
giv
enb
y
(6-1
1)
Sm
in[M
max
Tav(y m
e a)
P(ym
y pe p
)]/f b
wh
ere
Mm
ax=
max
imu
mb
end
ing
mo
men
tfr
om
the
Fre
e
Ear
thm
eth
od
(un
red
uce
d)
Tav
=ax
ial
com
po
nen
to
fth
ean
cho
rfo
rce
y m=
com
pu
ted
def
lect
ion
atth
eel
evat
ion
ofMmax
e a=
ecce
ntr
icit
yo
fth
ean
cho
rfo
rce
P=
add
itio
nal
axia
llo
ad
y p=
def
lect
ion
atth
ep
oin
to
fap
pli
cati
on
ofP
e p=
ecce
ntr
icit
yo
fth
ep
oin
to
fap
pli
cati
on
ofP
Itis
reco
mm
end
edth
atT
av(y
m+e a
)+P
(ym
-y p
+e p
)b
e
less
thanM
max
/10
un
less
itis
dem
on
stra
ted
that
bu
ckli
ng
isu
nli
kel
y.
(3)
An
cho
red
wal
lso
fco
ncr
ete.
Cro
ssse
ctio
ns
of
pre
stre
ssed
or
rein
forc
edco
ncr
ete
wal
lssh
all
be
pro
po
r-
tio
ned
inac
cord
ance
wit
hth
ere
qu
irem
ents
spec
ifie
din
par
agra
ph
s6
-3.a
(2)
and
(3).
e.Designoftierodsandwales.
Am
ajo
rity
of
fail
-
ure
so
fan
cho
red
wal
lso
ccu
rin
the
tie
rod
s,w
ales
,an
d
anch
ors
.T
yp
ical
wal
ean
dti
ero
dco
nfi
gu
rati
on
sar
e
sho
wn
inF
igu
re6
-5.
All
con
nec
tio
ns
inth
ese
com
-
po
nen
tssh
ou
ldb
eb
olt
edan
dd
esig
ned
inac
cord
ance
wit
hth
eA
mer
ican
Inst
itu
teo
fS
teel
Co
nst
ruct
ion
(AIS
C)
Sp
ecif
icat
ion
sfo
rB
olt
edC
on
nec
tio
ns
(Res
earc
h
Co
un
cil
on
Str
uct
ura
lC
on
nec
tio
ns
19
85
).B
ecau
seo
f
the
crit
ical
nat
ure
of
the
anch
ora
ge,
the
des
ign
of
the
tie
rod
san
dw
ales
sho
uld
be
bas
edo
nth
ean
cho
rfo
rce
calc
ula
ted
fro
mth
est
abil
ity
anal
ysi
sw
ith
the
fact
or
of
safe
tyap
pli
edto
the
pas
siv
eso
ilp
ress
ure
asd
escr
ibed
inC
hap
ter
5.
(1)
Tie
rod
des
ign
.T
iero
ds
are
com
mo
nly
stee
l
rod
sw
ith
thre
aded
con
nec
tio
ns
incl
ud
ing
atu
rnb
uck
le
6-5
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
(6-4
)Av,
min
Vm
ax/f v
wh
ere
Av
,min
=m
inim
um
"sh
ear
area
"p
erfo
ot
of
wal
l
Vm
ax=
max
imu
msh
ear
per
foo
to
fw
all
f v=
allo
wab
lesh
ear
stre
ssap
pro
pri
ate
toth
e
mat
eria
lan
dlo
adin
gco
nd
itio
n
Th
esh
ear
area
for
Z-s
hap
edse
ctio
ns
may
be
tak
enas
(6-5
)Av
t wh
/w
wh
ere
t w=
thic
kn
ess
of
the
web
po
rtio
no
fth
eZ
h=
hei
gh
to
fth
eZ
w=
wid
tho
fth
ese
ctio
n
Fo
rw
oo
dp
iles
the
shea
rar
eam
ayta
ken
astw
o-t
hir
ds
of
the
rect
ang
ula
rar
eap
erfo
ot
of
wal
l.
(c)
Co
mb
ined
load
s.W
her
eex
tern
alef
fect
s(e
.g.
a
con
cret
eca
p)
may
pro
du
cean
axia
llo
adin
the
pil
e,th
e
min
imu
mse
ctio
nm
od
ulu
sis
giv
enb
y
(6-6
)S
min
[Mm
axP
(yp
e p)]
/f b
wh
ere
P=
app
lied
axia
llo
ad
y p=
late
ral
def
lect
ion
atth
ep
oin
to
fap
pli
cati
on
ofP
e p=
ecce
ntr
icit
yo
fth
ep
oin
to
fap
pli
cati
on
ofP
fro
m
the
cen
tro
idal
axis
of
the
pil
ing
(may
be
po
siti
ve
or
neg
ativ
e)
Itis
reco
mm
end
edth
atth
ev
alu
eo
fP
(yp
+e p
)b
ele
ss
thanM
max
/10
un
less
itis
dem
on
stra
ted
that
bu
ckli
ng
of
the
pil
ing
isu
nli
kel
y.
(2)
Can
tile
ver
con
cret
ew
alls
.C
ross
sect
ion
sfo
r
wal
lso
fp
rest
ress
edo
rre
info
rced
con
cret
esh
all
be
pro
po
rtio
ned
for
max
imu
mb
end
ing
mo
men
t,sh
ear
and
any
axia
llo
adin
acco
rdan
cew
ith
par
agra
ph
s6
-3a(
2)
and
(3).
d.Requiredcrosssectionforanchoredwalls.
Th
e
pil
ese
ctio
nm
ust
pro
vid
eth
em
inim
um
sect
ion
alp
rop
-
erti
esaf
ter
allo
wan
cefo
rlo
sso
fm
ater
ial
du
eto
corr
o-
sio
n,
abra
sio
n,
and
oth
erd
elet
erio
us
effe
cts.
(1)
Mo
men
tre
du
ctio
nfo
ran
cho
red
wal
ls.
Ro
we
(19
52
,1
95
5a
and
b,
19
56
,1
95
7a
and
b)
dem
on
stra
ted
that
the
Fre
eE
arth
met
ho
do
ver
esti
mat
esth
em
axim
um
ben
din
gm
om
ent
inan
cho
red
wal
lsw
ith
ho
rizo
nta
lti
e
rod
s.T
he
red
uce
db
end
ing
mo
men
tfo
rd
esig
nis
giv
en
by
(6-7
)Mdes
Mm
axRm
wh
ere
Mm
ax=
max
imu
mb
end
ing
mo
men
tp
red
icte
db
yth
e
Fre
eE
arth
met
ho
d
Rm
=re
du
ctio
nfa
cto
rd
epen
din
go
nw
all
geo
met
ry,
wal
lfl
exib
ilit
y,
and
fou
nd
atio
nso
il
char
acte
rist
ics
(a)
Mo
men
tre
du
ctio
nfa
cto
rfo
rg
ran
ula
rfo
un
dat
ion
soil
s.W
hen
the
soil
bel
ow
the
dre
dg
eli
ne
isg
ran
ula
r,
the
mag
nit
ud
eo
fth
ere
du
ctio
nfa
cto
rR
mis
afu
nct
ion
of
afl
exib
ilit
yn
um
ber
giv
enb
y
(6-8
)ρ
H4
/EI
wh
ere
H=
tota
lle
ng
tho
fth
esh
eet
pil
ing
(ft)
E=
mo
du
lus
of
elas
tici
tyo
fth
ep
ile
mat
eria
l(p
si)
I=
mo
men
to
fin
erti
a(i
n4)
per
foo
to
fw
all
Cu
rves
ofR
mar
eg
iven
inF
igu
re6
-4fo
r"l
oo
se"
and
"den
se"
fou
nd
atio
nm
ater
ial
and
sev
eral
syst
em
geo
met
ries
.
6-4
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
3-7
.C
orr
ela
tio
nb
etw
een
gra
insiz
ean
dth
era
tio
of
co
ne
beari
ng
an
dS
TP
resis
tan
ce
(aft
er
Ro
bert
so
nan
d
Cam
pan
ell
a1983)
3-1
0
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
3-8
.S
oil
cla
ssif
icati
on
fro
mco
ne
pen
etr
om
ete
r(a
fter
Ro
bert
so
nan
dC
am
pan
ell
a1983)
3-1
1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
6-3
.A
nch
or
forc
eco
mp
on
en
tsfo
rin
cli
ned
an
ch
ors
to2
.7.
Co
ntr
ol
of
crac
kin
gin
pre
stre
ssed
pil
esis
ach
iev
edb
yli
mit
ing
the
con
cret
eco
mp
ress
ive
and
ten
-
sile
stre
sses
,u
nd
erse
rvic
elo
adco
nd
itio
ns,
toth
efo
l-
low
ing
val
ues
:
Un
ifo
rmA
xia
lT
ensi
on
0
Ben
din
g(E
xtr
eme
Fib
ers)
Co
mp
ress
ion
0.4
0f
′ c
Ten
sio
n0
f′ c
=co
mp
ress
ive
stre
ng
tho
fco
ncr
ete
(3)
Rei
nfo
rced
con
cret
e.R
ein
forc
edco
ncr
ete
pil
es
shal
lb
ed
esig
ned
inac
cord
ance
wit
hE
M1
11
0-2
-21
04
.
(4)
Alu
min
um
.B
asic
allo
wab
lest
ress
esfo
r
alu
min
um
pil
esw
ill
be
the
less
ero
fth
em
inim
um
yie
ld
stre
ng
thd
ivid
edb
ya
fact
or
of
safe
tyo
f1
.95
or
the
min
imu
mu
ltim
ate
ten
sile
stre
ng
thd
ivid
edb
ya
fact
or
of
safe
tyo
f2
.3.
Ad
dit
ion
alin
form
atio
nca
nb
efo
un
din
the
late
sted
itio
no
fth
eA
lum
inu
mA
sso
ciat
ion
’s
"Sp
ecif
icat
ion
sfo
rA
lum
inu
mS
tru
ctu
res"
(19
76
).
(5)
Wo
od
.S
tres
ses
for
wo
od
pil
essh
ou
ldb
ein
acco
rdan
cew
ith
"Th
eN
atio
nal
Des
ign
Sp
ecif
icat
ion
for
Wo
od
Co
nst
ruct
ion
"(N
atio
nal
Fo
rest
Pro
du
cts
Ass
oci
a-
tio
n1
98
6),
dep
end
ing
on
spec
ies
and
gra
de.
(6)
Oth
erm
ater
ials
.S
hee
tp
iles
com
po
sed
of
fib
er-
gla
ss,
vin
yl,
and
PV
Car
eu
sual
lyav
aila
ble
asv
ery
flex
ible
sect
ion
sw
ith
low
mo
men
tca
pac
itie
s.T
hei
r
use
sho
uld
be
lim
ited
tov
ery
low
wal
lh
eig
hts
sub
ject
ed
toli
gh
tlo
ads.
Sec
tio
nal
geo
met
ries
and
mat
eria
lp
rop
-
erti
essh
ou
ldb
esp
ecif
ied
for
each
app
lica
tio
n,
and
con
form
ance
of
the
pil
ing
sho
uld
be
ver
ifie
db
ya
qu
ali-
fied
test
ing
lab
ora
tory
.A
sa
min
imu
m,
the
des
ign
er
sho
uld
spec
ify
acce
pta
ble
val
ues
of
the
foll
ow
ing
pro
p-
erti
esd
eter
min
edb
yth
ere
fere
nce
dA
ST
Mst
and
ard
s:
wat
erab
sorp
tio
n(A
ST
MD
57
0(1
98
1))
;te
nsi
lest
ren
gth
(AS
TM
D6
38
(19
89
d))
;fl
exu
ral
stre
ng
than
dm
od
ulu
s
of
elas
tici
ty(A
ST
MD
79
0(1
98
6b
));
com
pre
ssiv
e
stre
ng
th(A
ST
MD
69
5(1
99
0))
;an
db
arco
lh
ard
nes
s
(AS
TM
D2
58
3(1
98
7))
.If
aw
all
of
thes
em
ater
ials
is
exp
ecte
dto
be
exp
ose
dto
sun
lig
ht
or
extr
eme
hea
t,th
e
ult
rav
iole
tan
dth
erm
alp
rop
erti
eso
fth
em
ater
ial
sho
uld
be
inv
esti
gat
edan
dad
equ
ate
pro
tect
ion
pro
vid
ed.
b.Materialselection.
Sel
ecti
on
of
the
mat
eria
lfo
r
the
shee
tp
ilin
gsh
ou
ldb
eb
ased
on
eco
no
mic
s,
aest
het
ics,
the
fun
ctio
no
fth
ew
all,
and
the
dif
ficu
lty
of
inst
alla
tio
n.
Lif
ecy
cle
cost
anal
yse
ssh
ou
ldb
ep
er-
form
edfo
rv
ario
us
alte
rnat
ives
tose
lect
the
mo
stv
iab
le
solu
tio
n.
Ste
elis
the
mo
stfr
equ
entl
yu
sed
mat
eria
l
bec
ause
of
its
rela
tiv
ely
hig
hst
ren
gth
-wei
gh
tra
tio
and
its
avai
lab
ilit
yin
av
arie
tyo
fsh
apes
and
size
s.A
lum
i-
nu
mp
ilin
gm
ayb
ead
van
tag
eou
sin
aco
rro
siv
een
vir
on
-
men
tw
her
ead
dit
ion
alth
ick
nes
so
fst
eel
isre
qu
ired
to
com
pen
sate
for
sect
ion
loss
.
c.Requiredpilecrosssectionforcantileverwalls.
Th
esh
eet
pil
ese
ctio
nm
ust
pro
vid
eth
efo
llo
win
gm
ini-
mu
mse
ctio
nal
pro
per
ties
afte
ral
low
ance
for
po
ssib
le
loss
of
mat
eria
ld
ue
toco
rro
sio
n,
abra
sio
n,
or
oth
er
det
rim
enta
lef
fect
s.
(1)
Can
tile
ver
wal
lso
fm
ater
ials
oth
erth
anco
ncr
ete.
(a)
Fle
xu
re.
Th
em
inim
um
sect
ion
mo
du
lus
isg
iven
by
(6-3
)S
min
Mm
ax/f b
wh
ere
Sm
in=
sect
ion
mo
du
lus
per
foo
to
fw
all
Mm
ax=
max
imu
mb
end
ing
mo
men
tp
erfo
ot
of
wal
l
f b=
allo
wab
leb
end
ing
stre
ssap
pro
pri
ate
toth
e
mat
eria
lan
dlo
adin
gco
nd
itio
n
(b)
Sh
ear.
Th
em
inim
um
"sh
ear
area
"is
giv
enb
y
6-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
6-1
.P
ressu
res
an
dsu
pp
ort
sfo
rstr
uctu
ral
desig
no
fcan
tile
ver
wall
s
Fig
ure
6-2
.P
ressu
res
an
dsu
pp
ort
sfo
rstr
uctu
ral
desig
no
fan
ch
ore
dw
all
s
6-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
4S
yste
mL
oad
s
4-1
.G
en
era
l
Th
elo
ads
go
ver
nin
gth
ed
esig
no
fa
shee
tp
ile
wal
lar
ise
pri
mar
ily
fro
mth
eso
ilan
dw
ater
surr
ou
nd
ing
the
wal
l
and
fro
mo
ther
infl
uen
ces
such
assu
rfac
esu
rch
arg
es
and
exte
rnal
load
sap
pli
edd
irec
tly
toth
ep
ilin
g.
Cu
rren
t
met
ho
do
log
ies
for
eval
uat
ing
thes
elo
ads
are
dis
cuss
ed
inth
efo
llo
win
gp
arag
rap
hs.
4-2
.E
art
hP
ressu
res
Ear
thp
ress
ure
sre
flec
tth
est
ate
of
stre
ssin
the
soil
mas
s.T
he
con
cep
to
fan
eart
hp
ress
ure
coef
fici
ent,K
,
iso
ften
use
dto
des
crib
eth
isst
ate
of
stre
ss.
Th
eea
rth
pre
ssu
reco
effi
cien
tis
def
ined
asth
era
tio
of
ho
rizo
nta
l
stre
sses
toth
ev
erti
cal
stre
sses
atan
yd
epth
bel
ow
the
soil
surf
ace:
(4-1
)K
σh
σv
Ear
thp
ress
ure
sfo
ran
yg
iven
soil
-str
uct
ure
syst
emm
ay
var
yfr
om
anin
itia
lst
ate
of
stre
ssre
ferr
edto
asat
-res
t,
Ko,
tom
inim
um
lim
itst
ate
refe
rred
toas
acti
ve,K
A,
or
toa
max
imu
mli
mit
stat
ere
ferr
edto
asp
assi
ve,K
P.
Th
em
agn
itu
de
of
the
eart
hp
ress
ure
exer
ted
on
the
wal
l
dep
end
s,am
on
go
ther
effe
cts,
on
the
ph
ysi
cal
and
stre
ng
thp
rop
erti
eso
fth
eso
il,
the
inte
ract
ion
atth
e
soil
-str
uct
ure
inte
rfac
e,th
eg
rou
nd
-wat
erco
nd
itio
ns,
and
the
def
orm
atio
ns
of
the
soil
-str
uct
ure
syst
em.
Th
ese
lim
itst
ates
are
det
erm
ined
by
the
shea
rst
ren
gth
of
the
soil
:
(4-2
)τ f
cσnta
nφ
wh
ere
τ fan
dσ
n=
shea
ran
dn
orm
alst
ress
eso
na
fail
ure
pla
ne
can
dφ
=sh
ear
stre
ng
thp
aram
eter
so
fth
eso
il,
coh
esio
n,
and
ang
leo
fin
tern
alfr
icti
on
,
resp
ecti
vel
y(F
igu
re4
-1)
a.At-restpressures.
At-
rest
pre
ssu
rere
fers
toa
stat
eo
fst
ress
wh
ere
ther
eis
no
late
ral
mo
vem
ent
or
stra
inin
the
soil
mas
s.In
this
case
,th
ela
tera
lea
rth
pre
ssu
res
are
the
pre
ssu
res
that
exis
ted
inth
eg
rou
nd
pri
or
toin
stal
lati
on
of
aw
all.
Th
isst
ate
of
stre
ssis
sho
wn
inF
igu
re4
-2as
circ
leO
on
aM
oh
rd
iag
ram
.
b.Activepressures.
Act
ive
soil
pre
ssu
reis
the
min
i-
mu
mp
oss
ible
val
ue
of
ho
rizo
nta
lea
rth
pre
ssu
reat
any
dep
th.
Th
isp
ress
ure
dev
elop
sw
hen
the
wal
lsm
ov
eo
r
rota
teaw
ayfr
om
the
soil
allo
win
gth
eso
ilto
exp
and
ho
rizo
nta
lly
inth
ed
irec
tio
no
fw
all
mo
vem
ent.
Th
e
stat
eo
fst
ress
resu
ltin
gin
acti
ve
pre
ssu
res
issh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
4-2
asci
rcle
A.
c.Passivepressures.
Pas
siv
e(s
oil
)p
ress
ure
isth
e
max
imu
mp
oss
ible
ho
rizo
nta
lp
ress
ure
that
can
be
dev
el-
op
edat
any
dep
thfr
om
aw
all
mo
vin
go
rro
tati
ng
tow
ard
the
soil
and
ten
din
gto
com
pre
ssth
eso
ilh
ori
-
zon
tall
y.
Th
est
ate
of
stre
ssre
sult
ing
inp
assi
ve
pre
s-
sure
sis
sho
wn
inF
igu
re4
-2as
circ
leP
.
d.
Wallmovements
.T
he
amo
un
to
fm
ov
emen
t
req
uir
edto
dev
elop
min
imu
mac
tiv
eo
rm
axim
um
pas
-
siv
eea
rth
pre
ssu
res
dep
end
so
nth
est
iffn
ess
of
the
soil
and
the
hei
gh
to
fth
ew
all.
Fo
rst
iff
soil
sli
ke
den
se
san
ds
or
hea
vil
yo
ver
con
soli
dat
edcl
ays,
the
req
uir
ed
mo
vem
ent
isre
lati
vel
ysm
all.
An
exam
ple
issh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
4-3
wh
ich
ind
icat
esth
ata
mo
vem
ent
of
aw
all
away
fro
mth
efi
llb
y0
.3p
erce
nt
of
the
wal
lh
eig
ht
is
suff
icie
nt
tod
evel
op
min
imu
mp
ress
ure
,w
hil
ea
mo
ve-
men
to
f2
.0p
erce
nt
of
the
wal
lh
eig
ht
tow
ard
the
fill
is
suff
icie
nt
tod
evel
op
the
max
imu
mp
ress
ure
.F
or
all
san
ds
of
med
ium
or
hig
her
den
sity
,it
can
be
assu
med
that
the
mo
vem
ent
req
uir
edto
reac
hth
em
inim
um
acti
ve
eart
hp
ress
ure
isn
om
ore
than
abo
ut
0.4
per
cen
to
fth
e
wal
lh
eig
ht,
or
abo
ut
1in
cho
fm
ov
emen
to
fa
20
-fo
ot-
hig
hw
all.
Th
em
ov
emen
tre
qu
ired
toin
crea
se
the
eart
hp
ress
ure
toit
sm
axim
um
pas
siv
ev
alu
eis
abo
ut
10
tim
esth
atre
qu
ired
for
the
min
imu
m,
abo
ut
4.0
per
cen
to
fth
ew
all
hei
gh
to
rab
ou
t1
0in
ches
of
mo
vem
ent
for
a2
0-f
oo
t-h
igh
wal
l.F
or
loo
sesa
nd
s,th
e
mo
vem
ent
req
uir
edto
reac
hth
em
inim
um
acti
ve
or
the
max
imu
mp
assi
ve
isso
mew
hat
larg
er.
Th
ecl
assi
cal
des
ign
pro
ced
ure
sd
escr
ibed
inth
isch
apte
ras
sum
eth
at
the
shee
tp
ile
wal
lsh
ave
suff
icie
nt
flex
ibil
ity
top
rod
uce
the
lim
itst
ate,
acti
ve
or
pas
siv
eea
rth
pre
ssu
res.
A
met
ho
dto
acco
un
tfo
rin
term
edia
teto
extr
eme
val
ues
of
eart
hp
ress
ure
by
soil
-str
uct
ure
inte
ract
ion
anal
ysi
sis
pre
sen
ted
inC
hap
ter
7.
e.Wallfrictionandadhesion.
Inad
dit
ion
toth
e
ho
rizo
nta
lm
oti
on
,re
lati
ve
ver
tica
lm
oti
on
alo
ng
the
wal
lso
ilin
terf
ace
may
resu
ltin
ver
tica
lsh
eari
ng
4-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
4-1
.S
hear
str
en
gth
para
mete
rs
Fig
ure
4-2
.D
efi
nit
ion
of
acti
ve
an
dp
assiv
eeart
hp
ressu
res
4-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
6S
tru
ctu
ral
Desig
n
6-1
.F
orc
es
for
Desig
n
Des
ign
pen
etra
tio
no
fth
ep
ilin
gis
bas
edo
na
fact
or
of
safe
tyfo
rst
abil
ity
app
lied
toso
ilst
ren
gth
s.T
oav
oid
com
po
un
din
gfa
cto
rso
fsa
fety
,th
esh
eet
pil
ing
and
wal
esar
ed
esig
ned
tore
sist
forc
esp
rod
uce
db
yso
il
pre
ssu
res
calc
ula
ted
usi
ng
afa
cto
ro
fsa
fety
of
1fo
r
bo
thac
tiv
ean
dp
assi
ve
pre
ssu
res.
Co
nse
qu
entl
y,
the
anal
yse
sfo
rso
ilp
ress
ure
s(C
hap
ter
4)
and
syst
emst
a-
bil
ity
(Ch
apte
r5
)m
ust
be
rep
eate
dw
ith
full
soil
stre
ng
thp
rop
erti
esin
clu
din
gco
nsi
der
atio
no
fu
sual
,
un
usu
al,
and
extr
eme
load
ing
con
dit
ion
s.T
he
size
so
f
the
shee
tp
ilin
gan
dw
ales
are
det
erm
ined
fro
mth
en
et
pre
ssu
red
istr
ibu
tio
ns,
dep
tho
fp
enet
rati
on
,an
das
sum
ed
stru
ctu
ral
sup
po
rts
asil
lust
rate
din
Fig
ure
s6
-1an
d6
-2.
a.Cantileverwall
.B
end
ing
mo
men
tsan
dsh
ears
are
calc
ula
ted
un
der
the
assu
mp
tio
nth
atth
ew
all
isa
can
tile
ver
bea
mfi
xed
atth
eb
ott
om
of
the
wal
l,
Fig
ure
6-1
.
b.Anchoredwall.
(1)
Str
uct
ura
lan
aly
sis.
Ben
din
gm
om
ents
,sh
ears
,
and
anch
or
forc
ear
eca
lcu
late
du
nd
erth
eas
sum
pti
on
that
the
wal
lis
ab
eam
wit
hsi
mp
lesu
pp
ort
sat
the
anch
or
elev
atio
nan
dat
the
bo
tto
mo
fth
ew
all
(Fig
-
ure
6-2
).W
ith
the
bo
tto
mo
fth
ew
all
atth
ep
enet
rati
on
con
sist
ent
wit
ha
fact
or
of
safe
tyo
f1
,th
ela
tera
l
reac
tio
nat
the
bo
tto
msu
pp
ort
wil
lb
eze
roan
dth
e
late
ral
reac
tio
nat
the
up
per
sup
po
rtw
ill
be
the
ho
rizo
n-
tal
com
po
nen
to
fth
ean
cho
rfo
rce.
(2)
To
tal
anch
or
forc
e.W
hen
the
tie
rod
sar
e
inst
alle
dp
erp
end
icu
lar
toth
ep
lan
eo
fth
ew
all,
the
des
ign
tie
rod
forc
ew
ill
be
equ
alto
the
late
ral
reac
tio
n
atth
eup
per
sup
po
rt(F
igu
re6
-2).
Wh
enth
eti
ero
ds
are
incl
ined
,F
igu
res
5-1
1an
d6
-3,
the
tota
lti
ero
dfo
rce
is
ob
tain
edfr
om
(6-1
)TA
T∆H
/co
s(α
)
wh
ere
T∆
H=
up
per
sim
ple
sup
po
rtre
acti
on
α=
ang
leo
fti
ero
din
clin
atio
n
Tie
rod
incl
inat
ion
furt
her
ind
uce
sax
ial
forc
ein
the
shee
tp
ilin
gg
iven
by
(6-2
)T
∆V
T∆H
tan(α
)
Th
eax
ial
com
po
nen
to
fin
clin
edan
cho
rfo
rce
and
any
exte
rnal
axia
llo
ads
are
assu
med
tob
ere
sist
edb
ya
ver
tica
lre
acti
on
atth
elo
wer
sim
ple
sup
po
rt.
6-2
.D
efl
ecti
on
s
Wh
enth
em
ater
ial
and
cro
ssse
ctio
nfo
rth
ep
ilin
gh
ave
bee
nse
lect
ed,
stru
ctu
ral
def
lect
ion
sar
eca
lcu
late
du
sin
g
the
assu
med
sup
po
rtco
nd
itio
ns
sho
wn
inF
igu
res
6-1
and
6-2
.It
mu
stb
eem
ph
asiz
edth
atth
ed
efle
ctio
ns
thu
s
det
erm
ined
are
rep
rese
nta
tiv
eo
fth
ere
lati
ve
def
orm
atio
n
of
the
wal
l.T
ota
lsy
stem
dis
pla
cem
ents
wil
lb
eco
m-
pri
sed
of
aco
mb
inat
ion
of
stru
ctu
ral
def
orm
atio
ns
and
rota
tio
ns
and
tran
slat
ion
so
fth
een
tire
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
.
6-3
.D
esig
no
fS
heet
Pil
ing
Th
est
ruct
ura
lan
aly
ses
des
crib
edin
par
agra
ph
6-1
pro
-
vid
ev
alu
eso
fm
axim
um
ben
din
gm
om
ent
(Mm
ax),
max
imu
msh
ear
(Vm
ax),
and
anch
or
forc
ep
erfo
ot
of
wal
lto
be
sust
ain
edb
yth
ep
ilin
g.
a.Materialsandallowablestressesforsheetpiling.
(1)
Ste
el.
All
ow
able
stre
sses
for
stee
lsh
eet
pil
ing
for
usu
allo
adco
nd
itio
ns
are:
Co
mb
ined
ben
din
gan
dax
ial
load
:f b
=0
.5f y
Sh
ear:f v
=0
.33f y
wh
eref y
isth
ey
ield
stre
sso
fth
est
eel.
Th
e0
.5ti
mesf y
for
com
bin
edb
end
ing
and
axia
llo
adre
pre
sen
ts5
/6o
f
the
Am
eric
anIn
stit
ute
of
Ste
elC
on
stru
ctio
n(A
ISC
)
reco
mm
end
edv
alu
esan
dre
flec
tsth
eC
orp
s’d
esig
n
pro
ced
ure
sfo
rh
yd
rau
lic
stee
lst
ruct
ure
s.F
or
un
usu
al
load
ing
sth
eal
low
able
stre
sses
may
be
incr
ease
db
y
33
per
cen
t.F
or
extr
eme
load
ing
sth
eal
low
able
stre
sses
may
be
incr
ease
db
y7
5p
erce
nt.
(2)
Pre
stre
ssed
con
cret
ep
iles
.D
esig
nm
ust
sati
sfy
bo
thst
ren
gth
and
serv
icea
bil
ity
req
uir
emen
ts.
Str
eng
th
des
ign
sho
uld
foll
ow
the
bas
iccr
iter
iase
tfo
rth
inA
CI
31
8(1
98
3),
exce
pt
the
stre
ng
thre
du
ctio
nfa
cto
r(φ
)sh
all
be
0.7
for
all
fail
ure
mo
des
and
asi
ng
lelo
adfa
cto
rfo
r
1.9
shal
lb
eu
sed
for
all
load
s.T
he
spec
ifie
dlo
adan
d
stre
ng
thre
du
ctio
nfa
cto
rsp
rov
ide
asa
fety
fact
or
equ
al
6-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-1
1.
Gro
ute
dan
ch
ors
5-1
2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
4-3
.V
ari
ati
on
so
feart
hp
ressu
refo
rce
wit
hw
all
mo
vem
en
tcalc
ula
ted
by
fin
ite
ele
men
tan
aly
ses
(aft
er
Clo
ug
han
dD
un
can
1971)
stre
sses
du
eto
wal
l/so
ilfr
icti
on
inth
eca
seo
fg
ran
ula
r
soil
so
rin
wal
l/so
ilad
hes
ion
for
coh
esiv
eso
ils.
Th
is
wil
lh
ave
anef
fect
on
the
mag
nit
ud
eo
fth
em
inim
um
and
max
imu
mh
ori
zon
tal
eart
hp
ress
ure
s.F
or
the
min
i-
mu
mo
rac
tiv
eli
mit
stat
e,w
all
fric
tio
no
rad
hes
ion
wil
l
slig
htl
yd
ecre
ase
the
ho
rizo
nta
lea
rth
pre
ssu
re.
Fo
rth
e
max
imu
mo
rp
assi
ve
lim
itst
ate,
wal
lfr
icti
on
or
adh
e-
sio
nm
aysi
gn
ific
antl
yin
crea
seth
eh
ori
zon
tal
eart
h
pre
ssu
red
epen
din
go
nit
sm
agn
itu
de.
4-3
.E
art
hP
ressu
reC
alc
ula
tio
ns
Sev
eral
eart
hp
ress
ure
sth
eori
esar
eav
aila
ble
for
esti
-
mat
ing
the
min
imu
m(a
ctiv
e)an
dm
axim
um
(pas
siv
e)
late
ral
eart
hp
ress
ure
sth
atca
nd
evel
op
ina
soil
mas
s
surr
ou
nd
ing
aw
all.
Ad
etai
led
dis
cuss
ion
of
var
iou
s
theo
ries
isp
rese
nte
db
yM
osh
eran
dO
ner
(19
89
).T
he
Co
ulo
mb
theo
ryfo
rla
tera
lea
rth
pre
ssu
rew
ill
be
use
d
for
the
des
ign
of
shee
tp
ile
wal
ls.
a.CoulombTheory
.T
he
eval
uat
ion
of
the
eart
h
pre
ssu
res
isb
ased
on
the
assu
mp
tio
nth
ata
fail
ure
pla
ne
dev
elop
sin
the
soil
mas
s,an
dal
on
gth
atfa
ilu
reth
e
shea
ran
dn
orm
alfo
rces
are
rela
ted
by
the
shea
rst
ren
gth
exp
ress
ion
(Eq
uat
ion
4-2
).T
his
mak
esth
ep
rob
lem
stat
ical
lyd
eter
min
ate.
Fre
e-b
od
yd
iag
ram
so
fa
wed
ge
of
ho
mo
gen
eou
sso
ilb
ou
nd
edb
yth
eso
ilsu
rfac
e,th
e
shee
tp
ile
wal
l,an
da
fail
ure
pla
ne
are
sho
wn
inF
ig-
ure
4-4
.E
qu
ilib
riu
man
aly
sis
of
the
forc
essh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
4-4
allo
ws
the
acti
ve
forc
e,P
a,o
rp
assi
ve
forc
e,
Pp,
tob
eex
pre
ssed
inte
rms
of
the
geo
met
ryan
dsh
ear
stre
ng
th:
γ=
un
itw
eig
ht
of
the
ho
mo
gen
eou
sso
il
φ=
ang
leo
fin
tern
also
ilfr
icti
on
c=
coh
esiv
est
ren
gth
of
the
soil
δ=
ang
leo
fw
all
fric
tio
n
θ=
ang
leb
etw
een
the
wal
lan
dth
efa
ilu
rep
lan
e
z=
dep
thb
elo
wth
eg
rou
nd
surf
ace
β=
slop
eo
fth
eso
ilsu
rfac
e
Fo
rth
eli
mit
stat
e(m
inim
um
and
max
imu
m),
acti
ve
or
pas
siv
e,th
ean
glei,
crit
ical
ang
leat
fail
ure
,is
ob
tain
ed
fro
mdP
/dθ
=0
.F
inal
ly,
the
soil
pre
ssu
reat
dep
thz
is
ob
tain
edfr
omp
=dP
/dz.
Th
ese
op
erat
ion
sre
sult
in
4-3
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
val
ues
of
acti
ve
pre
ssu
reg
iven
by
Fig
ure
4-4
.S
oil
wed
ges
for
Co
ulo
mb
eart
hp
ressu
reth
eo
ry
(4-3
)pa
γzKA
2cKA
and
pas
siv
ep
ress
ure
giv
enb
y
(4-4
)pp
γzKP
2cKP
wh
ereK
Aan
dK
Par
eco
effi
cien
tso
fac
tiv
ean
dp
assi
ve
eart
hp
ress
ure
sg
iven
by
(4-5
)
and
(4-6
)
b.Coefficientmethodforsoilpressures.
Th
e
Co
ulo
mb
theo
ryo
utl
ined
inp
arag
rap
h4
.3a,
alth
ou
gh
ori
gin
ally
dev
elop
edfo
rh
om
og
eneo
us
soil
s,is
assu
med
toap
ply
tola
yer
edso
ilsy
stem
sco
mp
ose
do
fh
ori
zon
tal,
ho
mo
gen
eou
sla
yer
s.T
he
pro
du
ctγz
inE
qu
atio
ns
4-3
and
4-4
isth
eg
eost
atic
soil
pre
ssu
reat
dep
thz
inth
e
ho
mo
gen
eou
ssy
stem
.In
ala
yer
edsy
stem
this
term
is
rep
lace
db
yth
eef
fect
ive
ver
tica
lso
ilp
ress
urep
vat
dep
thz
incl
ud
ing
the
effe
cts
of
sub
mer
gen
cean
dse
ep-
age
on
the
soil
un
itw
eig
ht.
Th
eac
tiv
ean
dp
assi
ve
eart
hp
ress
ure
sat
any
po
int
are
ob
tain
edfr
om
(4-7
)pa
pvKA
2cKA
and
(4-8
)pp
pvKA
2cKA
wh
ereK
Aan
dK
Par
eth
eco
effi
cien
tso
fac
tiv
ean
dp
as-
siv
eea
rth
pre
ssu
refr
om
equ
atio
ns
4-5
and
4-6
wit
hφ
andc
bei
ng
the
"eff
ecti
ve"
(see
sub
seq
uen
td
iscu
ssio
no
f
soil
fact
or
of
safe
ty)
stre
ng
thp
rop
erti
esan
dδ
isth
e
ang
leo
fw
all
fric
tio
nat
the
po
int
of
inte
rest
.T
his
pro
-
ced
ure
can
resu
ltin
larg
ed
isco
nti
nu
itie
sin
calc
ula
ted
pre
ssu
red
istr
ibu
tio
ns
atso
illa
yer
bo
un
dar
ies.
4-4
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-1
0.
Resis
tan
ce
of
dis
co
nti
nu
ou
san
ch
or
(dead
man
)
5-1
1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
(5-6
)PP
γH2
22cH
and
(5-7
)PA
γH2
22cH
2c
2
γ
wh
erec
isth
eef
fect
ive
soil
coh
esiv
est
ren
gth
use
dfo
r
stab
ilit
yan
aly
sis
of
the
reta
inin
gw
all.
(c)
Red
uce
dan
cho
rw
all
cap
acit
y.
Wh
enp
hy
sica
l
con
stra
ints
req
uir
ev
iola
tio
no
fth
em
inim
um
spac
ing
bet
wee
nan
cho
rw
all
and
reta
inin
gw
all,
the
atte
nd
ant
red
uce
dan
cho
rw
all
cap
acit
ysh
ou
ldb
eev
alu
ated
by
the
pro
ced
ure
sd
iscu
ssed
by
Ter
zag
hi
(19
34
).
(d)
Str
uct
ura
ld
esig
no
fsh
eet
pil
ean
dco
ncr
ete
anch
or
wal
ls.
Sh
eet
pil
ean
cho
rw
alls
sho
uld
be
des
ign
edfo
rm
axim
um
ben
din
gm
om
ent
and
shea
r
un
der
the
stre
ssli
mit
atio
ns
del
inea
ted
inC
hap
ter
6.
Co
ncr
ete
anch
ors
sho
uld
be
des
ign
edu
nd
erth
eA
mer
i-
can
Co
ncr
ete
Inst
itu
te(A
CI)
31
8(1
98
3)
spec
ific
atio
ns
for
con
cret
est
ruct
ure
inco
nta
ctw
ith
the
eart
h.
(2)
Dis
con
tin
uo
us
anch
ors
.D
isco
nti
nu
ou
san
cho
rs
(or
dea
dm
en)
are
usu
ally
com
po
sed
of
rela
tiv
ely
sho
rt
wal
lso
rb
lock
so
fco
ncr
ete.
Th
est
ress
dis
trib
uti
on
ahea
do
fa
dea
dm
anis
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
re5
-10
aan
da
free
-bo
dy
dia
gra
mis
sho
wn
inF
igu
re5
-10b
.T
he
cap
acit
yo
fa
dea
dm
ann
ear
the
gro
un
dsu
rfac
efo
r
S-c
ase
stre
ng
ths
(c=
0)
may
be
tak
enas
(5-8
)Ca
L(P
PPA)
(1/3
)Ko
γKP
KAH
3ta
n(φ
)W
tan
(φ)
and
for
Q-c
ase
stre
ng
ths,
(φ=
0)
(5-9
)Ca
L(P
PPA)
2cH
2LBc
wh
ere
L=
len
gth
of
the
dea
dm
anp
aral
lel
toth
e
reta
inin
gw
all
B=
thic
kn
ess
of
the
dea
dm
anp
erp
end
icu
lar
toth
ere
tain
ing
wal
l
PA
andP
P=
resu
ltan
tso
fac
tiv
ean
dp
assi
ve
soil
pre
ssu
res
(Eq
uat
ion
s5
-4th
rou
gh
5-7
),
resp
ecti
vel
y
φan
dc
=ef
fect
ive
(fac
tore
d)
ang
leo
fin
tern
al
fric
tio
nan
dco
hesi
ve
stre
ng
th,
resp
ecti
vel
y
KP
andK
A=
pas
siv
ean
dac
tiv
eea
rth
pre
ssu
reco
effi
-
cien
tsev
alu
ated
for
effe
ctiv
est
ren
gth
s
(Eq
uat
ion
s4
.3an
d4
.4)
Ko
=at
-res
tp
ress
ure
coef
fici
ent
wh
ich
may
be
tak
enas
(5-1
0)
Ko
1si
n(φ
)
(3)
An
cho
rsat
larg
ed
epth
.C
apac
itie
so
fan
cho
rsat
larg
ed
epth
bel
ow
the
gro
un
dsu
rfac
em
ayb
eta
ken
as
the
bea
rin
gca
pac
ity
of
afo
oti
ng
loca
ted
ata
dep
th
equ
alto
the
mid
hei
gh
to
fth
ean
cho
r(T
erza
gh
i1
94
3).
(4)
Gro
ute
dan
cho
rag
e.G
rou
ted
anch
ora
ge
con
sist
s
of
tie
rod
so
rte
nd
on
sin
stal
led
inca
sed
,d
rill
edh
ole
s
wit
hth
eir
rem
ote
end
sg
rou
ted
into
com
pet
ent
soil
or
rock
asil
lust
rate
din
Fig
ure
s2
-2c
and
5.
Th
eg
rou
ted
len
gth
mu
stb
efu
lly
ou
tsid
eth
eac
tiv
ew
all
zon
e(l
ine
abin
Fig
ure
5-5
).T
iero
ds
mu
stb
ed
esig
ned
tore
sist
the
anch
or
forc
ed
eter
min
edfr
om
wal
lst
abil
ity
anal
ysi
s
plu
san
yp
relo
adap
pli
edfo
ral
ign
men
to
rli
mit
atio
no
f
init
ial
def
lect
ion
s.T
he
cap
acit
yo
fal
lg
rou
ted
anch
ors
,
wh
ich
sho
uld
dev
elop
the
yie
ldst
ren
gth
of
the
tie
rod
,
mu
stb
ev
erif
ied
by
pro
of
test
sb
ylo
adin
gto
11
0p
erce
nt
of
thei
rre
qu
ired
resi
stan
ce.
At
leas
ttw
o
anch
ors
sho
uld
be
sub
ject
edto
per
form
ance
test
sb
y
load
ing
to1
50
per
cen
to
fth
eir
des
ign
cap
acit
y.
(5)
Pil
ean
cho
rs.
Cap
acit
ies
of
anch
ors
com
po
sed
of
ten
sio
np
iles
or
pil
eg
roup
s,F
igu
re2
-2,
sho
uld
be
eval
u-
ated
by
the
pro
ced
ure
sse
tfo
rth
inE
M1
11
0-2
-29
06
.
5-1
0
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
c.Wedgemethodsforsoilpressures.
Th
eco
effi
-
cien
tm
eth
od
do
esn
ot
acco
un
tfo
rth
eef
fect
so
fsl
op
ing
gro
un
dsu
rfac
e,sl
op
ing
soil
lay
erb
ou
nd
arie
s,o
rth
e
pre
sen
ceo
fw
all/
soil
adh
esio
n.
Wh
enan
yth
ese
effe
cts
are
pre
sen
t,th
eso
ilp
ress
ure
sar
eca
lcu
late
db
ya
nu
mer
ical
pro
ced
ure
,a
wed
ge
met
ho
d,
bas
edo
nth
e
fun
dam
enta
las
sum
pti
on
so
fth
eC
ou
lom
bth
eory
.
Pra
ctic
alev
alu
atio
no
fso
ilp
ress
ure
sb
yth
ew
edg
e
met
ho
dre
qu
ires
aco
mp
ute
rp
rog
ram
.(C
WA
LS
HT
Use
r’s
Gu
ide
(US
AE
WE
S1
99
0)
or
CW
AL
SS
IU
ser’
s
Gu
ide
(Daw
kin
s1
99
2.)
4-4
.S
urc
harg
eL
oad
s
Lo
ads
du
eto
sto
ckp
iled
mat
eria
l,m
ach
iner
y,
road
way
s,
and
oth
erin
flu
ence
sre
stin
go
nth
eso
ilsu
rfac
ein
the
vic
init
yo
fth
ew
all
incr
ease
the
late
ral
pre
ssu
res
on
the
wal
l.W
hen
aw
edg
em
eth
od
isu
sed
for
calc
ula
tin
gth
e
eart
hp
ress
ure
s,th
ere
sult
ant
of
the
surc
har
ge
acti
ng
on
the
top
surf
ace
of
the
fail
ure
wed
ge
isin
clu
ded
inth
e
equ
ilib
riu
mo
fth
ew
edg
e.If
the
soil
syst
emad
mit
sto
app
lica
tio
no
fth
eco
effi
cien
tm
eth
od
,th
eef
fect
so
f
surc
har
ges
,o
ther
than
au
nif
orm
surc
har
ge,
are
eval
uat
edfr
om
the
theo
ryo
fel
asti
city
solu
tio
ns
pre
sen
ted
inth
efo
llo
win
gp
arag
rap
hs.
a.Uniform
surcharge.
Au
nif
orm
surc
har
ge
is
assu
med
tob
eap
pli
edat
all
po
ints
on
the
soil
surf
ace.
Th
eef
fect
of
the
un
ifo
rmsu
rch
arg
eis
toin
crea
seth
e
effe
ctiv
ev
erti
cal
soil
pre
ssu
re,p
vin
Eq
uat
ion
s4
-7an
d
4-8
,b
yan
amo
un
teq
ual
toth
em
agn
itu
de
of
the
surc
har
ge.
b.Stripsloads.
Ast
rip
load
isco
nti
nu
ou
sp
aral
lel
toth
elo
ng
itu
din
alax
iso
fth
ew
all
bu
tis
of
fin
ite
exte
nt
per
pen
dic
ula
rto
the
wal
las
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
re4
-5.
Th
ead
dit
ion
alp
ress
ure
on
the
wal
lis
giv
enb
yth
e
equ
atio
ns
inF
igu
re4
-5.
An
yn
egat
ive
pre
ssu
res
cal-
cula
ted
for
stri
ps
load
sar
eto
be
ign
ore
d.
c.Lineloads.
Aco
nti
nu
ou
slo
adp
aral
lel
toth
e
wal
lb
ut
of
nar
row
dim
ensi
on
per
pen
dic
ula
rto
the
wal
l
may
be
trea
ted
asa
lin
elo
adas
sho
wn
inF
igu
re4
-6.
Th
ela
tera
lp
ress
ure
on
the
wal
lis
giv
enb
yth
eeq
uat
ion
inF
igu
re4
-6.
d.Rampload.
Ara
mp
load
,F
igu
re4
-7,
incr
ease
s
lin
earl
yfr
om
zero
toa
max
imu
mw
hic
hsu
bse
qu
entl
y
rem
ain
su
nif
orm
away
fro
mth
ew
all.
Th
era
mp
load
is
assu
med
tob
eco
nti
nu
ou
sp
aral
lel
toth
ew
all.
Th
e
equ
atio
nfo
rla
tera
lp
ress
ure
isg
iven
by
the
equ
atio
nin
Fig
ure
4-4
.
Fig
ure
4-5
.S
trip
load
Fig
ure
4-6
.L
ine
load
Fig
ure
4-7
.R
am
plo
ad
4-5
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
4-8
.T
rian
gu
lar
load
e.Triangularloads.
Atr
ian
gu
lar
load
var
ies
per
-
pen
dic
ula
rto
the
wal
las
sho
wn
inF
igu
re4
-8an
dis
assu
med
tob
eco
nti
nu
ou
sp
aral
lel
toth
ew
all.
Th
e
equ
atio
nfo
rla
tera
lp
ress
ure
isg
iven
inF
igu
re4
-8.
f.Arealoads.
Asu
rch
arg
ed
istr
ibu
ted
ov
era
lim
-
ited
area
,b
oth
par
alle
lan
dp
erp
end
icu
lar
toth
ew
all,
sho
uld
be
trea
ted
asan
area
load
.T
he
late
ral
pre
ssu
res
ind
uce
db
yar
ealo
ads
may
be
calc
ula
ted
usi
ng
New
-
mar
k’s
Infl
uen
ceC
har
ts(N
ewm
ark
19
42
).T
he
late
ral
pre
ssu
res
du
eto
area
load
sv
ary
wit
hd
epth
bel
ow
the
gro
un
dsu
rfac
ean
dw
ith
ho
rizo
nta
ld
ista
nce
par
alle
lto
the
wal
l.B
ecau
seth
ed
esig
np
roce
du
res
dis
cuss
ed
sub
seq
uen
tly
are
bas
edo
na
typ
ical
un
itsl
ice
of
the
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
,it
may
be
nec
essa
ryto
con
sid
erse
ver
al
slic
esin
the
vic
init
yo
fth
ear
ealo
ad.
g.Pointloads.
Asu
rch
arg
elo
add
istr
ibu
ted
ov
era
smal
lar
eam
ayb
etr
eate
das
ap
oin
tlo
ad.
the
equ
atio
ns
for
eval
uat
ing
late
ral
pre
ssu
res
are
giv
enin
Fig
ure
4-9
.
Bec
ause
the
pre
ssu
res
var
yh
ori
zon
tall
yp
aral
lel
toth
e
wal
l;it
may
be
nec
essa
ryto
con
sid
erse
ver
alu
nit
slic
es
of
the
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
for
des
ign
.
4-5
.W
ate
rL
oad
s
a.Hydrostaticpressure
.A
dif
fere
nce
inw
ater
lev
el
on
eith
ersi
de
of
the
wal
lcr
eate
san
unb
alan
ced
hy
dro
-
stat
icp
ress
ure
.W
ater
pre
ssu
res
are
calc
ula
ted
by
mu
ltip
lyin
gth
ew
ater
dep
thb
yit
ssp
ecif
icw
eig
ht.
Ifa
no
nfl
ow
hy
dro
stat
icco
nd
itio
nis
assu
med
,i.
e.se
epag
e
effe
cts
neg
lect
ed,
the
unb
alan
ced
hy
dro
stat
icp
ress
ure
is
assu
med
toac
tal
on
gth
een
tire
dep
tho
fem
bed
men
t.
Wat
erp
ress
ure
mu
stb
ead
ded
toth
eef
fect
ive
soil
pre
s-
sure
sto
ob
tain
tota
lp
ress
ure
s.
b.Seepageeffects.
Wh
ere
seep
age
occ
urs
,th
ed
if-
fere
nti
alw
ater
pre
ssu
reis
dis
sip
ated
by
ver
tica
lfl
ow
ben
eath
the
shee
tp
ile
wal
l.T
his
dis
trib
uti
on
of
the
unb
alan
ced
wat
erp
ress
ure
can
be
ob
tain
edfr
om
a
seep
age
anal
ysi
s.T
he
anal
ysi
ssh
ou
ldco
nsi
der
the
per
mea
bil
ity
of
the
surr
ou
nd
ing
soil
sas
wel
las
the
effe
ctiv
enes
so
fan
yd
rain
sif
pre
sen
t.T
ech
niq
ues
of
seep
age
anal
ysi
sap
pli
cab
leto
shee
tp
ile
wal
ld
esig
n
incl
ud
efl
ow
net
s,li
ne
of
cree
pm
eth
od
,an
dm
eth
od
of
frag
men
ts.
Th
ese
sim
pli
fied
tech
niq
ues
may
or
may
no
t
yie
ldco
nse
rvat
ive
resu
lts.
Th
eref
ore
,it
isth
ed
esig
ner
’s
resp
on
sib
ilit
yto
dec
ide
wh
eth
erth
efi
nal
des
ign
sho
uld
be
bas
edo
na
mo
reri
go
rou
san
aly
sis,
such
asth
efi
nit
e
elem
ent
met
ho
d.
Up
war
dse
epag
ein
fro
nt
of
the
shee
t
pil
ew
all
ten
ds
tore
du
ceth
eef
fect
ive
wei
gh
to
fth
eso
il,
thu
sre
du
cin
git
sab
ilit
yto
off
erla
tera
lsu
pp
ort
.In
pre
vio
us
mat
eria
lth
eef
fect
so
fup
war
dse
epag
eca
n
cau
sep
ipin
go
fm
ater
ial
away
fro
mth
ew
all
or,
in
extr
eme
case
s,ca
use
the
soil
toli
qu
efy
.L
eng
then
ing
the
shee
tp
ile,
thu
sin
crea
sin
gth
ese
epag
ep
ath
,is
on
e
effe
ctiv
em
eth
od
of
acco
mm
od
atin
gse
epag
e.F
or
shee
t
pil
ew
alls
that
reta
inb
ack
fill
,a
dra
inag
eco
llec
tor
sys-
tem
isre
com
men
ded
.S
om
em
eth
od
so
fse
epag
ean
aly
-
sis
are
dis
cuss
edin
EM
11
10
-2-1
90
1.
c.Waveaction.
Th
ela
tera
lfo
rces
pro
du
ced
by
wav
eac
tio
nar
ed
epen
den
to
nm
any
fact
ors
,su
chas
len
gth
,h
eig
ht,
bre
akin
gp
oin
t,fr
equ
ency
and
dep
that
stru
ctu
re.
Wav
efo
rces
for
ara
ng
eo
fp
oss
ible
wat
er
lev
els
sho
uld
be
det
erm
ined
inac
cord
ance
wit
hth
e
U.S
.A
rmy
Co
asta
lE
ng
inee
rin
gR
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Sh
ore
Pro
tect
ion
Man
ual
(US
AE
WE
S1
98
4).
4-6
.A
dd
itio
nal
Ap
pli
ed
Lo
ad
s
Sh
eet
Pil
ew
alls
are
wid
ely
use
din
man
yap
pli
cati
on
s
and
can
be
sub
ject
edto
an
um
ber
of
add
itio
nal
load
s,
oth
erth
anla
tera
lp
ress
ure
exer
ted
by
soil
and
wat
er.
a.Boatimpact
.A
lth
ou
gh
itb
eco
mes
imp
ract
ical
to
des
ign
ash
eet
pil
ew
all
for
imp
act
by
larg
ev
esse
ls,
wat
erfr
on
tst
ruct
ure
sca
nb
est
ruck
by
loo
seb
arg
eso
r
smal
ler
ves
sels
pro
pel
led
by
win
ds
or
curr
ents
.C
on
-
stru
ctio
no
fa
sub
mer
ged
ber
mth
atw
ou
ldg
rou
nd
a
ves
sel
wil
lg
reat
lyre
du
ceth
isp
oss
ibil
ity
of
imp
act.
Wh
enth
esh
eet
pil
est
ruct
ure
issu
bje
ctto
do
ckin
g
imp
act,
afe
nd
ersy
stem
sho
uld
be
pro
vid
edto
abso
rb
4-6
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-8
.M
inim
um
an
ch
or
-w
all
sp
acin
gfo
rfu
llp
assiv
ean
ch
or
resis
tan
ce
inh
om
og
en
eo
us
so
il
Fig
ure
5-9
.R
esis
tan
ce
of
co
nti
nu
ou
san
ch
or
wall
5-9
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-7
.D
esig
np
ressu
red
istr
ibu
tio
nfo
rfr
ee
eart
hd
esig
no
fan
ch
ore
dw
all
s
(5-3
)Ca
PP
PA
wh
ere
Ca
=an
cho
rw
all
cap
acit
yp
erfo
ot
of
anch
or
wal
l
PP
=re
sult
ant
of
the
pas
siv
ep
ress
ure
sin
fro
nt
of
the
anch
or
wal
l
PA
=re
sult
ant
of
the
acti
ve
pre
ssu
res
inb
ack
of
the
anch
or
wal
l
Fo
rh
om
og
eneo
us
soil
sw
ith
S-c
ase
stre
ng
ths
(5-4
)PP
γH2KP/2
and
(5-5
)PA
γH2KA/2
wh
ereK
Pan
dK
Aar
ep
assi
ve
and
acti
ve
eart
hp
ress
ure
coef
fici
ents
giv
enin
Eq
uat
ion
s4
-3an
d4
-4ev
alu
ated
wit
hth
esa
me
effe
ctiv
ean
gle
of
inte
rnal
fric
tio
nu
sed
for
stab
ilit
yan
aly
sis
of
the
reta
inin
gw
all
bu
tw
ith
zero
wal
lfr
icti
on
.F
or
ho
mo
gen
eou
sso
ils
wit
hQ
-cas
e
stre
ng
thp
aram
eter
s,(K
A=
KP
=1
)
5-8
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
4-9
.P
oin
tlo
ad
(aft
er
Terz
ag
hi
1954)
4-7
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
and
spre
adth
ere
acti
on
.T
he
des
ign
ersh
ou
ldw
eig
hth
e
risk
of
imp
act
and
resu
ltin
gd
amag
eas
itap
pli
esto
his
situ
atio
n.
Ifco
nd
itio
ns
req
uir
eth
ein
clu
sio
no
fei
ther
of
thes
eb
oat
imp
act
forc
esin
the
des
ign
,th
eysh
ou
ldb
e
eval
uat
edb
ased
on
the
ener
gy
tob
eab
sorb
edb
yth
e
wal
l.T
he
mag
nit
ud
ean
dlo
cati
on
of
the
forc
etr
ans-
mit
ted
toth
ew
all
wil
ld
epen
do
nth
ev
esse
l’s
mas
s,
app
roac
hv
elo
city
,an
dap
pro
ach
ang
le.
Mil
itar
yH
and
-
bo
ok
10
25
/1(D
epar
tmen
to
fth
eN
avy
19
87
)p
rov
ides
exce
llen
tg
uid
ance
inth
isar
ea.
b.Mooringpulls.
Lat
eral
load
sap
pli
edb
ya
mo
ore
dsh
ipar
ed
epen
den
to
nth
esh
ape
and
ori
enta
tio
n
of
the
ves
sel,
the
win
dp
ress
ure
,an
dcu
rren
tsap
pli
ed.
Du
eto
the
use
of
stro
ng
syn
thet
icli
nes
,la
rge
forc
esca
n
be
dev
elop
ed.
Th
eref
ore
,it
isre
com
men
ded
that
mo
ori
ng
dev
ices
be
des
ign
edin
dep
end
ent
of
the
shee
t
pil
ew
all.
c.Iceforces
.Ic
eca
naf
fect
mar
ine-
typ
est
ruct
ure
s
inm
any
way
s.T
yp
ical
ly,
late
ral
pre
ssu
res
are
cau
sed
by
imp
act
of
larg
efl
oat
ing
ice
mas
ses
or
by
exp
ansi
on
up
on
free
zin
g.
Exp
ansi
ve
late
ral
pre
ssu
res
ind
uce
db
y
wat
erfr
eezi
ng
inth
eb
ack
fill
can
be
avo
ided
by
bac
k-
fill
ing
wit
ha
clea
nfr
ee-d
rain
ing
san
do
rg
rav
elo
r
inst
alla
tio
no
fa
dra
inag
eco
llec
tor
syst
em.
EM
11
10
-2-
16
12
sho
uld
be
refe
ren
ces
wh
enth
ed
esig
nis
toin
clu
de
ice
forc
es.
d.Windforces.
Wh
ensh
eet
pil
ew
alls
are
con
-
stru
cted
inex
po
sed
area
s,w
ind
forc
essh
ou
ldb
e
con
sid
ered
du
rin
gco
nst
ruct
ion
and
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
life
of
the
stru
ctu
re.
Fo
rsh
eet
pil
ew
alls
wit
hup
to2
0fe
et
of
exp
osu
rean
dsu
bje
cted
toh
urr
ican
eso
rcy
clo
nes
wit
h
bas
icw
ind
ssp
eed
so
fup
to1
00
mp
h,
a5
0-p
ou
nd
per
squ
are
foo
t(p
sf)
des
ign
load
isad
equ
ate.
Un
der
no
rmal
circ
um
stan
ces,
for
the
sam
eh
eig
ht
of
wal
lex
po
sure
,a
30
-psf
des
ign
load
sho
uld
be
suff
icie
nt.
Fo
rm
ore
sev
er
con
dit
ion
s,w
ind
load
sho
uld
be
com
pu
ted
inac
cord
ance
wit
hA
mer
ican
Nat
ion
alS
tan
dar
ds
Inst
itu
te(A
NS
I)
A5
8.1
(AN
SI
19
82
).
e.Earthquakeforces.
Ear
thq
uak
efo
rces
sho
uld
be
con
sid
ered
inzo
nes
of
seis
mic
acti
vit
y.
Th
eea
rth
pre
s-
sure
ssh
ou
ldb
ed
eter
min
edin
acco
rdan
cew
ith
pro
ce-
du
res
ou
tlin
edin
EM
11
10
-2-2
50
2an
dp
rese
nte
din
det
ail
inth
eE
bel
ing
and
Mo
rris
on
rep
ort
on
seis
mic
des
ign
of
wat
erfr
on
tre
tain
ing
stru
ctu
res
(Eb
elin
gan
d
Mo
rris
on
19
92
).In
the
wo
rst
case
,th
esu
pp
ort
ing
soil
may
liq
uif
yal
low
ing
the
un
sup
po
rted
wal
lto
fail
.T
his
po
ssib
ilit
ysh
ou
ldb
eev
alu
ated
and
add
ress
edin
the
des
ign
do
cum
enta
tio
n.
Ifac
cep
tin
gth
eri
skan
dco
nse
-
qu
ence
so
fa
liq
uef
acti
on
fail
ure
isu
nac
cep
tab
le,
con
sid
-
erat
ion
sho
uld
be
giv
ento
rep
laci
ng
or
imp
rov
ing
the
liq
uef
iab
lem
ater
ial
or
bet
ter
yet
,re
loca
tin
gth
ew
all.
4-8
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-6
.D
esig
np
ressu
red
istr
ibu
tio
nfo
rcan
tile
ver
wall
(1)
Co
nti
nu
ou
san
cho
rs.
Aco
nti
nu
ou
san
cho
rco
n-
sist
so
fa
shee
tp
ile
or
con
cret
ew
all
inst
alle
dp
aral
lel
to
the
reta
inin
gw
all
asil
lust
rate
din
Fig
ure
s2
-2a
and
2-2
b.
Th
eco
nti
nu
ou
san
cho
rd
eriv
esit
sre
sist
ance
fro
md
iffe
r-
enti
alp
assi
ve
and
acti
ve
pre
ssu
res
pro
du
ced
by
inte
rac-
tio
nw
ith
the
surr
ou
nd
ing
soil
.
(a)
An
cho
rlo
cati
on
.T
he
min
imu
md
ista
nce
fro
m
the
reta
inin
gw
all
atw
hic
han
anch
or
wal
lm
ust
be
pla
ced
tod
evel
op
its
full
cap
acit
yis
illu
stra
ted
inF
ig-
ure
5-8
for
ah
om
og
eneo
us
soil
syst
em.
Un
der
the
assu
mp
tio
ns
emp
loy
edin
the
stab
ilit
yan
aly
sis
of
the
reta
inin
gw
all,
azo
ne
of
soil
(bo
un
ded
by
lin
eab
in
Fig
ure
5-8
)b
ehin
dth
ere
tain
ing
wal
lis
atit
sli
mit
ing
acti
ve
stat
e.T
op
erm
itd
evel
op
men
to
fp
assi
ve
pre
s-
sure
s,an
add
itio
nal
zon
eo
fso
il(b
ou
nd
edb
yli
ne
bc
in
Fig
ure
5-8
)m
ust
be
avai
lab
le.
Inad
dit
ion
,if
the
anch
or
wal
lin
ters
ects
the
lin
eac
inF
igu
re5
-8,
inte
ract
ion
bet
wee
nth
ean
cho
rw
all
and
the
reta
inin
gw
all
may
incr
ease
the
soil
pre
ssu
res
on
the
reta
inin
gw
all,
thu
s
inv
alid
atin
gth
ep
rev
iou
sst
abil
ity
anal
ysi
s.F
or
no
n-
ho
mo
gen
eou
sso
ilsy
stem
s,th
eb
ou
nd
arie
sd
efin
ing
min
imu
msp
acin
go
fth
ean
cho
rw
all
may
be
esti
mat
ed
by
the
pro
ced
ure
su
sed
inth
e"F
ixed
Su
rfac
e"w
edg
e
met
ho
dd
escr
ibed
inC
WA
LS
HT
Use
r’s
Gu
ide
(US
AE
WE
S1
99
0).
(b)
Fu
llan
cho
rca
pac
ity
.A
ctiv
ean
dp
assi
ve
pre
s-
sure
sd
evel
op
edo
nth
ean
cho
rw
all
are
sho
wn
inF
ig-
ure
5-9
for
ah
om
og
eneo
us
soil
syst
emw
her
eh/H
is1
/3
to1
/2(T
eng
(19
62
)an
dT
erza
gh
i(1
94
3))
.T
he
cap
acit
y
of
the
anch
or
wal
lis
giv
enb
y
5-7
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-5
.T
yp
ical
net
pre
ssu
red
istr
ibu
tio
ns
and
clas
sifi
edas
the
"Fre
eE
arth
"m
eth
od
(im
pli
edin
Fig
ure
5-2
b)
and
var
iati
on
so
fth
e"F
ixed
Ear
th"
hyp
oth
-
esis
.R
esea
rch
and
exp
erie
nce
ov
erth
ey
ears
hav
e
sho
wn
that
wal
lsd
esig
ned
by
the
Fre
eE
arth
met
ho
dar
e
suff
icen
tly
stab
lew
alls
wit
hle
ssp
enet
rati
on
than
tho
se
des
ign
edb
yth
eF
ixed
Ear
thm
eth
od
.B
ecau
seo
fth
e
flex
ibil
ity
of
the
shee
tp
ilin
g,
the
Fre
eE
arth
met
ho
d
pre
dic
tsla
rger
mo
men
tsth
anth
ose
that
actu
ally
occ
ur.
Th
issh
ort
com
ing
of
the
Fre
eE
arth
met
ho
dis
ov
erco
me
by
usi
ng
Ro
we’
sm
om
ent
red
uct
ion
curv
es,
asd
escr
ibed
inC
hap
ter
6.
Inth
eF
ree
Ear
thm
eth
od
,th
ean
cho
ris
assu
med
tob
ea
rig
idsi
mp
lesu
pp
ort
abo
ut
wh
ich
the
wal
lro
tate
sas
ari
gid
bo
dy
assh
ow
nin
Fig
ure
5-2
b.
Des
pit
eth
ete
nd
ency
of
the
wal
lto
pro
du
cea
pas
siv
e
con
dit
ion
inth
ere
tain
edso
ilab
ov
eth
ean
cho
r,it
is
assu
med
that
the
wal
lis
on
lysu
bje
cted
toth
en
etac
tiv
e
pre
ssu
red
istr
ibu
tio
nas
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
re5
-7.
Th
e
req
uir
edd
epth
of
pen
etra
tio
n(d
inF
igu
re5
-7)
isd
eter
-
min
edfr
om
the
equ
ilib
riu
mre
qu
irem
ent
that
the
sum
of
mo
men
tsab
ou
tth
ean
cho
rm
ust
be
zero
.A
fter
the
dep
tho
fp
enet
rati
on
has
bee
nd
eter
min
ed,
the
anch
or
forc
eis
ob
tain
edfr
om
equ
ilib
riu
mo
fh
ori
zon
tal
forc
es.
Bec
ause
the
po
siti
on
of
the
anch
or
affe
cts
bo
thd
epth
of
pen
etra
tio
nan
dan
cho
rfo
rce,
itw
ill
be
nec
essa
ryto
con
sid
erse
ver
alan
cho
rp
osi
tio
ns
toar
riv
eat
the
op
tim
al
com
bin
atio
n.
Fo
ran
init
ial
esti
mat
e,th
ean
cho
rm
ayb
e
assu
med
toli
eat
ad
ista
nce
bel
ow
the
top
of
the
wal
l
equ
alto
on
e-fo
urt
hto
on
e-th
ird
of
the
exp
ose
dw
all
hei
gh
t.
h.Anchordesign.
Th
ean
cho
rfo
rce
calc
ula
ted
in
the
stab
ilit
yan
aly
sis
was
ob
tain
edfr
om
equ
ilib
riu
mo
fa
typ
ical
1-f
oo
tsl
ice
of
the
wal
l.In
the
actu
alsy
stem
the
anch
or
sup
po
rtis
pro
vid
edb
yd
iscr
ete
tie
rod
sat
tach
ed
toth
ew
all
thro
ug
hw
ales
and
toan
oth
ersu
pp
ort
mec
han
ism
(ter
med
the
"an
cho
r"h
erei
n)
atth
eir
end
s
and
rem
ote
fro
mth
ew
all.
Str
uct
ura
ld
esig
no
fth
eti
e
rod
san
dw
ales
isd
iscu
ssed
inC
hap
ter
6.
Av
arie
tyo
f
anch
or
con
fig
ura
tio
ns
are
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
re2
-2.
Cap
acit
ies
of
som
ean
cho
rco
nfi
gu
rati
on
sar
ed
iscu
ssed
inth
efo
llo
win
gp
arag
rap
hs.
Th
eso
ilst
ren
gth
par
amet
ers
app
eari
ng
inth
eeq
uat
ion
sas
soci
ated
wit
h
anch
or
des
ign
sho
uld
be
con
sist
ent
wit
hth
ep
rop
erti
es
(S-c
ase
or
Q-c
ase)
use
dfo
rst
abil
ity
des
ign
.In
all
case
s
the
cap
acit
yo
fth
ean
cho
rsh
ou
ldb
esu
ffic
ien
tto
dev
elop
the
yie
ldst
ren
gth
of
the
tie
rod
s(C
hap
ter
6).
5-6
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Ch
ap
ter
5S
yste
mS
tab
ilit
y
5-1
.M
od
es
of
Fail
ure
Th
elo
ads
exer
ted
on
wal
l/so
ilsy
stem
ten
dto
pro
du
cea
var
iety
of
po
ten
tial
fail
ure
mo
des
.T
hes
efa
ilu
rem
od
es,
the
eval
uat
ion
of
the
load
so
nth
esy
stem
,an
dse
lect
ion
of
cert
ain
syst
emp
aram
eter
sto
pre
ven
tfa
ilu
rear
ed
is-
cuss
edin
this
chap
ter.
a.Deep-seatedfailure
.A
po
ten
tial
rota
tio
nal
fail
-
ure
of
anen
tire
soil
mas
sco
nta
inin
gan
anch
ore
do
r
can
tile
ver
wal
lis
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
re5
-1.
Th
isp
ote
n-
tial
fail
ure
isin
dep
end
ent
of
the
stru
ctu
ral
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
wal
lan
d/o
ran
cho
r.T
he
adeq
uac
yo
fth
esy
stem
(i.e
.fa
cto
ro
fsa
fety
)ag
ain
stth
ism
od
eo
ffa
ilu
resh
ou
ld
be
asse
ssed
by
the
geo
tech
nic
alen
gin
eer
thro
ug
hco
n-
ven
tial
anal
yse
sfo
rsl
op
est
abil
ity
(EM
11
10
-2-1
90
2).
Th
isty
pe
of
fail
ure
can
no
tb
ere
med
ied
by
incr
easi
ng
the
dep
tho
fp
enet
rati
on
no
rb
yre
po
siti
on
ing
the
anch
or.
Th
eo
nly
reco
urs
ew
hen
this
typ
eo
ffa
ilu
reis
anti
ci-
pat
edis
toch
ang
eth
eg
eom
etry
of
reta
ined
mat
eria
lo
r
imp
rov
eth
eso
ilst
ren
gth
s.
b.Rotationalfailureduetoinadequatepilepene-
tration.
Lat
eral
soil
and
/or
wat
erp
ress
ure
sex
erte
do
n
the
wal
lte
nd
toca
use
rig
idb
od
yro
tati
on
of
aca
nti
lev
er
or
anch
ore
dw
all
asil
lust
rate
din
Fig
ure
5-2
.T
his
typ
e
of
fail
ure
isp
rev
ente
db
yad
equ
ate
pen
etra
tio
no
fth
e
pil
ing
ina
can
tile
ver
wal
lo
rb
ya
pro
per
com
bin
atio
no
f
pen
etra
tio
nan
dan
cho
rp
osi
tio
nfo
ran
anch
ore
dw
all.
c.Otherfailuremodes
.F
ailu
reo
fth
esy
stem
may
be
init
iate
db
yo
ver
stre
ssin
go
fth
esh
eet
pil
ing
and
/or
anch
or
com
po
nen
tsas
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
res
5-3
and
5-4
.
Des
ign
of
the
anch
ora
ge
top
recl
ud
eth
efa
ilu
red
epic
ted
inF
igu
re5
-4a
isd
iscu
ssed
late
rin
this
chap
ter.
Des
ign
of
the
stru
ctu
ral
com
po
nen
tso
fth
esy
stem
isd
iscu
ssed
inC
hap
ter
6.
5-2
.D
esig
nfo
rR
ota
tio
nal
Sta
bil
ity
a.Assumptions.
Ro
tati
on
alst
abil
ity
of
aca
nti
lev
er
wal
lis
go
ver
ned
by
the
dep
tho
fp
enet
rati
on
of
the
pil
ing
or
by
aco
mb
inat
ion
of
pen
etra
tio
nan
dan
cho
r
po
siti
on
for
anan
cho
red
wal
l.B
ecau
seo
fth
eco
mp
lex
-
ity
of
beh
avio
ro
fth
ew
all/
soil
syst
em,
an
um
ber
of
sim
pli
fyin
gas
sum
pti
on
sar
eem
plo
yed
inth
ecl
assi
cal
des
ign
tech
niq
ues
.F
ore
mo
sto
fth
ese
assu
mp
tio
ns
is
that
the
def
orm
atio
ns
of
the
syst
emar
esu
ffic
ien
tto
pro
du
celi
mit
ing
acti
ve
and
pas
siv
eea
rth
pre
ssu
res
at
any
po
int
on
the
wal
l/so
ilin
terf
ace.
Inth
ed
esig
no
fth
e
anch
ore
dw
all,
the
anch
or
isas
sum
edto
pre
ven
tan
y
late
ral
mo
tio
nat
the
anch
or
elev
atio
n.
Oth
eras
sum
p-
tio
ns
are
dis
cuss
edin
the
foll
ow
ing
par
agra
ph
s.
b.Preliminary
data
.T
he
foll
ow
ing
pre
lim
inar
y
info
rmat
ion
mu
stb
ees
tab
lish
edb
efo
red
esig
no
fth
e
syst
emca
nco
mm
ence
.
(1)
Ele
vat
ion
atth
eto
po
fth
esh
eet
pil
ing
.
(2)
Th
eg
rou
nd
surf
ace
pro
file
exte
nd
ing
toa
min
i-
mu
md
ista
nce
of
10
tim
esth
eex
po
sed
hei
gh
to
fth
e
wal
lo
nei
ther
sid
e.
(3)
Th
eso
ilp
rofi
leo
nea
chsi
de
of
the
wal
lin
clu
d-
ing
loca
tio
nan
dsl
op
eo
fsu
bsu
rfac
ela
yer
bo
un
dar
ies,
stre
ng
thp
aram
eter
s(a
ng
leo
fin
tern
alfr
icti
on
φ,
coh
esiv
est
ren
gth
c,an
gle
of
wal
lfr
icti
on
δ,
and
wal
l/so
ilad
hes
ion
)an
du
nit
wei
gh
tfo
rea
chla
yer
toa
dep
thb
elo
wth
ed
red
ge
lin
en
ot
less
than
fiv
eti
mes
the
exp
ose
dh
eig
ht
of
the
wal
lo
nea
chsi
de.
(4)
Wat
erel
evat
ion
on
each
sid
eo
fth
ew
all
and
seep
age
char
acte
rist
ics.
(5)
Mag
nit
ud
esan
dlo
cati
on
so
fsu
rfac
esu
rch
arg
e
load
s.
(6)
Mag
nit
ud
esan
dlo
cati
on
so
fex
tern
allo
ads
app
lied
dir
ectl
yto
the
wal
l.
c.Loadcases.
Th
elo
ads
app
lied
toa
wal
lfl
uct
uat
e
du
rin
git
sse
rvic
eli
fe.
Co
nse
qu
entl
y,
sev
eral
load
ing
con
dit
ion
sm
ust
be
def
ined
wit
hin
the
con
tex
to
fth
e
pri
mar
yfu
nct
ion
of
the
wal
l.A
sa
min
imu
m,
aco
op
er-
ativ
eef
fort
amo
ng
stru
ctu
ral,
geo
tech
nic
al,
and
hy
dra
u-
lic
eng
inee
rssh
ou
ldid
enti
fyth
elo
adca
ses
ou
tlin
edto
be
con
sid
ered
inth
ed
esig
n.
(1)
Usu
alco
nd
itio
ns.
Th
elo
ads
asso
ciat
edw
ith
this
con
dit
ion
are
tho
sem
ost
freq
uen
tly
exp
erie
nce
db
yth
e
syst
emin
per
form
ing
its
pri
mar
yfu
nct
ion
thro
ug
ho
ut
its
serv
ice
life
.T
he
load
sm
ayb
eo
fa
lon
g-t
erm
sust
ain
ed
nat
ure
or
of
anin
term
itte
nt,
bu
tre
pet
itiv
e,n
atu
re.
Th
e
fun
dam
enta
ld
esig
no
fth
esy
stem
sho
uld
be
op
tim
ized
for
thes
elo
ads.
Co
nse
rvat
ive
fact
ors
of
safe
tysh
ou
ld
be
emp
loy
edfo
rth
isco
nd
itio
n.
(2)
Un
usu
alco
nd
itio
ns.
Co
nst
ruct
ion
and
/or
mai
n-
ten
ance
op
erat
ion
sm
ayp
rod
uce
load
so
fin
freq
uen
t
occ
urr
ence
and
are
sho
rtd
ura
tio
nw
hic
hex
ceed
tho
seo
f
the
usu
alco
nd
itio
n.
Wh
erev
erp
oss
ible
,th
ese
qu
ence
of
op
erat
ion
ssh
ou
ldb
esp
ecif
ied
toli
mit
the
mag
nit
ud
es
5-1
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-1
.D
eep
-seate
dfa
ilu
re
Fig
ure
5-2
.R
ota
tio
nal
fail
ure
du
eto
inad
eq
uate
pen
etr
ati
on
5-2
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Min
imu
mre
com
men
ded
val
ues
of
FS
Par
eg
iven
in
Tab
le5
-1.
Afa
cto
ro
fsa
fety
FS
Am
ayb
eap
pli
edfo
r
acti
ve
pre
ssu
res,
ho
wev
erit
isco
nsi
der
edsu
ffic
ien
tto
use
anF
SA
=1
inm
ost
case
su
nle
ssd
efo
rmat
ion
so
f
the
wal
lar
ere
stri
cted
.
Tab
le5-1
Min
imu
mS
afe
tyF
acto
rsfo
rD
ete
rmin
ing
the
Dep
th
of
Pen
etr
ati
on
Ap
pli
ed
toth
eP
assiv
eP
ressu
res
LoadingCase
Fine-GrainSoils
Free-DrainingSoils
Floodwalls
Usual
1.50Q-Case
1.50S-Case
1.10S-Case
Unusual
1.25Q-Case
1.25S-Case
1.10S-Case
Extreme
1.10Q-Case
1.10S-Case
1.10S-Case
RetainingWalls
Usual
2.00Q-Case
1.50S-Case
1.50S-Case
Unusual
1.75Q-Case
1.25S-Case
1.25S-Case
Extreme
1.50Q-Case
1.10S-Case
1.10S-Case
e.Netpressuredistributions.
Ev
alu
atio
ns
of
the
pre
ssu
res
by
the
pro
cess
esd
escr
ibed
inC
hap
ter
4re
sult
ina
nu
mb
ero
fp
ress
ure
dis
trib
uti
on
s.
(1)
Act
ive
soil
pre
ssu
res
du
eto
reta
ined
sid
eso
il.
(2)
Pas
siv
eso
ilp
ress
ure
sd
ue
tore
tain
edsi
de
soil
.
(3)
Pre
ssu
res
du
eto
surc
har
ge
load
so
nre
tain
ed
sid
esu
rfac
e.(E
ffec
tso
fsu
rch
arg
elo
ads
are
incl
ud
edin
the
soil
pre
ssu
res
wh
ena
wed
ge
met
ho
dis
use
d.)
(4)
Act
ive
soil
pre
ssu
res
du
eto
dre
dg
esi
de
soil
.
(5)
Pas
siv
eso
ilp
ress
ure
sd
ue
tod
red
ge
sid
eso
il.
(6)
Pre
ssu
res
du
eto
surc
har
ge
load
so
nd
red
ge
sid
e
surf
ace.
(7)
Net
wat
erp
ress
ure
sd
ue
tod
iffe
ren
tial
hea
d.
Fo
rco
nv
enie
nce
inca
lcu
lati
on
sfo
rst
abil
ity
,th
e
ind
ivid
ual
dis
trib
uti
on
sar
eco
mb
ined
into
"net
"p
ress
ure
dis
trib
uti
on
sac
cord
ing
to:
"NE
TA
CT
IVE
"P
RE
SS
UR
E=
reta
ined
sid
eac
tiv
e
soil
pre
ssu
re
-d
red
ge
sid
ep
assi
ve
soil
pre
ssu
re
+n
etw
ater
pre
ssu
re
(+p
ress
ure
du
eto
reta
ined
sid
esu
rch
arg
e)
(-p
ress
ure
du
eto
dre
dg
e
sid
esu
rch
arg
e)
"NE
TP
AS
SIV
E"
PR
ES
SU
RE
=re
tain
edsi
de
pas
siv
e
soil
pre
ssu
re
-d
red
ge
sid
eac
tiv
eso
il
pre
ssu
re
+n
etw
ater
pre
ssu
re
(+p
ress
ure
du
eto
reta
ined
sid
esu
rch
arg
e)
(-p
ress
ure
du
eto
dre
dg
e
sid
esu
rch
arg
e)
Inth
ese
def
init
ion
so
fn
etp
ress
ure
dis
trib
uti
on
s,p
osi
tiv
e
pre
ssu
res
ten
dto
mo
ve
the
wal
lto
war
dth
ed
red
ge
sid
e.
Typ
ical
net
pre
ssu
red
iag
ram
sar
eil
lust
rate
din
Fig
ure
5-5
.
f.Stabilitydesignforcantileverwalls.
Itis
assu
med
that
aca
nti
lev
erw
all
rota
tes
asa
rig
idb
od
yab
ou
tso
me
po
int
init
sem
bed
ded
len
gth
asil
lust
rate
din
Fig
-
ure
5-2
a.T
his
assu
mp
tio
nim
pli
esth
atth
ew
all
is
sub
ject
edto
the
net
acti
ve
pre
ssu
red
istr
ibu
tio
nfr
om
the
top
of
the
wal
ld
ow
nto
ap
oin
t(s
ub
seq
uen
tly
call
edth
e
"tra
nsi
tio
np
oin
t")
nea
rth
ep
oin
to
fze
rod
isp
lace
men
t.
Th
ed
esig
np
ress
ure
dis
trib
uti
on
isth
enas
sum
edto
var
y
lin
earl
yfr
om
the
net
acti
ve
pre
ssu
reat
the
tran
siti
on
po
int
toth
efu
lln
etp
assi
ve
pre
ssu
reat
the
bo
tto
mo
f
the
wal
l.T
he
des
ign
pre
ssu
red
istr
ibu
tio
nis
illu
stra
ted
inF
igu
re5
-6.
Eq
uil
ibri
um
of
the
wal
lre
qu
ires
that
the
sum
of
ho
rizo
nta
lfo
rces
and
the
sum
of
mo
men
tsab
ou
t
any
po
int
mu
stb
oth
be
equ
alto
zero
.T
he
two
equ
ilib
riu
meq
uat
ion
sm
ayb
eso
lved
for
the
loca
tio
no
f
the
tran
siti
on
po
int
(i.e
.th
ed
ista
ncez
inF
igu
re5
-6)
and
the
req
uir
edd
epth
of
pen
etra
tio
n(d
ista
nced
inF
ig-
ure
5-6
).B
ecau
seth
esi
mu
ltan
eou
seq
uat
ion
sar
en
on
-
lin
ear
inz
andd
,a
tria
lan
der
ror
solu
tio
nis
req
uir
ed.
g.Stabilitydesignforanchoredwalls.
Sev
eral
met
ho
ds
for
anch
ore
dw
all
des
ign
hav
eb
een
pro
po
sed
5-5
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-4
.A
nch
ora
ge
fail
ure
s
5-4
EM
1110-2
-2504
31
Mar
94
Fig
ure
5-3
.F
lexu
ral
fail
ure
of
sh
eet
pil
ing
and
du
rati
on
of
load
ing
,an
dth
ep
erfo
rman
ceo
fth
ew
all
sho
uld
be
care
full
ym
on
ito
red
top
rev
ent
per
man
ent
dam
age.
Lo
wer
fact
ors
of
safe
tyo
rh
igh
erm
ater
ial
stre
sses
may
be
use
dfo
rth
ese
con
dit
ion
sw
ith
the
inte
nt
that
the
syst
emsh
ou
ldex
per
ien
cen
om
ore
than
cosm
etic
dam
age.
(3)
Ex
trem
eco
nd
itio
ns.
Aw
ors
t-ca
sesc
enar
io
rep
rese
nti
ng
the
wid
est
dev
iati
on
fro
mth
eu
sual
load
ing
con
dit
ion
sho
uld
be
use
dto
asse
ssth
elo
ads
for
this
case
.T
he
des
ign
sho
uld
allo
wth
esy
stem
tosu
stai
n
thes
elo
ads
wit
ho
ut
exp
erie
nci
ng
cata
stro
ph
icco
llap
se
bu
tw
ith
the
acce
pta
nce
of
po
ssib
lem
ajo
rd
amag
ew
hic
h
req
uir
esre
hab
ilit
atio
no
rre
pla
cem
ent.
To
con
tras
tu
sual
and
extr
eme
con
dit
ion
s,th
eef
fect
so
fa
hu
rric
ane
on
a
hu
rric
ane
pro
tect
ion
wal
lw
ou
ldb
eth
e"u
sual
"co
nd
itio
n
go
ver
nin
gth
ed
esig
n,
wh
ile
the
load
so
fth
esa
me
hu
rri-
can
eo
nan
emb
ank
men
tre
tain
ing
wal
lw
ou
ldb
e
"ex
trem
e."
d.Factorsofsafetyforstability.
Av
arie
tyo
f
met
ho
ds
for
intr
od
uci
ng
"fac
tors
of
safe
ty"
into
the
des
ign
pro
cess
hav
eb
een
pro
po
sed
;h
ow
ever
,n
o
un
iver
sal
pro
ced
ure
has
emer
ged
.In
gen
eral
,th
ed
esig
n
sho
uld
con
tain
ad
egre
eo
fco
nse
rvat
ism
con
sist
ent
wit
h
the
exp
erie
nce
of
the
des
ign
eran
dth
ere
liab
ilit
yo
fth
e
val
ues
assi
gn
edto
the
var
iou
ssy
stem
par
amet
ers.
A
pro
ced
ure
wh
ich
has
gai
ned
acce
pta
nce
inth
eC
orp
so
f
En
gin
eers
isto
app
lya
fact
or
of
safe
ty(s
tren
gth
red
uc-
tio
nfa
cto
r)to
the
soil
stre
ng
thp
aram
eter
sφ
and
cw
hil
e
usi
ng
"bes
tes
tim
ates
"fo
ro
ther
qu
anti
ties
.B
ecau
se
pas
siv
ep
ress
ure
sca
lcu
late
db
yth
ep
roce
du
res
des
crib
ed
inC
hap
ter
4ar
ele
ssli
kel
yto
be
full
yd
evel
op
edth
an
acti
ve
pre
ssu
res
on
the
reta
inin
gsi
de,
the
curr
ent
pra
ctic
eis
toev
alu
ate
pas
siv
ep
ress
ure
su
sin
g"e
ffec
-
tiv
e"v
alu
eso
fφ
and
cg
iven
by
(5-1
)ta
n(φ
eff)
tan(φ
)/
FS
P
and
(5-2
)c e
ffc
/F
SP
wh
ere FS
P=
fact
or
of
safe
tyfo
rp
assi
ve
pre
ssu
res
5-3