design of scaleable photobioreactors for mass production of algae for biofuel production
DESCRIPTION
production of biodiesel from algaeTRANSCRIPT
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Design of Scaleable Design of Scaleable Photobioreactors for Mass Photobioreactors for Mass
Production of Production of AlgaeAlgae for Biofuel for Biofuel ProductionProduction
Joel L. Cuello, Michael Mason and Michael Kazz
The University of Arizona
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Critical Need for Other Biomass Critical Need for Other Biomass FeedstocksFeedstocks
Algae!Algae!
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Nostoc sp.
Spirulina sp.
Chlorococcum littorale
Chlorella sp.
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Why Algae?Why Algae?
••Some accumulate hydrocarbons Some accumulate hydrocarbons ••Some accumulate fatty acidsSome accumulate fatty acids••Some accumulate starchSome accumulate starch••Some produce hydrogen gasSome produce hydrogen gas
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Algae: Major AdvantagesAlgae: Major Advantages(1) renewable energy source(1) renewable energy source
(2) (2) potential for reduction of emissions potential for reduction of emissions from power plants from power plants
(3) much higher productivity than (3) much higher productivity than traditional fasttraditional fast--growing energy cropsgrowing energy crops
(4) (4) less area required than traditional less area required than traditional crops when grown in photobioreactorscrops when grown in photobioreactors
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Algae: Major AdvantagesAlgae: Major Advantages
(5) production in photobioreactors (5) production in photobioreactors prevents potential degradation of soil and prevents potential degradation of soil and groundwatergroundwater
(6) (6) nonnon--potable water can be used, aiding potable water can be used, aiding in wastewater treatment and utilizing nonin wastewater treatment and utilizing non--productive areas productive areas
(7) production of economically valuable (7) production of economically valuable chemicalschemicals
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Algae: Major AdvantagesAlgae: Major Advantages
(8) (8) Energy feedstock that does not Energy feedstock that does not compete with food or feed!compete with food or feed!
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Algae: Algae: Biodiesel Yield (L/haBiodiesel Yield (L/ha--yr)yr)
SoybeansSoybeans 446446RapeseedRapeseed 119119MustardMustard 13001300JatrophaJatropha 18921892Palm OilPalm Oil 59505950Algae (Low)Algae (Low) 4500045000Algae (High)Algae (High) 137000137000Ours (High)Ours (High) 132,300!132,300!
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Botryococcus brauniiBotryococcus braunii for Hydrocarbon for Hydrocarbon ProductionProduction
www.zo.utexas.edu
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Biofuel Production from AlgaeBiofuel Production from Algae
1) Species/Strain Selection
2) Mass Production of Algae
3) Downstream Processing
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Mass Production of AlgaeMass Production of Algae
Optimization of Environmental Parameters for Algae Culture
Design of Scaleable Photobioreactor
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Two Ways to Mass Produce AlgaeTwo Ways to Mass Produce Algae
Open Ponds
Photobioreactors
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CriteriaCriteria for Algae Open Pondsfor Algae Open Ponds
Delivery of Light
Delivery of CO2
Delivery of Nutrients
Adequate Mixing
Optimal Culture density
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Open Pond SystemOpen Pond System
http://www.veggievan.org/downloads/articles/Biodiesel%20from%20Algae.pdf
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Open Pond SystemOpen Pond System
http://www.veggievan.org/downloads/articles/Biodiesel%20from%20Algae.pdf
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Open Pond Cultivation Open Pond Cultivation ChallengesChallenges
• Pollution-- Soot flakes from furnaces of sugar factory-- Heavy metals
-Algae can accumulate heavy metals-Intracellular concentration of heavy
metals of 1000x higher than the surrounding medium has been observed-Could come from air pollution by industries (Cd from fertilizer)
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Open Pond Cultivation Open Pond Cultivation ChallengesChallenges
• Infection-- parasites, protozoa, insect larvae, unwanted algae species-- causes loss of culture-- e.g., in India, infestation by Ephydra fly of 30 insect larvae/L in Spirulina culture reduced algae yield by 30%
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Open Pond Cultivation Open Pond Cultivation ChallengesChallenges
• Poor CO2 usage-- most of the CO2 bubbled into the pond is lost into the atmosphere
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Open Pond Cultivation Open Pond Cultivation ChallengesChallenges
• Sub-optimal use of land area-- Requires strictly two-dimensional surface area expansion for large-scale operation (as opposed to three-dimensional volume expansion)
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Two Ways to Mass Produce AlgaeTwo Ways to Mass Produce Algae
Open Ponds
Photobioreactors
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CriteriaCriteria for Algae Photobioreactorsfor Algae Photobioreactors
Delivery of Light
Delivery of CO2
Delivery of Nutrients
Adequate Mixing
Optimal Culture density
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PhotobioreactorPhotobioreactor
LightNutrientsCO2MixingCulture DensitypHTemperatureFlow Rateetc.
Controlled
Algae
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Scaleable Photobioreactor Scaleable Photobioreactor DesignDesign
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Scaleable Photobioreactor Scaleable Photobioreactor DesignDesign
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Photobioreactor DesignPhotobioreactor Design
All Bioreactor configurations will work in small scale, but not all will work in large scale!
And then there is also the capital cost.
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Bubble ColumnBubble Column
Algae
Air + CO2
Light
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Bubble ColumnBubble Column
Air + CO2
Internal Lighting
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Convective Flow ColumnConvective Flow Column
Air + CO2
Liquid Medium Liquid Medium
Air + CO2
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Convective Flow ColumnConvective Flow Column
Air + CO2
Liquid Medium Liquid Medium
Air + CO2
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Objective: Design Column Objective: Design Column PhotobioreactorsPhotobioreactors
Scale Up Investigations:
H/D
Flow Velocity
Bubble Size
kla
Mixing Rate
Initial Density
Light Levels
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Photobioreactor DesignPhotobioreactor Design
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B. braunii growth optimization
0.000
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
50.000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (days)
F.W
. (g/
L)
mix., CO2, 200umol mix, no CO2, 200umol mix., CO2, 150umol mix., no CO2, 150umolno mix., CO2, 200umolno mix., no CO2, 200umolno mix., CO2, 150umolno mix., no CO2, 150umol
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Bubble Column Photobioreactor
No CO2 added
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Column Photobioreactors
vvm (per min / 10)
Axial DispersionCoefficient
(m2/s)
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Column Photobioreactors
vvm (per min / 10)
Mixing Time(min)
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High [CO2]
Low [CO2]
Power
Heat
Fuel
H.C
Wastewater
Oil
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Further WorkFurther Work
• Correlating hydrodynamic characteristics with growth rate and oil production
• Pilot scale• Use of waste CO2 and wastewater