design history & lineage ii

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Design - History & Lineage II Design History & Lineage II Jayne Hall - October 2009

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Page 1: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design

History & Lineage II

Jayne Hall - October

2009

Page 2: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

1865 Edouard de

Laboulaye has the idea

for the statue.

1886 - The

Statue of Liberty

is erected in

New York

Harbour,

designed and

created by Artist

and Sculptor

Frederic

Auguste

Bartholdi.

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Page 3: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

London Underground Roundel

and Font

In 1913 the Underground's publicity

manager, Frank Pick, commissioned the

typographer Edward Johnston to design a

company typeface.

The typeface came into use in 1917.

Gill Sans is a sans-serif typeface created by

Eric Gill, and published by the Monotype

Corporation between 1928 and 1930.

Page 4: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

History - Reform Movements

Housing reform

Child Labour

Education

Health

Trade unions

Arts and Crafts

Commercial design

Page 5: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Reform - Garden Cities

Ebenezer

Howard's

Garden City

concept, 1898

Page 6: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Reform - Garden Cities

as little like the overcrowded London of his

day as possible

public parks and private lawns

The roads are incredibly wide, 420 feet for

the Grand Avenue

radial rather than linear

Commercial, industrial, residential, and

public uses are clearly differentiated from

each other spatially

Page 7: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Reform - Garden Cities

Letchworth is the World's first Garden City

designed by Ebenezer Howard in 1903

1920 saw the second garden city that he

designed, Welwyn Garden City

situated between Hatfield and Stevenage,

just east of the A1(M) motorway

Page 8: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Reform - Garden Cities

Shopping

in

Letchworth

Page 9: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

History - Garden Cities

Howard‟s plans became the model for similar reforms on the continent

The first German

garden city was

built in 1909 in

Dresden-

Hellerau

Page 10: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

History - Reform MovementsCommercial Design & Social Reform

Industrial

Manufacturing

Function

Form

Use

Page 11: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Arts and Crafts Movement

Industrial Revolution separated

humans from their own creativity and

individualism

Environmental pollution

Alienating work environments

Poor quality mass production

Page 12: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-

1896), poet, artist,

manufacturer, and socialist

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The Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris

Page 13: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris

Morris saw industrialisation as

“a devlish capitalistic botch and an

enemy of mankind”

Page 14: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris

Morris demanded „craftsmanlike‟

consumer goods on a high aesthetic level.

He used natural materials and clearly

structured forms

He has been called one of the first serious

environmental protectionists

Page 15: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris

The Red House, 1859. Phillip Webb

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Page 16: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris

Interior designed by Morris, Edward

Burne-Jones, and others

Morris & Co. came into existence

Solid furniture

Tasteful and natural textiles

Handpainted tiles

Stained Glass windows

Page 17: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Arts and Crafts Movement

Art Nouveau

German Werkbund

Bauhaus

British Utility furniture of World War II

Page 18: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Art Nouveau

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Page 19: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design - Art Nouveau

England - Decorative Style

Belgium and France - Art Nouveau

Germany - Jugendstil (youth style)

Italy - Stile Liberty

Spain - Modernista

Page 20: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design - Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau strove for

“a comprehensive artistic reformation of

all areas of life”

Page 21: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design - Art Nouveau

According to Hauffe, 1998

“Internationally, Art Nouveau was a

reform Movement that must today be

accounted a failure.”

Page 22: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design - Towards Modernism

Glasgow School of Art

„Form Follows Function‟

Deutsche Werkbund

Frank Lloyd Wright

AEG

Page 23: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism

Glasgow School of Art

Group of Architects and Artists

Influenced by Japanese aesthetics

Used Primarily Black and White

Used ornament sparingly

Geometric Forms

Graceful Lines

Page 24: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Glasgow School of Art

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

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Charles Rennie

Mackintosh, Chairs.

c1897

Page 25: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Glasgow School

of Art

Charles Rennie

Mackintosh

Library interior, Glasgow School

of Art

Architect: Charles Rennie

Mackintosh

Photograph: H. Snoek (1970)

Source: RIBA British

Architectural Library

Photographs Collection

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Page 26: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards

Modernism

Glasgow

School of

Art

ITC Rennie Mackintosh, Phill

Grimshaw

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Page 27: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism

Form Follows Function

Louis Henry Sullivan 1856-1924. U.S.

architect

„the father of modern U.S. architecture‟

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“Form ever follows Function..”

Page 28: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism

Form Follows Function

Hauffe, (1998) in relation to design and

manufacture sums it up as

“the simplification of form with improved

usability, higher quality and a fair price.”

Page 29: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism

German Werkbund

Explicitly designed for modern industrial

production

Sought reform of industry

Sought to enable co-operation between

art, industry and handcrafts

Strongly influenced modernism

Page 30: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards

Modernism -

German

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Deutsche Werk bund

Exhibition Poster, 1914.

Page 31: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards

Modernism -

German

Werkbund QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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Reduziert, praktisch, schlicht: die Werkbund Wohnwelten. (Foto: 1930, Bauhaus Archiv, Berlin)

Page 32: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards

Modernism

- German

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Gropius & Meyer

the Werkbund

Pavilion Cologne

1914.

Page 33: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism

Frank Lloyd Wright

American Architect

Worked with Louis Sullivan

Considered the house an artistic whole

First to employ reinforced steel

construction

Open plan living

Notion of machine/factory produced

housing

Page 34: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism

Frank Lloyd Wright

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Taliesin West,

built in the

mid-1930‟s,

Arizona Desert

Page 35: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism -

German electronic Company

Manufactured products for industry and

the home

Forward thinking

Latest machinery

Rationalised methods of production and

organisation

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Page 36: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism -

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AEG

Factory,

Germany

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Page 37: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism -

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AEG S75408G8 Fridge

Freezer Stainless Steel,

£899

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AEG C41022GM Cooker

Stainless Steel, £1,855.68 -

2,499.99

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Page 38: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Towards Modernism -

Peter Behrens hired to develop advertising material

By 1907 assumed responsibility for all of the company‟s design

Revolutionised the

company‟s image

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Page 39: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design - History

1900 - Sigmund freud publishes „The

Interpretation of Dreams’

1909 - Marinetti first futurist manifesto

1913 - Henry Ford, 1st automobile

assembly line in Detroit

1914 - Beginning of World War I

1916 - Einsteins Theory of Relativity

Page 40: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

Russian Revolution

De Stijl

The Bauhaus

International Modernism

Page 41: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

Russian Revolution -1917Avant-guarde artists saw a chance for social reform

Wassily Kandinski

Vladimir Tatlin

Alexander Rodchenko

El Lissitzsky

Page 42: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

Russian Revolution

Newspapers

Book covers

Posters

Street decoration

Theatre design

Page 43: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

Russian Revolution

Soviet propaganda poster „Shout‟ c 1920, Alexander

Rodchenko

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Page 44: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde - De Stijl

Radical New movement in the Netherlands

Painters, Architects and sculptors

Journal established entitled „De Stijl‟

Platform for theories and manifestos

Piet Mondrian original member

Joined later by dadaists Hans Arp and

Kurt Scwhitters

Page 45: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde - De Stijl

Piet Mondrian, 1920,

No. VI / Composition

No.II Oil on canvas

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Page 46: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

De Stijl

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Gerrit Rietveld, The Red -

Bleu chair c 1918

Page 47: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

De Stijl

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Yves

Saint

Laurent

c1965

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Dunk Low

Premium SB,

Mondrian

edition, 2008

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Page 48: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

The Bauhaus

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Page 49: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

TASK - for Thursday

Read the text entitled Bauhaus

Make notes and highlight any interesting

points for discussion in the seminar

session

Conduct any wider research you may feel

necessary to familiarise yourself with the

style of the movement

Page 50: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

TASK - for Thursday

Find a contemporary image/object that you

feel has been influenced by any of the

movements mentioned so far

Bring image/object and all notes to

seminar group for discussion

Page 51: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design - History

1918 - End of world War I

1919 - Bauhaus Manifesto

1920 - Women granted the vote in USA

1921 - Coco Chanel introduces the perfume Chanel No 5

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Page 52: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

International Modernism

Initially concerned with architecture

Concerned with volume of space

Clarity of design free of all decoration

rectilinear forms; light, taut plane surfaces

Moved on to furniture and other products

Exude clarity, transparency and elegance

Page 53: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

International Modernism

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The Kaufmann house

by Richard Neutra,

1946. Photograph,

Poolside at dusk by

Julius Shulman,

1947.

Page 54: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

International Modernism

Interior of Farnsworth

House in Illinois, by

Mies van der Rohe,

1945-51

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Page 55: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

International Modernism

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Marcel Breuer,

Wassily Chair,

1927-28

Page 56: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

International Modernism

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The Le Corbusier

Chaise, designed in

1928

Page 57: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

The Avant-Guarde

International Modernism

Alvar Aalto Chair, 406

1935-39

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Page 58: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Design - History

1929 - The Wall Street Crash marks the beginning of the Great Depression

1933 - Hitler becomes chancellor in Germany, and Nazi takeover begins

1937 - Pablo Picasso Paints Guernica

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Picasso,

Guernica,

1937

Page 59: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

To Be Continued…….

Page 60: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

TASK - for Thursday

Read the text entitled Bauhaus

Make notes and highlight any interesting

points for discussion in the seminar

session

Conduct any wider research you may feel

necessary to familiarise yourself with the

style of the movement

Page 61: Design history & lineage ii

Design - History & Lineage II

Task for Thursday

Find a contemporary image/object that you

feel has been influenced by any of the

movements mentioned so far

Bring image/object and all notes to

seminar group for discussion