design for diaphragm action - newbuilds: strategic...
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Design for Diaphragm Action
Chun NiTerje Haukaas
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Outline
Diaphragm Flexibility
Collective Chord Design Method for Large Diaphragm
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Diaphragm Flexibility
Flexible▫ Diaphragm load is distributed to shear walls by
tributary area
Rigid▫ Diaphragm load is distributed to shear walls by
relative stiffness of walls
Semi-rigid
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CIVL 435 Advanced Structural Analysis
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u1,floor
u2,floor
u3,floor
u1
u2
u3
F
u1
u2
u3
u2
u3
u1
u1
u2
u3
Static indeterminacy stiffness influences force distribution
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Prescriptive Method (ASCE 7)
Wood diaphragms idealized as flexible if …
▫ … walls are steel braced frames, concrete, etc.
▫ … one- and two-family dwellings
▫ … no concrete structural topping
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Calculation Method (ASCE 7 , ASCE 41)
Flexible: MDD > 2 ADVE Rigid: MDD < 1/2 ADVE Otherwise semi-rigid
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Case Studies
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NEWBuildS Funded MASc Theses
Xinlei Huang▫ Diaphragm Stiffness in Wood-frame Construction
Sepideh Ashtari▫ In-plane Stiffness of Cross-laminated Timber Floors
Sai Ganesh Sarvotham Pai▫ Force Transfer around Openings in CLT Shear Walls
www.circle.ubc.ca
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Embedment Properties, HYST (Xinlei)
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Li, M. H., Foschi, R. O., and Lam, F. (2011). "Modeling Hysteretic Behavior of Wood Shear Walls with A Protocol-Independent Nail Connection Algorithm." ASCE, 138(1), 99-108.
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Laboratory Tests (Xinlei)
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Floor Model, FLOOR2D (Xinlei)
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Bott, J. W. (2005). "Horizontal Stiffness of Wood Diaphragms". Master Degree. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, United States.
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Shear Modulus Values (Xinlei)
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Shear Wall Forces (Xinlei)
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CLT Panel Connections (Sepideh)
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Lam, F. (2011). "Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Connection Tests for UBC Bioenergy Research & Demonstration Project Nexterra Building (Report prepared for CST Innovation
Ltd.)." Timber Engineering and Applied Mechanics (TEAM) Laboratory.
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ANSYS Model (Sepideh)
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Shear Wall Forces (Sepideh)
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Observations
Wood-frame diaphragms were relatively rigid!
CLT diaphragms were relatively flexible!
Keyword: Relatively
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Transfer Forces (Sai)
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2D Model 3D Model
Frame Model 2D Model with Tie-rods
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ICASP12
12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil EngineeringVancouver, Canada, July 12-15, 2015
Coast Plaza Hotel & Suites on Denman Streetwww.icasp12.ubc.ca
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Collective Chord Design Method for Large Diaphragm - Background Traditional diaphragm
design method▫ assumes bending moment
resisted by diaphragm perimeter members
▫ Commonly used for small & moderate diaphragms
▫ Assumed to be a conservative when applied to large diaphragms
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MT Cb
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Collective Chord Method (Lawson 2007)
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6( )( 2 )o
sMFb s b s
Assume evenly spaced girders / purlins act as collective chord
Use strain compatibility to estimate axial forces of chord members
Significantly lower chord forces
s – girder / purlin spacing
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Examine applicability of the collective chord design methods in collaboration with Clemson Univ.
Evaluate shear force distribution along the depth of diaphragm
Study on Collective Chord Method
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Study on Collective Chord Method
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Framing members Sheathing panels Connectors
▫ Panel-to-frame (P2F) –sheathing nails
▫ Frame-to-frame (F2F) –bearing contact between framing members, continuity ties, subpurlin-to-purlin connections
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Case Study Structure Single-story tilt-up concrete building Diaphragm consist of glulam girders, D.Fir lumber
purlins and sub-purlins, 15/32” OSB sheathing, 10d common nails at 6” o.c. around panel edges
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Base Case – Chord Force Distribution
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-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 400
500
1000
1500
Axial Force (kip)
Ver
tical
Dis
tanc
e (in
)
, p ,
-0.92
0.02
0.04
1.00
-0.03
-10 -5 0 50
500
1000
Axial Force (kip)
Ver
tical
Dis
tanc
e (in
)
-0.91-0.03
0.02
0.10
1.00
-0.03
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
50
100
150
Displacement at Mid-span (in)
Rea
ctio
n F
orce
(ki
p)
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Base Case – Shear Flow of Sheathing Nails
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Effect of Diaphragm Aspect Ratio –Chord Force Distribution
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2:1 (Length:Width)1:24:1Collective Chord Model
2:11:2
4:1
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Effect of Diaphragm Aspect Ratio –Panel Shear Force Distribution
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Aspect Ratio 2:1 Aspect Ratio 4:1
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The distribution of chord forces and shear force is a function of the diaphragm aspect ratio
Where diaphragm aspect ratio is low, the chord force distribution approaches the assumption of the traditional method
Collective chord method works better for high aspect ratio diaphragms
In the range of the aspect ratios typical to large diaphragms, the collective chord method over-predicted the chord forces carried by the intermediate chords
Effect of Diaphragm Aspect Ratio –Summary
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Questions?
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Two-span diaphragm supported by three lateral load resisting members and subjected to a uniform load
Distribution of reaction forces with different stiffness ratios between ▫ diaphragm and supporting members ▫ central support and end supports
Study on Diaphragm Flexibility
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Study on Diaphragm Flexibility Reaction at the supports (same stiffness at supports)
True flexible diaphragm
True flexible diaphragm
True rigid diaphragm
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Study on Diaphragm Flexibility Flexible diaphragm
Center support:(a) a diaphragm with MDD /
ADVE = 2.0(b) a truly flexible diaphragm
Side supports:(a) a diaphragm with MDD /
ADVE = 2.0 (b) a truly flexible diaphragm
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Study on Diaphragm Flexibility Rigid diaphragm
Center support:(a) a diaphragm with MDD /
ADVE = 0.5(b) a truly rigid diaphragm
Side supports:(a) a diaphragm with MDD /
ADVE = 0.5 (b) a truly rigid diaphragm
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