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Spectra Energy 1
Design Considerations for Natural Gas Storage in
Gulf Coast Salt CavernsPRESENTED BY
RON BENEFIELDSPECTRA ENERGY TRANSMISSION
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Spectra Energy 2
Content• Why We Need More Gulf Coast Storage• Salt Dome Geology• Drilling and Casing Program• Geo-Mechanical Stability (4 S’s)
• Size, Shape, Span and Separation
• Minimum/Maximum Operating Pressure• Additional Considerations• Solution Mining Research Institute• Conclusions
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Spectra Energy 3
Why We Need GC Storage
• New Production from Offshore• 15% of Production in 2007• Expected to be 21% in 2030• More if more Offshore Drilling is allowed
• Potential for LNG Imports • Imported a record 771 BCF in 2007• Dropped to 352 BCF in 2008
• Low Price• High transportation cost vs. Europe• Lack of storage in Gulf Coast
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Spectra Energy 4
Why We Need GC Storage
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Spectra Energy 5
Why We Need GC Storage
From EIA
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Spectra Energy 6
Why We Need GC Storage
15% of Total
42% of Total
36% of TotalFrom EIA
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Spectra Energy 7
Typical Gulf Coast Salt Dome
• Mother salt is about 5 – 6 miles deep
• Temp. and pressure extrudes the salt upward
• Caprock is formed from insolubles in the salt
• Some domes have penetrated the surface
GroundSurface
Sulfur-richCap rock Sulfur
well OilWell
Salt domeGas Oil
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Spectra Energy 8
Geology• A Geologic Characterization is a must, methods
include:• Well Control• Seismic, if
• Well control is not available, or • Too few wells or information is sketchy
• Use old seismic data, and/or• Have old seismic data re-modeled
• Analysis of core samples
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Spectra Energy 9
Drilling and Casing Program
• Desired Injection/Withdrawal Rate• Maximum/Minimum Pressures – Storage• Leaching, De-watering Rates (Re-watering?) • Intermediate Gas Service?• Minimum of 2 cemented strings in salt• Maximum deviation requirement• Design final casing for Lithostatic outside and
atmospheric inside
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Spectra Energy 10
Drilling and Casing Program
Intermediate Gas Service Leach to Completion
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Spectra Energy 11
Geo-Mechanical Stability
Shape
Span
Size
Separation
Depth
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Spectra Energy 12
Geo-Mechanical Stability(4 S’s – Size, Shape, Span & Separation)
• Size• Size is dependent on the desired storage
capacity and the depth to the casing shoe• All things equal, if capacity is 8 BCF, then:
• Cavern volume for casing shoe of 2500’ is about 11 MMB
• Cavern volume for casing shoe at 3500’ is about 8 MMB
• What is the “right” depth?
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Spectra Energy 13
Working Gas Vs. Casing Depth
Working Gas by Depth to Casing Shoe8 MMB Cavern
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Depth (Feet)
BCF
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Spectra Energy 14
Geo-Mechanical Stability(4 S’s – Size, Shape, Span & Separation)
• Shape• Must resist salt “spalling”• Must resist “creep”• Must support cavern “span”• Must resist influence from adjacent caverns• Must allow for volume recovery (due to creep)
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Spectra Energy 15
What is the Best Shape?
Overburden
SaltGas
X
≈ 1.2 to 1.5 X
Caprock
Pressure Differential Increases
with Depth
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Spectra Energy 16
Geo-Mechanical Stability(4 S’s – Size, Shape, Span & Separation)
• Span• Roof should be tapered or dome shaped• Radius of roof should not exceed distance from
roof to casing shoe.• Roof radius should be modeled for stability
• Rock Mechanics analysis• Avoid large unsupported (flat) roof spans!
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Spectra Energy 17
Geo-Mechanical Stability(4 S’s – Size, Shape, Span & Separation)
• Separation• Natural gas storage caverns should have a
minimum Pillar/Diameter ratio of 2 to 3• Pillar is separation between caverns• Diameter is the effective cavern diameters of
adjacent caverns• Use finite element study to determine
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Spectra Energy 18
Geo-Mechanical Stability
Rock Mechanics Analysis• Establishes safe maximum &
minimum operating pressures• Sets maximum roof spans at
minimum pressure• Sets safe separation distance for
adjacent caverns• Predicts “creep closure” rates
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Spectra Energy 19
Min/Max Operating Pressure
• Minimum pressure gradient is NOT regulated • Minimum allowable pressure gradient should be
around 0.15 - 0.25 psi/foot• Maximum pressure gradient IS regulated by the
States• Maximum is typically 0.80 to 0.90 psi/foot• Good idea to check fracture pressure when drilling
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Spectra Energy 20
Creep ClosureWhat is Creep Closure?
• Salt at the depth of storage is plastic, therefore can flow with differential pressure
• Weight of overburden causes a differential pressure with the cavern
• Overburden is assumed to be ≈ 1 psi/ft in the Gulf Coast• At a cavern MAOP of ≈ 3,000 psi, the differential at TD for a
2000’ tall cavern is about 1,500 psi• At cavern minimum pressure ≈ 600 psi, differential is almost
4,000 psi!• Formation/Cavern differential pressure causes creep/closure• Closure mostly occurs at cavern bottom where differential is
greatest
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Spectra Energy 21
Creep ClosureCan it be stopped?
• When the cavern has completed leaching, the cavern will start getting smaller
• However, rate of creep closure can be affected by:• Storage pressures • Period of time at a particular
pressure• Cavern shape• Cavern depth
NO,
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• Leaching Program• Two Step; One Workover • Nitrogen Blanket (initially)• Control Salinity to Limit Backwashing
• NG Moisture Content• Set Dewatering String on Bottom
• Use Centralizers for De-Watering String• Downhole Pressure/Temperature Probes
Additional Considerations
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Spectra Energy 23
2 Step Solution Mining Program
Sump BuildingNear Completion
PartiallyDeveloped Cavern
CavernNear Completion
BRINE RETURN RAW WATERINJECTION
BOTTOM OFCEMENTEDCASING
BLANKETLEVEL
DEPTH OFORIGINALHOLE
BRINE RETURN
TOP OFINSOLUBLESWATER INJECTION
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Spectra Energy 24
Solution Mining Research Institute
• RESEARCH COMMITTEE• Ron Benefield – North America (Fall 2011)• Patrick De Laguérie – Outside N. A. (Fall 2011)
• Jeff McCartney – North America (Spring 2010)• Paul Grönefeld – Outside N. A. (Spring 2010)
• Jeff Langlinais – North America (Spring 2009)• Fritz Wilke – Outside N. A. (Spring 2009)
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Spectra Energy 25
Solution Mining Research Institute
• ACTIVE PROJECTS• “Three Cavern Abandonment Field Tests”• “Upgrade the SALT_SUBSID Software”• “Standard Gas Cavern Practices”• “Deformation of Cemented Casings”• “High Frequency Cycling of Salt Storage Caverns • “Flow-induced Vibration of Hanging Tubulars”
• NEXT USA MEETING SPRING 2010 – GRAND JUNCTION, CO
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Spectra Energy 26
Conclusions• Additional Gulf Coast cavern storage is needed in the future
• Certain design considerations should be made, Remember
DON’T THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX;BUILD A BIGGER BOX!
• SMRI has ongoing research that will aide our industry
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Spectra Energy 27