design and simulation of power converters
TRANSCRIPT
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Design and
Simulation ofPower Convertersusing the AnsoftPower Suite
Presenter: Roberto Prieto
Universidad Politcnica de Madrid (UPM). Spain
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Outline
The application: Interleaved converters
Design of magnetic components for power conv erters usingconverters using PExprt
Advantages of Integrated magnetics in InterleavedConverters
Integrated magnetics component design using PExprt
Converter design, including regulation loop: from PExprt toPExprt to Simplorer
Digital control implementation with Simplorer
System design: from the circuit level to the system levellevel
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Ansoft Power Suite
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Interleaved Converters Features
LoadLoadParalleling
Shift
Packaging
+
+
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IIL1L1
LL11
IIL2L2
LL22
Ripple cancellation
Ripple cancellationRipple cancellation
2 converters2 converters d = 50%d = 50%
4 converters4 converters d = 25%d = 25%
IIL1L1
IIL2L2
IICC
IIL1L1
IIL2L2
IICC
Small COUT
Small COUT
Advantages of Interleaved Converters (I)
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Advantages of Interleaved Converters (II)
Vs = 24V, Is = 10AVs = 24V, Is = 10A
Vs = 9V, Is = 10AVs = 9V, Is = 10A
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LoadLoad
IIN/N
Advantages of Interleaved Converters (III)
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Application of Interleaved Converters
AmpRF
PowerConverte
r
Filter
Control
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42V
DC-DC
12V
High LowD
C-DC
400V
DC-DC
12V
Interleaved converters: Automotive
application
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80.00
82.50
85.00
87.50
90.00
92.50
95.00
97.50
100.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Output current (A)
Effici
ency(%)
Only power stage
Power stage + control
Phase currents
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.0E+00 5.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.5E-05 2.0E-05 2.5E-05t (s)
a
se
currents
Phase currents
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.0E+00 5.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.5E-05 2.0E-05 2.5E-05t (s)
a
se
currents
Very small size
components
SMD is possibleSMDSMD is possibleis possible
SMDSMD
Output capacitorsOutput capacitors
Automotive Application: Multi-phase converters.36 phases
I l d C d i i h
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Interleaved Converters design withSimplorer (I)
SMPS Library elementsSMPS Library elementsSMPS Library elements
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SMPS library contains aSMPS library contains awide list of averagedwide list of averaged
and switch level modelsand switch level models
Simplorer SMPS library
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Magnetic Component design with PExprt (I)
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Design with PExprt. Step 1: Design
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PExprt. Step 2: Select & Compare
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PExprt. Step 2: Select & Compare
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PExprt. Step 3: Optimize
PE t St 4 Ci it l l i l ti ith
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PExprt. Step 4: Circuit level simulation withSimplorer
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-1.00
1.00
0
949.27u 999.90u960.00u 980.00u
Phase Currents
0
1.00
00.00m
0 10.005.00
max 84%
Decrease due to
parasitic effects0
1.00
500.00m
0 10.005.00
2.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
9.95m 10.00m9.96m 9.98m
1.6A p-p1.5A p-p
86%
Comparison of models at circuit level with Simplorer
EfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiency
Current at each phaseCurrent at each phaseCurrent at each phase
Integrated Magnetics vs Discrete
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Integrated Magnetics vs Discrete
Components
-12.27
13.98
0
10.00
360.05u 400.00u370.00u 380.00u 390.00u
Phase Currents
-2.00
2.00
0
360.08u 400.00u370.00u 380.00u 390.00u
Phase Currents
0
4.94
2.00
4.00
0 800.00u500.00u
Output Voltage
0
5.23
2.00
4.00
0 800.00u500.00u
Output Voltage
Discrete ComponentsDiscrete ComponentsDiscrete ComponentsIntegrated MagneticsIntegratedIntegrated MagneticsMagnetics
Integrated Magnetics Features in Interleaved
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Multiphase
converters
MultiphaseMultiphase
convertersconvertersMagnetic
integration
MagneticMagnetic
integrationintegrationCouplingCouplingCoupling
Multiphase transformer(several implementations)
i0
Loadv1
v2
v3
i1
i2
i3
i4
Integrated Magnetics Features in InterleavedConverters (I)
Integrated Magnetics Features in Interleaved
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iO Loadv1
v2
v3
i2
i3
Standard cores
Integrated Magnetics Features in InterleavedConverters (II)
Integrated Magnetics Features in Interleaved
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Core ACore A Core BCore B
Windingphase 2
Windingphase 4
Winding phase 3 Winding phase 1
Winding phase 4
Core ACore A
Core BCore B
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Core ACore A
Core BCore B
Volume comparison
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
Decoupled
inductor
Integrated
transformer +
additional inductor
Integrated
transformer
Integrated Magnetics Features in InterleavedConverters (III)
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FeaturesFrequency dependent
Capacitive effects
Nonlinear core
Design of Integrated Magnetics with PExprt
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Fl ibl Wi di S t D fi iti f h l
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Flexible Winding Setup Definition for each core leg
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PExprt Model: Simplorer link
Diff t b bbi b i d t h l
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Different bobbins can be assigned to each core leg
Planar Integrated can also be defined
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Planar Integrated can also be defined
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p
n
mMOSFET_LEG
M1
M2
pwm
pwm1
p
n
mMOSFET_LEG
M1
M2
pwm
pwm2
p
n
mMOSFET_LEG
M1
M2
pwm
pwm3E1
PEX
PExprtLink1
R1
A
AM1
A
AM2
A
AM3
C1
STEP1
Circuit level simulation with Simplorer
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1.00
1.00
0
949.27u 999.90u960.00u 980.00u
0
1.00
00.00m
0 10.005.00
max 84%
1.5A p-p
Comparison of models at circuit level with Simplorer
2.00
.00
0
2.50
5.00
0 1.02m500.00u
0
1.00
00.00m
0 10.005.00
More stable behavior
84%
2.00
2.00
0
949.27u 999.90u960.00u 980.00u
The currents are in phase
2.2A p-p
2.0
.00
0
2.50
5.00
0 1.02m500.00u
Faster than the uncoupled version
p
n
mMOSFET_LEG
M1
M2
pwm
pwm1
p
n
mMOSFET_LEG
M1
M2
pwm
pwm2
p
n
mMOSFET_LEG
M1
M2
pwm
pwm3E1
PEX
PExprtLink1
R1
A
AM1
A
AM2
A
AM3
C1
STEP1
DiscreteDiscreteDiscrete IntegratedIntegratedIntegrated
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Particular geometries might require Maxwell 3D
2D is feasible2D is feasible2D is feasible
3D is necessary3D is necessary3D is necessary
Automotive Application: Multi phase converters
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Digital control is mandatoryDigital controlDigital control is mandatoryis mandatory
Automotive Application: Multi-phase converters.36 phases
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G(s)G(s)Continuous blocks: S-Transfer function
Discrete blocks: Z-Transfer function
Discrete Fixed-Point : Synthesized VHDL code
Control Implementation: Alternatives
11
AnalogAnalogAnalog
DigitalDigitalDigital
22
33
G(z)G(z)
Discrete_PID
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Digital Control for multiphase Converters
f = 3kHzf = 3kHz
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Output Voltage
Duty Cycle
Digital Control Implementation
Soft Start
(Electric circuit)Simplorer blocks
Analog PID
AnalogImplementationAnalogImplementation
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Output Voltage
Duty Cycle
Soft Start
(Electric circuit)
Discrete PID(VHDL-AMS block)
Simplorer blocks
Digital Control Implementation
DigitalImplementationDigitalImplementation
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2.50
3.50
3.00
250.00u 450.00u300.00u 400.00u
Output Voltage
-10.00
20.00
0
10.00
250.00u 450.00u300.00u 400.00u
ase urrents
2.50
3.50
3.00
250.00u 450.00u300.00u 400.00u
Output Voltage
-10.00
20.00
0
10.00
250.00u 450.00u300.00u 400.00u
Phase Currents
Digital Control Implementation: Simplorer Results
Continuous time P ID (Analog)Continuous time P ID (Analog)Continuous time P ID (Analog)
Discrete time P ID (Digital): sampling = 600kHzDiscrete time P ID (Digital): sampling = 600kHzDiscrete time P ID (Digital): sampling = 600kHz
Digital Control Implementation: Simplorer based
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Overshot and settling timemeasurement
Performance evaluation(better when settling time is short)
Fitness functionInitial simulations
Tendency ofthe parameters
Digital Control Implementation: Simplorer baseddesign
S S S
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Complete systemComplete system Power systemPower system
The power system inv olves:
involves:Losses
Dynamic limitations
Temperature issues
Failures
The power system can not beThe power system can not be
modeled as an ideal systemmodeled as an ideal system
System and Sub-System levels
M d li h
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Switch level modelsAre based directly on the structure
Provide information for eachcomponent in every switching
cycle
Averaged models
Switching information is lost butstructure is kept
There are several techniques like:
State space averaging
Averaged switch modeling
Behavioral modelsBased on the input-outputbehavior
The model is a black box, the real
structure is lost
Modeling approaches
Sim lation time
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Simulation time
Voutn
Voutp
Vinn
Vinp
Half BridgeRegulado
28V/1.8V
Vom
Vop
Vinm
VinpBuck
Regulado42V/28V
+
V
VM2
Voutn
Voutp
Vinn
Vinp
Half BridgeRegulado
28V/1.8V
Voutn
Voutp
Vinn
Vinp
Half BridgeRegulado
28V/1.8V
Vom
Vop
Vinm
VinpBuck
Regulado42V/28V
Vinm
Vinp
SubsistemaBateria
Vm
Vp
SubsistCargasReg2
Vm
Vp
SubsistemaGenera
Vm
Vp
SubsistemaCargasNoR
Vm
Vp
SubsistCargasReg
Vm
Vp
SubsistemaCargasNoReg2
+
V
VMc
+
V
VMc
+
V
VMba
A
AMba
+
V
VMin
0
43.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
0 150.00m25.00m 50.00m 75.00m 100.00m
Simulation time
-Averaged models -> 157 seconds
-Behavioral models -> 29 seconds
5 times faster!!!
SMPS Lib PT l
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Problems designing power systemsThe lack of models for each DC/DC converterThe lack of information on commercial converters
Difficulty to develop the models
Long simulation time
All above problems multiplied by the number of converters
Get optimized VHDLGet optimized VHDL--AMS models for DC/DCAMS models for DC/DC
converters in minutesconverters in minutes
SMPS Library: PTool
SMPS Lib PT l
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SMPS Library: PTool
Input characteristicsInput characteristics
Output characteristicsOutput characteristics
Dynamic responseDynamic response
Static responseStatic response
Remote controlRemote control
Thermal behaviorThermal behavior
ProtectionsProtections
Power sharingPower sharing
Cross regulationCross regulation
PToolPTool converterconverters features:s features:
Simplorer S stem Le el Models
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Simplorer System Level Models
vi_n
vi_p
vo1_n
vo1_p
Behavioral
Simplorer System Level Models
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Simplorer System Level Models
vi_n
vi_p
vo1_n
vo1_p
Behavioral
0
100.00
50.00
0 10.005.00
Efficiency comparison
Behavioral
Switch level
0
3.40
2.00
0 520.00u200.00u 400.00u
System Level and Switch
Total simulation time: 700us
Behavioral: 0.992s Switch level: 352.54s
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