design and mechanical properties of rigid …

JOURNAL OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

AND TECHNOLOGY

ISSN NO: 0745-6999

DESIGN AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RIGID PAVEMENT

POLYMERS IN CEMENT AND CONCRETE ROADS WITH NANO

SILICA 1Gade Vinaykumar,

2G Veera Sankar Reddy,

3Siva Naga Raju

1PG Student,

2,3Assistant Professor

Department Of Civil Engineering

SVR Engineering College, Nandyal

Abstract: The rigid pavements which are made up of concrete shows some detrimental structural characteristics

such as a very low tensile strength, limited ductility, little resistance to cracking, brittle failure mechanism in tension

etc. Nanoparticles are defined as those materials whose scale length lies within the nanometric range, i.e. from one

to a hundred nanometers. Within this scale length, the properties of matter are considerably different from the

individual atoms, molecules and bulk materials. The physical, chemical of these materials are different depending on

the size and shape and they exhibit different important bulk properties. These properties of the Nano materials have

attracted many researchers in various fields to establish a new trend in the research from material science to genetics

etc. The percentage replacement will be 5%, 10%,15%, and 20%, with natural fine aggregate by its weight. And to

prepare cubes, cylinders, beams and finally slump test, compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and

flexural strength test will be conducted to obtain the necessary results cement manufacturing company. In this study,

the cement as well as fine aggregates is replaced by a byproduct from a cement manufacturing company at 5%, 10%,

15% and 20%. During hydration process there are cement particles which serves as filler instead of taking part in

hydration. Hence, in this study the cement is also replaced by crystalline powder which acts as filler. The geo

polymer concrete taken for study is M20 grade.

Keywords: Nano silica, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Split Tensile Strength

I.INTRODUCTION

Each year thousands of tons of waste materials are disposed on the valuable land which results in the

occupation and degradation of valuable land. Decreasing of natural resources is a common phenomenon in

developing countries like India due to rapid urbanization & industrialization involving construction of

infrastructures. Currently waste handling is big problem. Therefore, many investigations are carried out in order to

utilize industrial, constructional and domestic waste for concrete mix. There are many investigations are carried out

on the using of rubber of tyres, plastic waste, bottom ash, fly ash, copper slag, quarry dust, tiles waste, recycled

aggregate, waste glass etcCement is one of the most produced materials around the world. Due to the importance of

cement as a construction material, and the geographic abundance of the main raw material, limestone, cement is

produced in virtually all countries. The widespread production is also due to the relatively low price and high

density of cement However, the production of Portland cement, an essential constituent of concrete, leads to the

release of a significant amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). SILICA is the most abundant mineral

found in the crust of the earth. It forms an important constituent of practically all rock-forming minerals. It is found

in a variety of forms, as quartz crystals, massive forming hills, quartz sand (Nano silica), sandstone, quartzite,

tripoli, diatomite, flint, opal, chalcedonic forms like agate, onyx etc… Nano silica contain a high proportion of silica

(up to 99% SiO2) in the form of quartz and are used for applications other than as construction aggregates. They are

produced from both loosely consolidated sand deposits and by crushing weakly cemented sandstones.

Rigid Pavement:

The rigid pavements are possessed considerable flexural strength or flexural rigidity. The rigid pavement are made

of Portland cement concrete either plain, reinforced or prestressed concrete. The rigid pavement have slab action and

are capable of distributing the wheel loads to larger area .The plain cement concrete slabs are expected to sustain

about 40 kg/cm^2 flexural stress. The cement concrete pavement slab can very well wearing surface as well as

effective base course. Therefore usually the rigid pavement structure consist of a cement concrete slab, below which

a granular base or sub-base course may be provided. Through the cement concrete slab can also be laid directly over

the soil sub-grade, this is not preferred specially when the subgrade have fine grained soil. By providing a good base

or sub-base course layer below the cement concrete slab, the pavement life can be increased considerably and works

out more economical in the long run.


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Rigid Pavement

Detail Of Construction Techniques Of Rigid Pavement

Rigid pavements construction techniques are as follow:-

Slab method: - This method comprises of laying concrete in bays i.e. in small portion at a time. This can be done in

two ways.

Alternate bay method:- In alternate bay method of pavement construction, the pavement surface is divided into a

large number of bays and concreting is done in alternate bays. The left bays are concreted after a week or so.

Continuous bay method: - This method is generally preferred because in this method concreting can be completed

in half width of the pavement at a time. During this time the traffic can be use the other half portion. Thus the

expenditure required for diverting the traffic can be saved.

Alternatives for Natural Sand:

As the supplies of suitable natural sand near the point of consumption are becoming exhausted, the cost of this sand

is increasing, which is ultimately increasing the cost of the construction. The demand of sustainable growth of

infrastructure in modern times is to find an alternative material that should not only satisfy the technical

specification of fine aggregate, but it should also be abundantly available. A lot of research has been done in the past

to find alternate source of fine aggregate. Crushed sands, fine aggregate produced from stone crushing, has become

very popular in areas where natural sand is not abundantly available or where there is scarcity in the supply of

natural sand. The Mumbai-Pune express highway was a project, where there is a difficulty in procurement of natural

sand. This made the construction company to use crushed sand for making approximately 20 lakh cum of concrete

necessary for the construction. However, such type of sands contains a large amount of micro-fines, i.e., particles

finer than 75 microns, which can have an adverse effect on properties of concrete. So proportioning of different raw

materials at the time of mix design is very important, when crushed sand is used in concrete. Now a day, with

ongoing research and development in this field, fine aggregate with the desired properties are manufactured by stone

crushing. Manufactured sand can be defined as a purpose made crushed fine aggregate produced from a suitable

source material. Its production generally involves crushing, screening and possibly washing, separation into discrete

fractions, recombining and blending may be necessary. Manufactured sand is proving to be very beneficial in the

areas, where natural sand is not available, or where there is a scarcity in the supply of natural sand. The introduction

of better crushers tends to give better shaped crushed fine aggregate. It must be kept in mind that crushed sand and

manufactured sand are made by stone or rock crushing, which are also a natural resource like river sand. So increase

in the use of crushed sand and manufactured sand may also lead to excessive mining of stones and rocks, which we

are already using as coarse aggregates in concrete.

Nano silica:

Nano silica is obtained from the raw material. After washing the raw material the Nano silica is separated by sieve

size 1.18 of raw material. Raw material is washed for taking out the clay material which is useful for making the

tiles. In the raw material about 10% is clay which is supplied to the ceramic factories. From the raw material

different size of Nano silica are separated by different size of sieve. Sand size of 30 mesh to 80 mesh (500 micron) is

used in the glass industries. Sand size 1.18mm to 600 micron can be used in making concrete mix as the partial

replacement of fine aggregate. Nearly about 200 tones of Nano silica is obtained daily after washing the raw

material. Sometimes it is used in the glass factories otherwise they dump them back into the mines. Silica is the

composition of silicon and oxygen. Silicon and oxygen are the earth‟s two most abundant elements. Silica is one of

the earth‟s three most common rock forming material. Silica occurs in three main crystalline forms. It is a very

durable material resistant to heat and chemical attack. The first industrial uses of crystalline silica were probably

related to metallurgical and glass making activities


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Uses of Nano silica:

Glass -Foundry casting

Ceramics Filtration

Specialist building applications

Sports and leisure

Sand blasting and other abrasives Pigments

Figure: Nano silica

Figure: The concept of filling pores in concrete by nanomaterial

Figure: Nano silica (a) and the location (b) of natural Nano silica from West Sumatera

Figure: Nano silica (a) and the location (b) of Nano silica from Bangka


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Figure: Nano silica (a) and the location (b) of Nano silica from Papua.

Sand types

How many different types of sand Nobody knows an answer to this seemingly simple question because there are no

such thing as an official sand classification. However, sand is a highly variable substance and therefore it is

definitely possible to make an attempt to classify it into separate categories.

Standard silica-based sand

NEED OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE:

To produce environmental friendly concrete, we have to replace the cement with some other binders which should

not create any bad effect on environment. The use of industrial by products as binders can reduce the problem. In

this respect, the new technology geo-polymer concrete is a promising technique. In terms of reducing the global

warming, the geo-polymer technology could reduce the CO2 emission to the atmosphere caused by cement and

aggregates industries by about 80% and also the proper usage of industrial wastes can reduce the problem of

disposing the waste products into the atmosphere.

APPLICATIONS:

In the short term, there is vast potential for geo polymer solid applications for scaffolds, for example,

precast auxiliary components and decks and also basic retrofits utilizing geo polymer-fiber composites. Geo

polymer innovation is most progressive in precast applications because of the relative simplicity in taking

care of touchy materials (e.g., high-soluble base initiating arrangements) and the requirement for a controlled

high-temperature

Curing environment required for some current geo polymer. Other potential near term applications are precast

pavers and pieces for clearing, blocks and precast funnels.

Objective and Need of the Study:

Partially Replacement of fine aggregate with Nano silica by volume.

To investigate the fresh and hardened properties (slump test, compressive strength,

Tensile strength & Flexural strength) of concrete for M20 grade of concrete mix.

Study, the cement as well as fine aggregates are replaced Nano silica

To investigate the mechanical properties of Geo polymer concrete made with partial replacement of fine

material with Nano silica

II.LITERATURE REVIEW

In this literature study it has proved that optimum replacement for eco sand is around 40 - 50 %. When

replacement at minimum level there was good compaction due to smaller size of Nano silica At maximum

replacement of eco sand water absorption is found. At 40% replacement of eco sand has higher compressive strength

compared to conventional concrete and save material cost. It helps to reduce water demand and segregability

mixture to increase their water holding capacity, plasticity, and homogeneity of mortar, reduce shrinkage and

improve the water and frost resistance of the solution. According to various field and laboratory experimentation has

https://www.sandatlas.org/sand/


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clearly indicated the use of eco sand as one of the best substitutes for fine aggregate. As increase growth of cement

industries, but it may cause hazards to surroundings because of emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) as industry keep

on growing a major contribution to increase greenhouse effect and global warming There is more shortage of fine

aggregate due to large requirements in construction and unit cost of sand keep on increasing day by day. Eco sand is

cost effective, sustainable and ecofriendly alternative to traditional sand use in construction.

P. Aggarwal, Y. Aggarwal, S.M.Gupta, (2007): They had studied the effect of use bottom ash as a

replacement of fine aggregate. The coarser material, which falls into furnace bottom in modern large thermal power

plants and constitute about 20% of total ash content of the coal fed in the boilers. The various strength properties

studied consist of compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting strength. The strength development for

various percentages (0 to 50%) replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash can easily be equated to the strength

development of normal concrete at various ages. The bottom ash concrete gains strength at a slower rate in the initial

period and acquires strength at faster rate beyond 28 days, due to pozzolanic action of bottom ash. It is observed that

„M40‟ which is equal to the 50% replacement of fine aggregate gives comparable flexural strength at the age of 90

days that can be used for pavement application. The rate of increases of splitting tensile strength decreases with the

ages.

III.METHODOLOGY

Nano silica is finely powdered crystalline silica which can be used as a replacement of cement and fine

aggregate. Its micro-filling effect reduces pores in concretes and provides better moisture resistivity and thus

durability. The Nano silica has various advantages such as energy efficiency, fire resistance, reduction of dead load,

environmentally friendly, durable, light weight, low maintenance and low construction cost. Using Nano silica in

concrete can reduce the cost of concrete and may increase the strength to some extent. Nano silica is a preferred for

construction material due to its higher surface hardness and density. Many research works are carried out to study

the effects of such Concrete is generally considered to be the most widely used material on Earth. Concrete is a

composite material which consists of cement, aggregate and water. Aggregate is a broad category of coarse

particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, Crushed stone. Aggregate serves as reinforcement

that provides strength to the composite material. Cement, when mixed with water acts as a binding material. Lower

water to cement ratio will give better strength to concrete but will result in low workability whereas with higher

water to cement ratio concrete with higher workability and less strength is achieved. In order to overcome this

problem super plasticizers are used. Super plasticizers are high range water reducing agent which is capable of

removing excess water that does not take part in hydration process without altering the strength of the concrete. In

this paper, Nano silica is used to replace cement in concrete. Nano silica is a by-product obtained from wet process

of manufacturing cement. In this paper the silica rich waste is used as partial replacement to fine aggregate. The

global consumption of natural sand has become very high due to excessive use of concrete. Increased extraction of

natural sand from river bed causes many problems like lowering of underground water table, disturbs the aquatic

life, disturbs the tectonic plates in the distribution of seismic effects, changes the profile of river beds etc

Flow chart:

DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENTS:

There are several methods of pavement design, developed by various professional organizations based on their

years of experience in design and construction. With this great diversity, the pavement design is more of an art than

science [91]. The work of Westergaard in developing the analytical methods and research in the physical properties


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of pavement concrete is till date the greatest contribution in the field of rigid pavement analysis and design. Some of

the methods which have been acclaimed worldwide are Portland Cement Association (PCA) method, Corps of

Engineers method, AASHTO method, Yield-line method, Load Classification Number (LCN) method and Federal

Aviation Agency (FAA) method. To reflect the current knowledge on the subject of pavement design, the guidelines

for the design of plain jointed rigid pavements were revised in India by Indian Road Congress The early approach to

the design of rigid pavements by IRC was based on Wester gaard’s analysis. The prominent features of the revised

guidelines are estimation of flexural stress due to single and tandem axle loads along the edge, inclusion of

cumulative damage concept and revision of design criteria for the design of dowel bars. The factors that govern the

design are: single or tandem axle loads, repetition of the loads, tyre pressure and lateral placement characteristics of

commercial vehicles

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF RIGID PAVEMENT

Rigid pavements normally use Portland cement concrete as the prime structural element. Depending on

conditions, engineers may design the pavement slab with plain, lightly reinforced, continuously reinforced,

prestressed, or fibrous concrete. The concrete slab usually lies on a compacted granular or treated subbase, which is

supported, in turn, by a compacted subgrade. The subbase provides uniform stable support and may provide

subsurface drainage. The concrete slab has considerable flexural strength and spreads the applied loads over a large

area.

Figure: Typical Rigid Pavement Structure

CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE (CC) PAVEMENT (PQC):

General: The work shall consist of construction of unreinforced, dowel bars, plain cement concrete pavement in

accordance with the requirements. materials: a. Cement: Ordinary Portland cement 43 & 53 grade, Portland slag

cement, Portland pozzolana cement.

Chemical admixtures: Chemical admixtures are permitted to improve workability of concrete and

setting time.

Silica fumes: Silica fumes are used as an admixture in the proportion of 3 to 10 percent of cement.

Fibres: Fibres are used to reduce the shrinkage cracking and post cracking. The fibres may be steel

fibres or polymer synthetic fibre. With a diameter of 10 micronto 100-micron ad length 6 to 48 mm

and suggested dosage should be 0.6 to 2kg/cm3.

Table: Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

S.No. Sieve size Wt. retained in

gms

%age wt

retained

Cumulative %age

wt. retained(F)

%age passing

(100-F)

1 4.75mm 8 0.8 0.8 99.2

2 2.36mm 6 0.6 1.4 98.6

3 1.18mm 182 18.2 19.6 80.4

4 600 µm 268 26.2 46.4 53.6

5 300 µm 391 39.1 85.5 14.5

6 150 µm 117 11.7 97.2 2.8

Table: Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

S.no. Description Value

1 Weight of dry and empty pycnometer (W1) 425g

2 Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate (W2) 925g

3 Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water

(W3)

1680g


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4 Weight of pycnometer + water (W4) 1368g

5 Specific gravity = 𝑤2−𝑤1

𝑤2−𝑤1 −(𝑤3−𝑤4)

2.65

Coarse Aggregate:

Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate:

The coarse aggregate is free from clayey

SiO2 99.19%

Fe2O3 0.01%

CaO 0.0033%

Al2O3 0.013%

matter, silt and organic impurities etc. Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is 4.07. aggregate of normal size

20mm downgraded 60%retained on 12.5mm sieve and remaining 40% is taken from the sieve 12.5mm

(passing) and 4.75mm (retained) is used in the experimental work, which is acceptable according to IS:383-

1970.

Table: Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

S.

No

Sieve size Weight

retained in

gms

%

weight

retained

Cumulative

% weight retained

%

passing (100-

F)

1 20mm 0 0 0 100

2 16mm 2520 25.2 25.2 74.8

3 12.5mm 1840 18.4 43.6 56.4

4 10mm 3093 30.9 74.5 25.5

5 4.75mm 2530 25.3 99.8 0.2

S.no Description Value

1 Weight of dry and empty pycnometer (W1) 425g

2 Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate (W2) 1425g

3 Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water (W3) 2020g

4 Weight of pycnometer + water (W4) 1375g

5 Specific gravity = 𝑤2−𝑤1

𝑤2−𝑤1 −(𝑤3−𝑤4)

2.82

Nano silica:

Silica is a very fine material composed solely of Silicon and Oxygen, the two most abundant elements in the

earth’s crust. Silica is hard, chemically inert and has a high melting point, attributable to the strength of the

bonds between the atoms. Nano silica is not flammable, combustible or explosive. It is not known to be toxic. It

is not known to be an environmental hazard. Nano silica is insoluble in water. Nano silica should be kept dry

and out of the element

Table 2.5 Physical properties of Nano silica

Particle shape Granular crushed and

ground

Colour White or colourless

Odour None

Specific gravity 2.65


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Figure: Structure of Nano silica

Table: Chemical Properties of Nano silica

Boiling point 4046°F/2230°C

Melting point 3110°F/1710°C

Vapour pressure (mm Hg) None

Vapour density (air=1) None

Evaporation rate None

Cement:

Ordinary Portland cement 53-grade of DECCAN brand confirming to B.I.S standards is used in the present

work. The cement is tested for its various properties as per IS: 4031-1988 and found to be confirming to the

requirements as per IS: 12269-1987.

Table: Physical Properties of Cement

Fineness of cement 5%

Specific gravity of cement 3.12

Soundness of cement 1.1mm

Standard consistency of cement 32.5%

Compressive strength of cement

for 28 days

49N/mm2

TEST SETUP AND PROCEDURE:

The beam specimen will simply supported with a concentrated load applied at mid span, as shown in figure. Load

was applied by using UTM (40 tons capacity) in 40kg increments up to failure load. At each load increment, cracks

will inspected and marked, and the beam is photographed. Continuous monitoring will carried out all through the

testing. After 7,14,21and 28 days curing period, the specimens is taken outside the curing tank and will tested under

a compression testing machine of 200 ton capacity for compressive strength. The crushing loads will noted and the

average compressive strength of three specimens is determined. The test performed for testing the Compressive

strength of concrete using fly ash. Various cubes are made with various percentage of fly ash by weight of cement,

tested and then analyzed for finding the effect of using fly ash. Three concrete cube specimens for the test is made

for each M-25 with 5% 10%, 15% and 20 % replacement of fine aggregate with stone dust has been taken for

Geopolymer concrete of M25 grade with 0.46 water cement ratio. Compressive strength test is the most common

test conducted on hardened concrete as it is an easy test to perform and also most of the desirable characteristic

properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive strength. The compression test is carried out on

specimen cubical in shape .Prism is also sometimes used, but it is not common in our country. Sometimes, the

compressive strength of concrete is determined using the parts of beam tested in flexure. The cube specimen is of

size 150*150*150mm.If the largest size of aggregate does not exceed 20mm,100mm size cubes may also be used as

an alternative. Boost compressive strength

Make finishing easier

Reduce efflorescence

Maintain colour,


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Especially in Other Portland Cement Fly Ash Fly ash, is also known as flue-ash, it is one of the residues generated

in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. In an industrial context, fly ash usually

refers to ash produced during combustion of coal.

Procedure:

First of all the mould preferably of cast iron, thick enough to prevent distortion, is used to prepare the specimen of

size 150*150*150mm.

Figure:- Cube Mould

During the placing of concrete in the moulds it is compacted with the tamping bar 16mm diameter,0.6mm long and

bullet pointed at lower end, with not less than 25 strokes per layer. Then these moulds are placed on the vibrating

table and are compacted until the specified condition is attained

Figure: Vibrating table

The test specimens are stored in place free from vibration, in moist air of at least 90% relative humidity and at a

temperature of 27degree +_2degree C for 24 hrs from the addition of water to the dry ingredients.

After this period, the specimen is marked and submerged water and kept there until taken out just prior to test. The

water in which the specimens are submerged , are renewed every 7 days .The specimens are not to be allowed to

become dry at any time until they have been tested.


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IV.RESULTS

Compressive Strength: Compressive strength is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete. It is

very easy and simple to perform and partly because many of the desirable properties of concrete are qualitatively

related to its compressive strength. Compression test specimens are used: cubes, cylinder and prisms. Take required

quantities of material and mixed it by hand or by machine mixing. Concrete should be filled in mould in three equal

layers. Each layer should be compacted for five times with a 16mm dia. rod. After hardened the specimens are taken

out and cured in clean, fresh water. Curing is done until the required days of testing. The test should be carried out

immediately upon the removal of specimen from water curing and after that finding out the compressive strength by

compressive machine

Figure : Compressive testing machine

Flexural Strength:

Figure: Flexural Strength

The normal tensile stress in concrete, when cracking occurs in a flexure test is known as modulus of ruptures,

i.e. flexural strength. The standard test specimen is a beam of size 150mm × 150 mm × 700mm size. The

specimen should be should be cast and cured in the same manner as for casting of cubes.

TRIAL MIX:

Table: A. Trial Mix Proportion

Trial

Mix

No.

W/C

ratio

Cement

(kg/m3)

Nano

silica

(kg/m3)

Fine

aggregate

(kg/m3)

Coarse

aggregate

(kg/m3)

1. 0.5 383 0 572 1261

2. 0.5 383 286 286 1261

3. 0.5 383 572 0 1261

4. 0.45 425 0 560 1236

5. 0.45 425 280 280 1236

6. 0.45 425 560 0 1236


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Graph: Mix Proportions

Table: B. Trial Mix Proportion

Trial Mix.

No.

7 days

(N/mm2)

14 days

(N/mm2)

28 days

(N/mm2)

1. 14.66 17.77 23.51

2. 13.03 15.55 19.33

3. 12.29 11.04 16.44

4. 13.21 15.86 21.32

5. 12.15 14.66 18.30

Graph: Trial Mix Proportion different days

Effect of Nano silica in M20 mix (Mortar Strength)

Figure: Mortar Strength test machine


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Table: According to IS: 516 – 1959, the concrete cubes of size 70.6 mm × 70.6 mm were casted and tested for

28 days strength after conventional method of using.

% of replacement for

cement and fine

aggregates using

Nano silica

7 days strength

(N/mm2)

14 days strength

(N/mm2)

28 days strength

(N/mm2)

% rise in strength

0% 24.2 32.4 39.2 -

5% 25.1 36.7 41.6 6.122

10% 27.3 34.2 43.3 10.459

15% 25.3 31.4 40.2 2.551

20% 23.4 28.2 36.3 Decreased by 7.397

Graph: casted and tested for 28 days strength

V.CONCLUSION:

Based on the limited experimental investigations conducted following are the conclusions derived

The compressive strength of 0% replacement compared with 5%,10%, 15%, and 20% replacement the

strength increases up to 15% replacement corresponding to a peak value of 41.3N/mm2 and decreases with

further percent increase in replacement.

The flexural strength increases up to 15% to a value of 8.2N/mm2 and decreases to 8.15N/mm

2 at 20% ,

8.07N/mm2 at 20% replacements.

The tensile strength though insignificant increases up to 15% replacement with corresponding value of

2.5N/mm2 and decreases to 2.48N/mm

2, 2.42N/mm

2 and 20% replacement.

Nano silica passing through 150µm sieve acts as a filler material between cement and fine aggregate there

by making concrete more dense.

The 15% replacement of cement with Nano silica is considered as optimum for durable concrete.

The concept of green concrete by using supplementary cementations materials like Nano silica minimizes

the environmental impact of concrete

The utilization of these waste by-products as partial replacement of cement, it would be more beneficial to

the environment by reducing the environmental pollution.

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[1] P. Aggarwal, Y. Aggarwal, S.M.Gupta, “Effect of bottom ash as replacement of fine aggregates in concrete”

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[3] L. Evangelista, J. de Brito, “Mechanical properties of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates”.

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[4] Rafat Siddique, Geert de Schutter, “Effect of used foundry sand on the mechanical properties of concrete”,

Construction and building materials, 2009, Pg. No. 976 to 980


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[5] Her-Yung Wang, “A study of the effects of LCD glass sand on the properties of concrete” Waste Management,

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[6] Farid Debieb, Said Kenai, “The use of coarse and fine crushed bricks as aggregate in concrete” Construction and

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