Sustainable Design and Management of Buildings for Energy Efficiency and Healthy Environment

1

Environmental Quality and Well-being

Contents

0. Learning Objectives

1. Environmental design criteria

2. Energy efficiency and passive design method

3. Indoor environmental quality and impact

4. People centric design and management

2

Learning objectives

Be familiar with the design criteria and process

Understand the design strategies and impact on energy and indoor environmental quality;

Grasp sustainable building design technologies;

Understand the role of operation and management for healthy buildings.

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1.Environmental Design Criteria

— identifying user requirements

— designing to meet these requirements with minimal energy use

— establishing an integrated design team with a brief and contract

that promotes energy efficiency

— setting energy targets at an early stage and designing within

them

— designing for manageability, maintainability, operability and

flexibility

— checking that the final design meets the targets.

General of Design

4

5

Healthy Building and Environment

Start from Planning and Design

Design and construction stages (RIBA plan of work)

PreparationA Appraisal

B Design Brief

Design

C Concept

D Design Development

E Technical Design

Pre-

Construction

F Product Information

G Tender Document

H Tender Action

Construction

J Mobilisation

KConstruction to Practical

Completion

Use L Post Practical CompletionRIBA Plan of work for building design and construction (Phillips, 2008).

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2. Energy efficiency and passive design method

Sketch design process 7

Building, system and occupant factors affecting energy consumption in non-domestic buildings (Source: Nick Baker)

Strategic design process

Sketch design process

Success depends on understanding the interactions between people, building fabric and services

8

Strategic design process

Sketch design process 9

Indoor Air Quality

Sketch design process

heating

cooling

lighting power

lighting gains

casual gains

daylighting

solar gain

conduction through glass

conduction through opaque

ventilation heat loss

10

Energy balance of the room

Qc

QL

QS

QG

QW

Daylighting

QV

Ambient

Heat Gains Heat Losses

11

Heat Loss

QG: Conductive loss through window

QW: Conductive loss through wall

QV: Convective loss via ventilation

QC: Auxiliary cooling

Heat Gain

Qs: Solar Gain

QL: Lighting Gain

QC: Casual Gain - people, computer, etc

QH: Auxiliary Heating

12

Air temperatures in office room in summer oC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Time (hour)

Tem

per

atu

re o

C

Air temperatures in office room in winter oC

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Time (hour)

Tem

per

atu

re o

CSummer

external

indoor

Cooling energy

indoor

external

Heating energy

Winter

Passive building design

Definition

A building design that uses structural

elements of a building to insulate, light, heat

and cool a building, without the use of

mechanical /electrical equipment.

14

Glass Building in London

Envelope design

Heat loss through the envelope

Qloss=U*A*(Tin-Tout)

Qloss

U

The bigger the U value, The bigger the heat loss,When internal temperature is greater than external

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Year Walls Floors Window Doors roof

lights

roof

1965 1.7 1.4

1976 1 1 0.6

1985 0.45 0.45 0.35

1991 0.45 0.35 3 3 3 0.35

1994 0.45 0.35 3 3 3 0.25

2000 0.35 0.25 2 2 2 0.2

2002 0.35 0.25 2 2 2 0.2

2006 0.3 0.22 1.8 2.2 1.8 0.2

2007-08 0.2 0.22 1.6 - - 0.16

Code

Level 6

0.11 0.11 - - - 0.11

U-value improvement rates

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Window and window systems design

Section through side window

Skyline

obstructionCentre of

window

(inside)

Window head obstrction

Important element in sustainable design

• Insulation

• Solar

• Lighting

• view

• ventilation

Associated with shading systems

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Window Design

Windows influence natural Ventilation

• Leakage between glass and frame

• Low surface temperature

• Admits solar radiation

• Opening styles create different micro climates

infiltration

Opening position

exfiltration

fabric

window

Microclimate around window

Glazing area

The amount of glazing obviously

influences the amount of

daylight available, but a larger

window area is not always better

as it may simply increase

contrast. Large windows admit

light but also lead to heat gains

and heat losses, and thus

potential thermal discomfort.

But, it could provider a better

outdoor views and some

psychological needs…

22

Watch the BedZED video

Case study -BedZed

Temperature

Ventilation

Lighting

Overall Control

Degree of Control (low = 1, high = 7)

7410

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

Mo

re o

r le

ss p

rod

uct

ive

than

av

era

ge

Relationship between Self-reports of Productivity and Levels of Control Over Temperature, Ventilation, Lighting and Overall Control

3. Indoor Environmental Quality and Impact

Workplace Productivity

Relationship between the Loss of Productivity, PPD and the PMV

25

20

15

10

5

-1.5

80

60

40

20

0

Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)

Pe

rcen

tage o

f dissatisfie

d (P

PD

)Lo

ss o

f P

rod

uct

ivit

y (p

erc

en

tage

)

-1 -0.5 10 1.50.5 2-20

Loss of Productivity and PPDas a function of the PMV

Source: Roelofsen, 2001

PPD

Perceived Comfort and Perceived Productivity

Leaman and Bordass in Clements-Croome, 2005

Thermal comfort

Thermal comfort is where

there is broad satisfaction with

the thermal environment i.e.

most people are neither too

hot or too cold.

Defined in the ISO 7730 standard as

that condition of mind which

expresses satisfaction with the

thermal environment

Thermal comfort

Environmental:

• Temperature

• Humidity

• Air movement

• Air quality

Individual:

• Metabolic rate

• Clothing insulation

What determines thermal comfort?

PMV/PPD

PMV: Predicted Mean Vote

The Index that predicts the value of the vote of a large

group of people on the 7-point thermal sensation scale

-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3

cold cool slightly cool Neutral slight warm warm hot

PPD: Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied

International Standards

Current thermal comfort standards and guidelines

• ISO 7730,

• ASHRAE 55-1992, 95a

• EN 15251,

• CIBSE Guides A1 (thermal comfort)

They are based mainly on PMV

Acceptable ranges

of operative

temperature and

humidity for people

in typical summer

and winter clothing

( < 1.2 met).

The ranges are

based on a 10%

dissatisfaction

criterion.

Operative

temperature

Acceptable ranges

of air temperature

for sedentary

physical activities

in naturally

ventilated buildings.

Adaptive thermal comfort

(Seppanen et al, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings, Singapore, Volume 3

Decrease of Performance with Temperature

2% decrease per deg C above 250C and below 200C

Percentage of dissatisfaction against carbon dioxide concentration

Mu & Chan, (2005), Building calibration for IAQ Management in

Building and Environment 41, 877-886

Percentage of dissatisfaction again carbon dioxide concentration

CO2 concentration and ventilation

Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

Performance of School Work as a Function of Outdoor Air Supply Rate4

Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

(Source: Dijken et ai, 2005) in

Average, Maximum and Minimum CO2 Concentrations in 11Dutch Primary Schools

CO2 concentration and ventilation

90

92

94

96

98

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Dissatisfied with indoor air quality

Pe

rfo

rma

nce

%

%

(R2=0.78; P<0.01)

90

92

94

96

98

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Outdoor air supply rate

Pe

rfo

rma

nce

%

(R2=0.78; P<0.01)

L/(s*standard person)

Performance of office work as a function of the indoor air quality

Performance of office work

as a function of the outdoor

air supply rate per standard

person (olf)

Wyon and Wargocki in Clements-Croome, 2005

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4Ventilation rate (h-1)

Illn

ess

or s

ick

leav

e pr

eval

ence

rela

tive

to p

reva

lenc

e w

ith

no

vent

ilat

ion

Milton (2000), sick leave in offices

Brundage (1988), illness in barracks, all years

Brundage (1988), illness in barracks, 1983 data

Drinka (1996), illness in nursing home

Seppanen and Fisk in Clements-Croome, 2005

Predicted Trends in Illness or Sick Leave Versus Ventilation Rate

Thermal comfort Fresh air supplyVentilation

ProductivityHealth

HOME SCHOOL HOME HOME

Transport Transport Outdoor activity

Typical

Schedule

Home: 55~65%; School: 30~35%

Halton

GII

CCH

H

Study in SCHOOL Chongqing, China

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

8:30 10:00 11:30 13:00 14:30 16:00

Nu

mb

er o

f o

ccu

pa

nts

Outdoor-CO2-

15/1/2015

• Outdoor CO2 concentration remains around 400ppm.

• Indoor CO2 concentration varies mainly with the number of occupants

under natural ventilation in this classroom.

Indoor CO2

Efficiency of

Ventilation

CO2 and Ventilation

Time

CO

2 P

PM

Study in SCHOOL Reading, UK CO2 and Ventilation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Spring Summer

Tem

per

atu

re/º

C

CO

2 C

on

cen

tra

tio

ns/

pp

m

CO2-Indoor CO2-Outdoor

Temp-Indoor Temp-Outdoor

Outdoor temperature in spring is

lower than summer, occupants tend

to close the window to get warm

• Occupants are main heat source,

the increased temperature

difference of indoor and outdoor

environment indicates enhanced

airtightness in winter.

• With the increased airtightness,

the indoor CO2 concentrations

largely soars over 1100ppm.

Study in SCHOOL NO2Chongqing, China

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

8:30 10:00 11:30 13:00 14:30 16:00

NO

2/p

pm

Time

Outdoot-NO2

Indoor-NO2

Selected school near main road with heavy traffic.

• Outdoor concentrations are steady with morning peak for rush-

hour traffic.

• Indoor concentrations are varied under natural ventilation.

• Indoor average is a little lower than outdoor conditions, but both

exceed Chinese standard (threshold for 20-h average is 80 μg/m3,

almost 0.042 ppm)

NO2Chongqing, China

Dusttrak DrxAerosol Monitor 8534

The equipment we use

Guideline Average value :PM10: 50 ug/m3

PM2.5: 25 ug/m3

Reference: WHO. WHO air quality guidelines,2005. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2015/3/2 2015/3/3 2015/3/4 2015/3/5 2015/3/6

Par

ticu

late

mat

ter

[ug/

m3 ]

Indoor PM2.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2015/3/2 2015/3/3 2015/3/4 2015/3/5 2015/3/6

Par

ticu

late

mat

ter

[ug/

m3 ]

Indoor PM10Guideline

Microgram: equal to one billionth (1×10−9) of a kilogram, one millionth (1×10−6) of a gram, or one thousandth (1×10−3) of a milligram.

Guideline

Study in SCHOOL Particulate matterChongqing, China

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

PM

10

-In

door/μ

g/m

3

PM10-Outdoor/μg/m3

13/1/201

5

14/1/201

5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 100 200 300 400

PM

2.5

-In

door/μ

g/m

3

PM2.5-Outdoor/μg/m3

13/1/2015

14/1/2015

15/1/2015

16/1/2015

19/1/2015

Winter• The relationship between indoor and outdoor particulate matter shows liner relation in

winter

——the high level outside and the indoor environment can be easily affected by outdoor

particles under natural ventilation.

• PM2.5 shows better regression effect than PM10

——the concentration of PM2.5 subjects to the atmospheric environment much easier

under server air pollution condition.

Indoor/Outdoor relation

Study in SCHOOL Particulate matter

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

20150

113

20150

114

20150

115

20150

116

20150119

20150

323

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615

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20150623

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906

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20150

911

Con

cen

trati

on

/μg/m

3

PM1 PM2.5-PM1

0

100

200

300

20150113

20150114

20150115

20150116

20150119

20150323

20150324

20150325

20150326

20150327

20150615

20150616

20150617

20150618

20150619

20150623

20150624

20150906

20150907

20150908

20150909

20150910

20150911

Con

cen

trati

on

/μg/m

3

PM1 PM2.5-PM1

Outdoor

Indoo

r

Chongqing, China

• Concentrations of

particulate matter are

obviously higher in Winter.

• Fine particle is dominating

at indoor environment.

Fine particle has higher

infiltration rate;

Fine particle is easily re-

suspended with children’s

indoor activities.

Seasonal variation

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5. People-Centric Design and Management

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5. People-Centric Intelligent Operation and Management

Building management systems, network and integration

Outstation 1

Outstation 2

Sensors

Actuators

Sensors

Actuators

LAN

Operator terminal

(user interface)

LAN- local area network

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5. People-Centric Design and Management

Summary:

• Importance of environmental architecture design;• Balancing the energy and IEQ;• Passive design technologies• Design and operation buildings for People feeling good

( Health, Productivity and Happy)

Reading lists:

• CIBSE Guide A Environmental design• Yao R. ed, Design and management of sustainable built environments;

Springer 2013ISBN 978-1-4471-4780-7Chapter 11- Energy efficient building designChapter 20 –BRE Innovative Park- some lessons learnt from the demonstration buildings

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Thank you for your listening!