design and fabrication of unmanned aerial vehicle pieas university islamabad pakistan (part-2)
TRANSCRIPT
PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Group Members:Mazhar IqbalUmar HayatShahid Waqas Khan
Design and Fabrication of UAVSupervisor:
Engr. M. Abdul basitCo-supervisor:
Dr. Kamran Rasheed Qureshi
2 PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Presentation Outline●Our Objective●Brief Introduction to Remote Control(R/C) Plane●Overview of Design●Modifications●Fabrication of Fuselage●Fabrication of Wing●Fabrication of Empennage●Covering●Testing●Achievements●Future Recommendations
Our Objective●Project
●Design and Fabrication of Electric Driven Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)
●Previous Semester●Design
● Conceptual● Preliminary● Detailed
●This Semester●Modifications●Fabrication●Testing
Brief Introduction
Brief Introduction (Continued)
●The Forces on an R/C Plane
Design Overview
Wing DimensionsAirfoil NACA 4412Span 60 inChord 11 inAR 5.45Area 660 in2
Dihedral Angle 30
Angle of Attack 80
Material Styrofoam + Balsa Wood
Design Overview (Continued)
Fuselage DimensionsHeight 6.42 inLength from Leading edge to nose
10.5 in
Length for airfoil 11 inLength from trailing edge of wing to tail
21.5 in
Total Length 42.91 inWidth at nose 3.5 in
Design Overview (Continued)
TailHorizontal tailHorizontal tail area 115 in2
Horizontal tail AR 4Horizontal Tail Span 21 inTaper Ratio 0.60 inVertical TailArea 55 in2
Chord 4.64 inTaper Ratio 0.40
Design Overview (Continued)
Control SurfacesAilerons
Area 40.5 in2
Chord 1.5 inSpan 27 inElevator Area 42 in2
Span 21 inChord 2 inRudderArea 40.5 in2
Root Height 9.2 inTip height 7.8 in
Complete Airplane Model
Modifications●Rudders
●Included rudders for yaw-control●Nose Gear Controllable
●For efficient handling on runway●Dihedral Angle
●For stability ●Wing Material
●To reduce weight (Styro-foam & balsa)
Dihedral Angle● Angle of an aircraft's wing, from the wing root
to the wing tip.
●Positive(Dihedral)
●Negative(Anhedral)
Dihedral Angle (Continued)
●Effect of zero dihedral angle●Each wing has the same constant angle of
attack●No difference in the lift generated by each
wing●No restoring moment
Dihedral Angle (Continued)
●Effect of Dihedral Angle●Difference in the angle of attack of each
wing,●The lift they create, is responsible for the
dihedral effect
Modifications in Wing
16
●Before ●Modified
PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Modification in Wing (Continued)
●Fabrication●Weight●Increased Strength
Fabrication of Fuselage
Fabrication of Fuselage
●Drawing●Cutting of Plywood sheet●Marking & cutting of Fuselage sides●Cutting of formers●Joining the parts
Fabrication of Fuselage(Continued)
●Side view of fuselage
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Cutting of Ply Wood
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Marking and Cutting of sides of the Fuselage
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Marking and Cutting of Base and Top Structure of Fuselage
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Cutting of Formers
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Joining the parts
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Joining the parts…
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Joining the parts…
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Filing
Fabrication of Fuselage (Continued)
●Final Shape of the Fuselage
Fabrication of Wing
Steps for Fabrication of Wing1. Cutting the pieces of thermo-col sheet2. Cutting two aero-foils 3. Cutting wing shape 4. Strengthening by Balsa5. Reducing the wing weight6. Rounding the Nose7. Joining the wing parts8. Fabrication of aileron
Drawing of the Wing
Wing Cutting (Basic Theory )●
Cutting of Thermo-col Sheet●The part where heat is supplied the
thermo-col sheet will burn leaving the required part.
Cutting of Aero-foils●Cut two aero-foils to cut
the shape of wing
Cutting Wing Shape●Support the thermo-col sheet for indication
of final wing cut●The heating wire will make apart the wing
shape illustrated in the coming video
Cutting Wing Shape (Continued)
Final Wing Shape●The wing shape is final but thermo-col sheet
has not strength to bear bending moments produced due to weight and lift forces
●We need to strengthen the wing
38 PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Strengthening by Balsa Wood●Preparation of sheets of Balsa wood●Most important thing in making the sheets is
that fibers of the wood should be in the direction of wing span
Strengthening by Balsa Wood (Continued)
●Gluing balsa onto the wing
Strengthening by Balsa Wood (Continued)
Reducing the Wing Weight
●Wing’s own weight should be minimum
●Make the wing hollow but strength should not decrease
●Make the wing hollow aft the center of pressure
Reducing the Wing Weight (Continued)
●Drawing a sketch on the wing according to the dimensions mentioned in the design process
43 PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Reducing the Wing Weight (Continued)
●Removing balsa wood
44 PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Reducing the Wing Weight (Continued)
●Removing thermo-col
Rounding the Nose●Nose has to face stress produced due to air
coming from front side●So high strength is required in nose of wing●To strengthen nose, we made nose of balsa
wood separately and glued to the wing●Nose radius is 1.58% of chord●Nose radius is 0.1738 in= 4.4 mm●Made the nose round as explained in next
slide
Rounding the Nose (Continued)
47 PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Joining the Wing Parts●Two parts of the wing were made●Now glue them to make complete span
Fabrication of Aileron
Fabrication of Aileron (Continued)
Fabrication of Empennage
Horizontal Tail
Horizontal Tail (Continued)
Horizontal Tail (Continued)
Horizontal Tail (Continued)
Other Parts of Empennage●Other parts of empennage
●Vertical tail●Elevator●Rudder
●They are simple to fabricate, as illustrated in horizontal tail fabrication
Final Shape of Empennage
Covering
Covering● Color of covering sheet is very important● It should be visible to pilot at high altitudes in the
flight● Therefore we chose purple color● White color at wing nose● Blue color at wing trailing edge and horizontal tail● These different colors indicates direction of the
plane when plane is not completely visible
Covering (Continued)
●To cut the covering sheet, make sketch of each part on the sheet
●Cut the covering sheet from the sketch
61
Covering (Continued)
PIEAS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Covering (Continued)
●Covering each part using iron
Final Plane
Final Plane
Components of Electric circuit are:●Battery●ESC●Motor●Receiver●Servos●Connector
Electric Circuit
Following table shows plane Structural performance:
Quantity ValueMax. CL 1.2
Max. L/D 12
Wing Loading [lb/ft2] 1.26
Weight without components [lbs.]
2.64
Weight with components [lbs.]
5.88
Performance
Following table show plane mission performance: Quantity Value
Max. L/D speed [ft/s] 64
Cruise speed [ft/s] 45
Stall speed [ft/s] 39
Take-off distance [feet] 100
Number of Laps 04
Average time per Lap [min.] 01
Landing distance [feet] 60
Performance (Continued)
Testing
Following tests were performed:
●Tensile testing of Balsa & Ply wood●3-Point bending test (Wing)●Landing Gear Test●Flight Test
Tensile Test Balsa and Plywood testing was done to check Strength
Wing Test●Testing of wing by applying maximum take-
off weight
Landing Gear Test●Vertical Drop test was performed for
landing gear●Result
●Landing gear capable of bearing shock●No permanent deformation in landing gear
Stability Test
Flight TestTest Flight was done to:●Verify calculated performance of plane●Check stability of plane●Check structural conformity of plane●Check battery timing●Check Take-off and landing distances
Competition●Participation in DBFC-10●Organized by GIKI in coordination with
●PIEAS●STEM Careers●HEC●AIAA(GIKI Chapter)
Rules for solar category were:●Battery pack max. weight limit was 1.75 lb.●Max. 4 flight attempts were allowed.●Solar energy to be used for propulsion.●Max. take-off distance was 150 feet.●Safe Landing to get score.●Max. current was limited to 20 Ampere.
Competition (Continued)
AchievementsFollowing are the achievements of our team:●Performance in viva and Quiz●Light weight plane (5.88 pounds)●Current of our plane was 17.5 Amperes●Successful flight in first attempt●Stable flight
First Position in Solar Category
Future RecommendationsFollowing improvements can be made:
●Plane can be used for surveillance
●Plane can be controlled using Autopilot
●Inverter can be used to harness solar energy
during Flight
●Projectile mechanism can be used in plane
Flight Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPjru23VhvU
Or write :
“DBFC10 Flight video PIEAS University Islamabad Solar Aircraft(Winner Team at GIKI)” on youtube.
References1. D. W. A. a. S. Eberhardt, Understanding Flight, Second
Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional, September 2, 2009 2. A. Lennon, R/C Model Aircraft Design, East Ridge USA: Air Age
Media Inc., 2002;20053. D. Raymer, Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, Fourth
Edition, AIAA Education4. Alex Wiess, R/C Sports Aircraft from Scratch, 1998 5. Naresh K. ,Design, Development and Demonstration of RC
Airplanes6. White, F. M. (4th Edition). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill7. Regis B. Miller, The Encyclopedia of Wood, U.S Dept. of
Agriculture,19998. TRANSPORTATION, U. D. (2003). PILOT’S HANDBOOK Of
Aeronautical Knowledge