R. Hervás et al. (Eds.): UCAmI 2014, LNCS 8867, pp. 88–91, 2014. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Design and Evaluation of an Ambient Lighting Interface of HRV Biofeedback System in Home Setting

Bin Yu, Jun Hu, and Loe Feijs

Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, The Netherlands

{B.YU,J.Hu,L.M.G.Feijs}@tue.nl

Abstract. Chronic stress puts individuals at an increasing risk of numerous health problems. In this study, we present an ambient lighting interface of a biofeedback system that helps users to self-regulate their breathing pattern in a home environment. To evaluate the usability and functionality of the ambient lighting interface, an experiment was conducted with 12 participants. The results suggest that users would be able to use ambient lighting biofeedback to regulate their breathing with the purpose of improving heart rate variability. Moreover, the lighting interface designed in the study is more acceptable than a traditional graphic interface for home use. We discuss these results as well as design implications for the interface of future biofeedback systems.

Keywords: Stress, Ambient intelligence, Pervasive healthcare, Biofeedback.

1 Introduction

Chronic stress has a number of negative effects on individual health and well-being. Without relief between stresses in everyday life, such stress would increase the risk of diseases such as depression, heart attacks and even cancer [1]. Biofeedback techniques have demonstrated efficacy in coping with stress [2]. Heart rate variability (HRV), the variation between heart-beat intervals, represents one of the most promising markers of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Due to the chronic stress, the autonomic nervous system tends to be thrown out of balance. Heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback is a powerful tool for coping with chronic stress. During HRV biofeedback training, individuals will be able to restore overall autonomic balance by following the feedback information and using breathing and relaxation techniques[3].

Pervasive healthcare enables individuals to increase awareness about their health condition through bio-sensing. By integrating computer interfaces into the real environment, a user can obtain health information from the surrounding environment and interact with it. The combination of decorative and informative aspects makes intelligent lighting both pleasant and helpful for users. Based on this hypothesis, we believe that ambient lighting could be a ubiquitous interface in biofeedback systems. In clinical settings, most of biofeedback systems utilize numeric or graphic interfaces as shown in figure 1(b), which may not apply to the average people for home use. Therefore, in this study, we designed a HRV biofeedback system which integrates ambient lighting, assisting users in regulating breathing patterns for stress reduction at

Design and Evaluation of an Ambient Lighting Interface of HRV Biofeedback System 89

home. In our system, heart-beat data are recorded by a pulse sensor in a bio-sensing unit and transmitted to a data processing unit; then, heart rate variability value is calculated and fed back to users through the changes of ambient light. The feasibility of ambient lighting interface in presenting biofeedback information was evaluated in an experiment with 12 participants. Based on the results, we discuss our findings for the design of future biofeedback system interfaces in the context of pervasive healthcare.

2 System Design

In this study, we designed an ambient lighting interface for a HRV biofeedback system of home use. Users do not have to sit in front of a computer and stare at the screen, but they can perform biofeedback training in the living room, the bedroom or even the bathroom. The intensity and color of light are selected to represent two variables of heart-beats: beat-to-beat intervals and real-time heart rate variability, as shown in Figure 1(a). Light intensity is controlled directly by beat-to-beat intervals while light color is controlled by heart rate variability in real-time.

Fig. 1. (a). Ambient lighting responses to HRV (b). Traditional graphic interface

In HRV biofeedback training, the individual can learn to consciously influence the HRV with changing ambient lighting. Firstly, beat-to-beat intervals guide users to adjust their breath to fit in their resonant breathing frequency for example; secondly, actual HRV value would make users be aware of the training effects, which helps to enhance their confidence in a training process. With the user’s breathing becoming slow and deep, the beat-beat intervals change in an approximate sinusoidal pattern, and accordingly, the light changes from dark to bright and back to the dark periodically. Depending on the improvement of HRV, the light color changes from warm tone (orange) to calming tone (blue), indicating the degree of users’ training effects. The system consists of three parts: a bio-sensing unit, a data processing unit, and a “Hue” intelligent light (Phillips, the Netherlands). The heart beat data is measured by a PPG sensor placed on the left index finger. In the signal acquisition unit, the beat-to-beat interval data is calculated and transmitted to the PC’s data processing program through a USB serial port. The Hue's intensity and color is controlled by the beat-to-beat interval and heart rate variability via a Wi-Fi wireless connection.

90 B. Yu, J. Hu, and L. Feijs

3 Experiment

12 volunteers employed in research positions in Eindhoven University of Technology were involved in the experiment. Subjects’ physiological data (pulse and respiration) were collected by a bio-signal acquisition device designed at TU/e and a set of the ANT system (ANT, the Netherlands) respectively. All participants complete two biofeedback tests: one with a traditional graphic interface and the other one with the lighting interface, see figure 1(c). Before the experiment, the instructions were given to all participants. In the graphic biofeedback test, the instructions were: “the waveform represents beat-to-beat intervals, which is related to your breathing. Try to make the waveform in a smooth sinusoidal form by adjusting your breath slowed-down and deeper.” In the lighting biofeedback test, the instructions were: “the intensity of light represents beat-to-beat intervals, which is related to your breathing. Try to make the light change from dark to bright and then to dark periodically by regulating your breath. You breathe more slowly and deeply, the changes of light become more smooth and regular. The colors of light indicate the heart rate variability, when it turns from orange into blue, which means your heart rate variability is being improved."

After finishing the tutorial, we fitted participants with bio-sensors and instructed them to relax for 10 minutes with eyes closed. This pre-test resting period is intended to normalize users’ average HRV value and breathing pattern in resting state. Next, participants performed two biofeedback tests in a random order and they were given a 10-minute break between each test to answer a questionnaire and relax. During the tests, pulse signal was recorded throughout this period. The participants’ perceptions were collected using a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire consisted of 21 questions, which were partly adopted from Lund’s USE Questionnaire [4]. One-way ANOVA was then used to analyze whether there were any significant differences in HRV and participant’s perceptions between the lighting interface and the graphic interface.

4 Results and Discussion

There were twelve participants in this study; however two participants, who did not finish the biofeedback tests, were eliminated. The final effective sample size was thus ten, with five males and five females. In Table 1, the result of questionnaire survey showed that there was no significant difference on user evaluation between ambient lighting and graphic interfaces. In the satisfaction dimension, the feedback of lighting biofeedback test (M=0.53) was positive compared to graphic test (M=0.03). We received more detailed feedback from the open-ended questions. Specifically, more than 80% participants were interested in ambient lighting interface and emphasized that the ambient lighting was very convenient due to fewer restrictions on place of use. Moreover, they found ambient lighting made them feel more comfortable and relaxed during the training. The improvement of HRV throughout graphic and lighting biofeedback tests was calculated as shown in Table 2. Compared to the value before the tests, the average HRV were improved in both tests. The improvement was significant in the graphic test (M= 37%, F=9.11, p < 0.05). In the lighting test, average HRV was also improved by 30%. There was no significant difference on improvement of HRV between the lighting and graphic biofeedback tests.

Design and Evaluation of an Ambient Lighting Interface of HRV Biofeedback System 91

Table 1. Mean scores of participant’s perceptions between graphic and lighting interface

Dimensions Graphic interface

( n=10 )

Lighting interface

( n=10 )

ANOVA

M SD M SD F P

Ease of use 0.85 1.08 0.74 0.87 0.07 0.797

Ease of learning 1.34 1.00 1.11 0.76 0.39 0.540

Satisfaction 0.03 1.24 0.53 0.92 1.05 0.319

Table 2. The improvement of heart rate variability in the graphic and lighting biofeedback tests

HRV

Improvement

(%)

Graphic interface

( n=10 )

Lighting interface

( n=10 )

ANOVA

M SD M SD F P

37* 0.39 30 0.52 0.14 0.72

* p<0.05 HRV improvement: Graphic bio-test vs. Pre-test

Based on these results, we think that ambient lighting interfaces could be a new

ubiquitous interface of biofeedback system. In future work, we are interested in involving audio or haptic interface in biofeedback system, which enable users to perform training sessions with eyes closed. In our view, the timeliness, accuracy and stability of feedback interface is crucial to provide a pleasant user experience during biofeedback training. We will reconsider the mapping from physiological information and the properties of ambient lighting, making it clearer and easier to learn. Combining these results with qualitative feedback from participants, we concluded that ambient lighting holds a promise for becoming a good interface to present biofeedback information to users in home settings; specifically for the purpose of relaxation, ambient lighting also has a great potential in setting the ambiance.

References

1. Chandola, T., Brunner, E., Marmot, M.: Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: Prospective study. BMJ 332(7540), 521–525 (2006)

2. McCraty, R., Tomasino, D.: Heart rhythm coherence feedback: A new tool for stress reduction, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement. In: The First Baltic Forum on Neuronal Regulation and Biofeedback, pp. 2–4 (2014)

3. Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B.: Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: Rationale and manual for training. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 25(3), 177–191 (2000)

4. Lund, A.M.: Measuring usability with the USE questionnaire. Usability Interface 8(2), 3–6 (2001)

Ramón HervásSungyoung LeeChris NugentJosé Bravo (Eds.)

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LNCS

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8th International Conference, UCAmI 2014Belfast, UK, December 2–5, 2014Proceedings

Ubiquitous Computingand Ambient IntelligencePersonalisationand User Adapted Services

Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8867Commenced Publication in 1973Founding and Former Series Editors:Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board

David HutchisonLancaster University, UK

Takeo KanadeCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Josef KittlerUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, UK

Jon M. KleinbergCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Friedemann MatternETH Zurich, Switzerland

John C. MitchellStanford University, CA, USA

Moni NaorWeizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

C. Pandu RanganIndian Institute of Technology, Madras, India

Bernhard SteffenTU Dortmund University, Germany

Demetri TerzopoulosUniversity of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Doug TygarUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Gerhard WeikumMax Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany

Ramón Hervás Sungyoung LeeChris Nugent José Bravo (Eds.)

Ubiquitous ComputingandAmbient IntelligencePersonalisationand User Adapted Services

8th International Conference, UCAmI 2014Belfast, UK, December 2-5, 2014Proceedings

13

Volume Editors

Ramón HervásCastilla-La Mancha University, Escuela Superior de InformáticaPaseo de la Universidad 4, 13071 Ciudad Real, SpainE-mail: ramon.hlucas@uclm.es

Sungyoung LeeKyung Hee University, Department of Computer Engineering446-701, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaE-mail: sylee@oslab.khu.ac.kr

Chris NugentUniversity of Ulster, Computer Science Research InstituteSchool of Computing and Mathematics, Jordanstown CampusShore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UKE-mail: cd.nugent@ulster.ac.uk

José BravoCastilla-La Mancha University, Escuela Superior de InformáticaPaseo de la Universidad 4, 13071 Ciudad Real, SpainE-mail: jose.bravo@uclm.es

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349ISBN 978-3-319-13101-6 e-ISBN 978-3-319-13102-3DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13102-3Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953288

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 3 – Information Systems and Application, incl. Internet/Weband HCI

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Preface

Ambient intelligence promotes environments surrounded by intelligent interfacesand ubiquitous communication embedded into everyday objects to support hu-man activities and achieve a better quality of life. Ambient Intelligence (AmI),since the initial vision of ISTAG in 2002, has been evolving in recent years whilestill maintaining a holistic view: AmI focuses on users, beyond the technology.This year we celebrated a joint event for the 8th International Conference onUbiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence (UCAmI 2014) and the 6thInternational Work-conference on Ambient Assisted Living (IWAAL 2014) inBelfast, UK. The UCAmI conference, since its inception, has evolved adaptingits topics to consider new trends in AmI in addition to the inclusion of work-shops targeting the most specific areas. Furthermore, in an effort to increasethe visibility of the contributions of UCAmI, selected papers will be invited forsubmission as extended versions in the journals: Sensors, Journal of MedicalSystems, Medical Informatics and Decision Making and the Journal of Cogni-tive Computation. As such we would like to thank the distinguished editors ofthese journals for providing us with these opportunities.

The program of this joint event includes the UCAmI Workshops on AmbientIntelligence for Urban Areas (AmIUA), Internet of Things Everywhere: TowardsSmart Objects Everywhere (IoTE), End-User Service Provision for Ambient In-telligence (EUSPAI) and Video Soft Sensing (VSS). This year’s event includedkeynotes from internationally recognized researchers in their fields: Dr. MichaelJ. McGrath from Intel Labs, Dr. Riitta Hellman from Karde AS, and Prof.Jesse Hoey from the Computational Health Informatics Laboratory (CHIL). Wewould like to thank our distinguish keynote speakers for their participation andcontribution to this joint event.

We received an over whelming response from researchers who submittedtheir contributions for consideration to UCAmI 2014, with a 50% increase inmanuscripts submitted compared to last year’s edition of UCAmI (UCAmI2013). In this eighth edition of UCAmI, we received 70 submissions involving238 authors from 20 different countries. Following the review process we hadan acceptance rate for long papers of 40%. A total number of 168 reviews wereundertaken by 106 reviewers from 29 countries. We would like to thank all theauthors who submitted their work for consideration and also the reviewers forproviding their detailed and con-structive reviews in a timely manner.

Finally, we would like to express our deepest thanks to our colleagues forassisting in organizing this event, particularly Professor Chris Nugent from the

VI Preface

University of Ulster and Professor Jose Bravo from Castilla-La Mancha Univer-sity. We would also like to thank all the Program Committee members for theirtime and contributions.

December 2014 Ramon HervasSungyoung LeeChris Nugent

Jose Bravo

Organization

General Chairs

Jose Bravo Castilla-La Mancha University, SpainChris Nugent University of Ulster, UK

UCAmI PC Chairs

Ramon Hervas Castilla-La Mancha University, SpainSungyoung Lee Kyung Hee University, Korea

EUSPAI PC Chairs

Ramon Alcarria Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, SpainAugusto Morales Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, SpainTomas Robles Valladares Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain

IoT PC Chairs

Antonio Skarmeta University of Murcia, SpainAntonio J. Jara University of Applied Sciences Western

Switzerland, Switzerland

AmIUA PC Chairs

Nelson Baloian University of Chile, ChileHiroaki Ogata Kyushu University, JapanBenjamin Weyers RWTH Aachen University, Germany

AmIUA PC Chairs

Hui Wang University of Ulster, UK

Publicity Chairs

Vladimir Villarreal Technological University of Panama, PanamaJesus Fontecha Diezma Castilla-La Mancha University, Spain

VIII Organization

Local Organizing Chair

Ian Cleland University of Ulster, UK

Organizing Committee

Jesus Fontecha, Spain Mark Beattie, UKTania Mondejar, Spain Colin Shewell, UKVladimir Villarreal, Panama Joseph Rafferty, UKGabriel Urzaiz, Mexico Philip Hartin, UKIvan Gonzalez, Spain Andrew Ennis, UK

Web Masters

Kyle Boyd University of Ulster, UKMark Beattie University of Ulster, UK

Program Committee

Unai Aguilera Deusto Institute of Technology - DeustoTech,University of Deusto, Spain

Xavier Alaman Autonomous University of Madrid, SpainRamon Pablo Alcarria Garrido Technical University of Madrid, SpainJan Alexandersson DFKI GmbH, GermanyMohamed Bakhouya University of Technology of Belfort

Montbeliard, FranceMert Bal Miami University, USAMadeline Balaam Newcastle University, UKNelson Baloian University of Chile, ChileDenilson Barbosa University of Alberta, CanadaJean-Paul Barthes UTC, USAHector Bedon Technical University of Madrid, SpainPaolo Bellavista University of Bologna, ItalyDaniel Biella University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyFrancisco Javier Blaya

Gonzalvez University of Murcia, SpainAndres Lorenzo Bleda Technical Centre of Furniture and Wood

(CETEM), SpainStephane Bouchard Universite du Quebec en Outaouais-UQO,

CanadaFatima Boujarwah Kuwait University, KuwaitRobin Braun University of Technology, SydneyJose Bravo Castilla La Mancha University, Spain

Organization IX

Ceren Budak University of California, Santa Barbara -UCSB, USA

Yang Cai Carnegie Mellon University, USAEdwin Cedeno Technical University of Madrid, SpainSophie Chabridon Institut TELECOM; TELECOM

Management SudParis / CNRS UMRSAMOVAR, France

Ranveer Chandra Microsoft, USAIgnacio Chang Technological University of Panama, PanamaShuwei Chen University of Ulster, UKWei Chen Eindhoven University of Technology,

The NetherlandsMarcello Cinque University of Naples Federico II, ItalyWalter Colitti ETRO-COMO, Vrije Universiteit Brussel,

BrusselsDiane Cook Washington State University, USADomenico Cotroneo University of Naples Federico II, ItalyGeoff Coulson Lancaster University, UKKevin Curran University of Ulster, UKCarlos Dafonte University of A Coruna, SpainVincenzo De Florio University of Antwerp, BelgiumBoris De Ruyter Philips Research, USAStefan Decker National University of Ireland, IrelandGiovanna Di Marzo Serugendo University of Geneva, SwitzerlandSimon Dobson University of St. Andrews, UKCharalampos Doukas University of the Aegean, GreeceIgnacio Elicegui University of Cantabria, SpainJesus Favela CICESE, MexicoMohamed Fayad San Jose State University, USAAna Fensel STI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, AustriaCarlo Ferrari University of Padova, ItalyJesus Fontecha Castilla-La Mancha University, SpainJonathan Freeman i2 Media Research Ltd., UKLeo Galway University of Ulster, UKBorja Gamecho UPV/EHU, SpainCarlo Giovannella Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza,

ItalyAntonietta Grasso Xerox Research Centre Europe, FranceDan Grigoras UCC, USALuis Guerrero Universidad de Chile, ChileBin Guo Institut Telecom SudParis, FranceChris Guy University of Reading, UKAntonio Gomez Skarmeta University of Murcia, Spain

X Organization

Maria Haritou Institute of Communication and ComputerSystems - National Technical Universityof Athens, Greece

Jan Havlik Czech Technical University in Prague,Czech Republic

Riitta Hellman Karde AS, NorwayValeria Herskovic Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, ChileRamon Hervas Castilla-La Mancha University, SpainJesse Hoey University of Waterloo, CanadaEva Hornecker University of Strathclyde, UKBin Hu Birmingham City University, UKRobert Istepanian Kingston University, London, UKWitold Jacak Polytechnic University of Upper Austria,

AustriaAnne James Coventry University, UKAntonio J. Jara University of Murcia, SpainMin Jing University of Ulster, UKAlan Jovic University of Zagreb, CroatiaWolfgang Kastner Institute of Computer Aided Automation,

AustriaAbdelmajid Khelil Huawei ERC, GermanyRyzsard Klempous Wroclaw University of Technology, PolandSrdjan Krco DunavNET, IrelandLatif Ladid University of Luxembourg, LuxembourgJean-Christophe Lapayre DISC - Universite de Franche-Comte, FranceMikel Larrea University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU,

SpainSungyoung Lee Kyung Hee University, KoreaErnst Leiss University of Houston, USALenka Lhotska Czech Technical University in Prague,

Czech RepublicSuzanne Little Dublin City University, IrelandJun Liu University of Ulster, UKVincenzo Loia Universita degli Studi di Salerno, ItalyTun Lu Fudan University, ChinaWolfram Luther University of Duisburg-Essen, GermanyDiego Lopez-De-Ipina DeustoTech - Deusto Institute of Technology,

University of Deusto, SpainRicardo-J. Machado Universidade do Minho, PortugalStephen Makonin Simon Fraser University, CanadaMaria Martinez University of A Coruna, SpainRene Mayrhofer Johannes Kepler University Linz, AustriaRoc Meseguer Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain

Organization XI

Peter Mikulecky University of Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicVittorio Miori ISTI-CNR, ItalyAugusto Morales Domıguez Technical University of Madrid, SpainAna Moreira Center de informatica e technologies da

informacao, PortugalMarıa Victoria Moreno Cano University of Murcia, SpainPhilip Morrow University of Ulster, UKFrancisco Moya Castilla-La Mancha University, SpainTatsuo Nakajima Waseda University, JapanMichele Nati University of Surrey, UKDavid H. Nguyen University of California, Irvine, USAMarcos Nieto Vicomtech-IK4, SpainChris Nugent University of Ulster, UKSergio Ochoa Universidad de Chile, ChileHiroaki Ogata Kyushu University, JapanGeorge Okeyo University of Agriculture and Technology,

KenyaCristiano Paggetti I+ Srl, ItalyPhilippe Palanque University of Toulouse, FranceMarcello Pelillo University of Venice, ItalyDennis Pfisterer University of Lubeck, GermanyThomas Ploetz Newcastle University, UKTill Plumbaum DAI-Labor, Technische Universitat Berlin,

GermanyJose Antonio Pow-Sang Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, PeruParisa Rashidi University of Florida, USAPatrick Reignier ENSIMAG, FranceLuis Francisco Revilla University of Texas Austin, USAGiuseppe Riva Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, ItalyTomas Robles Technical University of Madrid, SpainJoel Rodrigues Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, University

of Beira Interior, PortugalNirmalya Roy University of Maryland Baltimore County, USAJerzy W. Rozenblit University of Arizona, USAJonathan Ruiz-De-Garibay DeustoTech - Deusto Institute of Technology,

SpainRodrigo Santos Universidad Nacional del Sur - Bahıa Blanca,

ArgentinaUli Sattler The University of Manchester, UKMarkus Schneider University of Florida, USABryan Scotney University of Ulster, UKBoon-Chong Seet Auckland University of Technology,

New ZealandWeiming Shen NRC, Canada

XII Organization

Kenia Sousa USI4BIZ, LuxemburgKare Synnes Lulea University of Technology, SwedenChantal Taconet TELECOM Management SudParis, FranceValentina Tamma University of Liverpool, UKGabriel Urzaiz Universidad Anahuac Mayab, MexicoJanet van der Linden Open University, UKRob van Kranenburg Sociotal, BelgiumFelix Jesus Villanueva Molina University of Castilla-La Mancha, SpainNatalia Villanueva-Rosales University of Texas at El Paso, USAMassimo Villari University of Messina, ItalyVladimir Villarreal Technological University of Panama, PanamaHui Wang University of Ulster, UKNadir Weibel UCSD, USABenjamin Weyers RWTH Aachen University VR Group,

GermanyErik Wilde EMC Corporation, USAHen-I Yang Iowa State University, USAJuan Ye University of St. Andrews, UKZhiwen Yu Northwestern Polytechnical University,

P.R. China, ChinaJianguo Zhang University of Dundee, UKRui Zhang IBM Research - Almaden, USAHuiyu Zhou Queen’s University, CanadaJing Zhou Communication University of China, ChinaGustavo Zurita University of Chile, Chile

Additional Reviewers

Rachel Gawley, UKJonathan Synnott, UKTimothy Patterson, UKAlberto Calzada, UKIan Cleland, UKPhillip Hartin, UK

Michael Craven, UKGiuseppe Fico, SpainGiorgio Carpino, ItalyJseus Fontecha, SpainIvan Gonzalez, Spain

Table of Contents

Key Application Domains for Ambient Intelligence

Implementing a Pedestrian Tracker Using Low-Cost Bluetooth InertialSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Alfonso Bahillo, Ander Arambarri, Ignacio Angulo, Enrique Onieva,Pilar Elejoste, and Asier Perallos

A Combined Approach to the Problem of Opening a Doorwith an Assistant Mobile Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Javier Moreno, Dani Martınez, Marcel Tresanchez, Merce Teixido,Jordi Casanovas, and Jordi Palacın

Mobile Physical Rehabilitation of Patients through IntelligenceDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Vladimir Villarreal, Abel Silvera, and Lilia Munoz

Using Ambient Intelligence to Improve Public TransportAccessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Carmelo R. Garcıa, Alexis Quesada-Arencibia, Teresa Cristobal,Gabino Padron, Ricardo Perez, and Francisco Alayon

A Social Robot in a Tourist Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Diego Nieto, Alexis Quesada-Arencibia, Carmelo R. Garcıa,and Roberto Moreno-Dıaz

Prediction of Diabetes Mellitus Based on Boosting EnsembleModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Rahman Ali, Muhammad Hameed Siddiqi, Muhammad Idris,Byeong Ho Kang, and Sungyoung Lee

A Novel Software Architecture for Multimodal Transport SemanticInformation Provision Adapted to the User Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Asier Moreno, Asier Perallos, Diego Lopez-de-Ipina,Enrique Onieva, and Itziar Salaberria

Ambient Gamification of Automobile Driving to Encourage SafetyBehaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Marcela D. Rodrıguez, Jorge E. Ibarra, Jose Ruben Roa,Cecilia M. Curlango, Luis Felipe Bedoya, and Hector Daniel Montes

Towards a Non-intrusive Self-management System for Asthma ControlUsing Smartphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Ivan Gonzalez, Cristian Carreton, Sergio F. Ochoa, and Jose Bravo

XIV Table of Contents

Human Interaction in Ambient Intelligence (1/3)

Powerchord: Towards Ambient Appliance-Level Electricity UseFeedback through Real-Time Sonification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Dan Lockton, Flora Bowden, Clare Brass, and Rama Gheerawo

Collaborative E-Learning Framework for Creating Augmented RealityMobile Educational Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Javier Barbadillo, Nagore Barrena, Vıctor Goni,and Jairo R. Sanchez

Mobile Augmented Reality to Support Teachers of Childrenwith Autism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Lizbeth Escobedo and Monica Tentori

Conquest - Outdoor Based Games Enhanced with Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Mikael Ahlen, Martin Winbjork, and Simon Hietala

The Brightnest Web-Based Home Automation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Benjamin Planche, Bryan Isaac Malyn, Daniel Buldon Blanco,and Manuel Cerrillo Bermejo

A Service for Semantic Enrichment of Smartphone Photographs . . . . . . . 76Andrew Ennis, Chris Nugent, Philip Morrow, Liming Luke Chen,George Ioannidis, and Alexandru Stan

Notifications for Collaborative Documents Editing:An Augmented Object Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Gustavo Lopez and Luis A. Guerrero

Design and Evaluation of an Ambient Lighting Interface of HRVBiofeedback System in Home Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Bin Yu, Jun Hu, and Loe Feijs

Human Interaction in Ambient Intelligence (2/3)

A Hybrid Evaluation Methodology for Human Activity RecognitionSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Gorka Azkune, Aitor Almeida, Diego Lopez-de-Ipina,and Liming Luke Chen

Real-Time Monitoring of User Physical Activity and Positionin an Outdoor Public Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Leon Foster, Mathieu Gielen, Mark Beattie, and Simon Goodwill

Use of Tangible Interfaces to Support a Literacy System in Childrenwith Intellectual Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Janio Jadan-Guerrero, Gustavo Lopez, and Luis A. Guerrero

Table of Contents XV

Online Change Detection for Timely Solicitation of User Interaction . . . . 116Timothy Patterson, Sally McClean, Chris Nugent, Shuai Zhang,Leo Galway, and Ian Cleland

Virtual Touch Book: A Mixed-Reality Book for Inclusive Education . . . . 124Juan Mateu, Marıa Jose Lasala Bello, and Xavier Alaman

Human Interaction in Ambient Intelligence (3/3)

Gait Recognition in the Classification of Neurodegenerative Diseases . . . 128Eddy Sanchez-Delacruz, Francisco D. Acosta Escalante,Miguel A. Wister, Jose Adan Hernandez-Nolasco,Pablo Pancardo, and Juan Jose Mendez-Castillo

Adaptive User Interface and User Experience Based Authoring Toolfor Recommendation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Jamil Hussain, Wajahat Ali Khan, Muhammad Afzal,Maqbool Hussain, Byeong Ho Kang, and Sungyoung Lee

Snow Surface: A Multi-touch Game Using Microsoft PixelSense . . . . . . . . 143Johan Forsling, Sofie Nilsson, Simon Ekstrom, and Per Grundtman

Evaluation of a Context-Aware Application for Mobile Robot ControlMediated by Physiological Data: The ToBITas Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Borja Gamecho, Jose Guerreiro, Ana Priscila Alves,Andre Lourenco, Hugo Placido da Silva, Luis Gardeazabal,Julio Abascal, and Ana Fred

Media Sharing across Public Display Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Rui Jose, Jorge C.S. Cardoso, and Jason Hong

They Are Looking... Why Not Interacting? Understanding Interactionaround the Public Display of Community Sourced Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Joao Casal and Rui Jose

Smart Product Management in Retail Environment Based on DynamicPricing and Location Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Diego Sanchez de Rivera, Carlos Lopez, Ramon Alcarria,Diego Martın, and Tomas Robles

Design and Evaluation of a Smartphone Based Wearable Life-Loggingand Social Interaction System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

William Burns, Chris Nugent, Paul McCullagh, and Huiru Zheng

XVI Table of Contents

ICT Instrumentation and Middleware Supportfor Smart Environments and Objects (1/2)

Modular System Development for Flexible Adoption of UbiquitousChallenges in Energy Management and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Daniel Kretz, Tim Neumann, Marek Kretzschmar,Sebastian Junghans, and Tobias Teich

Evolution of RFID Applications in Construction:A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Enrique Valero, Antonio Adan, and Carlos Cerrada

Multi-source Context Data Representation and Distributionin an ICT Tool for Autism Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Federico Cruciani, Mark P. Donnelly, Leo Galway,Francesco Foresti, Cristiano Paggetti, and Enrico Vicario

Implementing a Platform Agnostic Architecture to AccommodateHeterogeneous Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Rachel Gawley, Chris Nugent, and Alberto Calzada

Common Data Model in AmI Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212David Martınez Casas, Sebastian Villarroya Fernandez,Moises Vilar Vidal, Jose Manuel Cotos Yanez,Jose Ramon Rıos Viqueira, and Jose Angel Taboada Gonzalez

Complex Adaptive Socio-Technical Systems Theory View of UbiquitousComputing Systems Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Yongming Wang, Junzhong Gu, and Zili Zhou

Extending Ambient Intelligence to the Internet of Things:New Challenges for QoC Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Pierrick Marie, Thierry Desprats, Sophie Chabridon,and Michelle Sibilla

Linked Spatial Data for Location-Aware Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Aimar Rodrıguez, Eduardo Castillejo, and Diego Lopez-de-Ipina

ICT Instrumentation and Middleware Supportfor Smart Environments and Objects (2/2)

A Wearable Device-Based Personalized Big Data Analysis Model . . . . . . . 236Shujaat Hussain, Byeong Ho Kang, and Sungyoung Lee

A Web Based Cardiovascular Disease Detection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Hussam Alshraideh, Mwaffaq Otoom, Aseel Al-Araida,Haneen Bawaneh, and Jose Bravo

Table of Contents XVII

A Sensor-Based Method for Occupational Heat Stress Estimation . . . . . . 251Pablo Pancardo, Francisco D. Acosta Escalante,Jose Adan Hernandez-Nolasco, Miguel A. Wister,and Diego Lopez-de-Ipina

Self-adaptive Service Deployment in Context-Aware Systems . . . . . . . . . . 259Gabriel Guerrero-Contreras, Jose Luis Garrido,Carlos Rodrıguez-Domınguez, and Sara Balderas-Dıaz

Patient and Medications Tracking by Means of RFID Technologyat the Public Ambulatory Hospital of A Coruna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Marıa Martınez Perez, Jose Ramon Vizoso Hermida,Isabel Martın Herranz, Guillermo Vazquez Gonzalez,and Carlos Dafonte Vazquez

Towards a Hand-Based Gestural Language for Smart-Home ControlUsing Hand Shapes and Dynamic Hand Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Hassan Saidinejad, Fabio Veronese, Sara Comai, and Fabio Salice

Adding Intelligence for Environment Adaptation

Using Wavelet Transform to Disaggregate Electrical PowerConsumption into the Major End-Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Francisco Javier Ferrandez-Pastor, Juan Manuel Garcıa-Chamizo,Mario Nieto-Hidalgo, Vicente Romacho-Agud,and Francisco Florez-Revuelta

A Novel Approach for the Population and Adaptation of Ontology-BasedUser Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Kerry-Louise Skillen, Chris Nugent, Mark P. Donnelly,Liming Luke Chen, William Burns, and Ivar Solheim

Architecture of a Mobile App Recommender System for Peoplewith Special Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Marıa Isabel Torres-Carazo, Marıa Jose Rodrıguez-Fortiz,Marıa Visitacion Hurtado, Jose Samos, and Vanesa Espın

Semantics Based Intelligent Search in Large Digital Repositories UsingHadoop MapReduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Muhammad Idris, Shujaat Hussain, Taqdir Ali, Byeong Ho Kang,and Sungyoung Lee

MLM-Based Automated Query Generation for CDSS EvidenceSupport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Muhammad Afzal, Maqbool Hussain, Taqdir Ali, Wajahat Ali Khan,Sungyoung Lee, and Byeong Ho Kang

XVIII Table of Contents

Mobility Pattern Based Misbehavior Detection to Avoid Collisionin Vehicular Adhoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Mohammad Abdur Razzaque, Fuad A. Ghaleb, and Anazida Zainal

Towards a CVL Process to Develop Agents for the IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Inmaculada Ayala, Mercedes Amor, and Lidia Fuentes

Using the Spatial RIMER+ Approach to Estimate Negative Self-ratedHealth and Its Causes across Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Alberto Calzada, Jun Liu, Chris Nugent, Hui Wang,and Luis Martinez

A Leader Election Service for Crash-Recovery and OmissionEnvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Christian Fernandez-Campusano, Roberto Cortinas,and Mikel Larrea

Decision Making Environment Based on Prosumer Services for TracingDrugs in a Hospital Pharmacy Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Diego Martın, Ramon Alcarria, Alvaro Sanchez-Picot,and Tomas Robles

Security and Privacy Issues in AAL

Visual Privacy by Context: A Level-Based Visualisation Scheme . . . . . . . 333Jose Ramon Padilla-Lopez, Alexandros Andre Chaaraoui,and Francisco Florez-Revuelta

Evaluation of “Fair Trade” Metaphor as a Control Privacy Methodfor Pervasive Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Esquivel Salas Abraham, Pablo Alfonso Haya, and Xavier Alaman

RecordMe: A Smartphone Application for Experimental Collectionsof Large Amount of Data Respecting Volunteer’s Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

David Blachon, Francois Portet, Laurent Besacier,and Stephan Tassart

Workshop on Ambient Intelligence for Urban Areas(AmIUA)

Distributed Power Management System with Dynamic LoadManagement Based on Multi-agent System for Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Rafael Jesus Valdivieso-Sarabia, Francisco Javier Ferrandez-Pastor,Juan Manuel Garcıa-Chamizo, and Mario Nieto-Hidalgo

Table of Contents XIX

Towards an Evaluation of a Metadata Standard for Generative VirtualMuseums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Daniel Sacher, Benjamin Weyers, Daniel Biella,and Wolfram Luther

SmartCity: Public Transportation Network Planning Based on CloudServices, Crowd Sourcing and Spatial Decision Support Theory . . . . . . . . 365

Jonathan Frez, Nelson Baloian, and Gusravo Zurita

User Interface Design for Test and Diagnosis Software in AutomotiveProduction Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Nikolaj Borisov, Annette Kluge, Wolfram Luther,and Benjamin Weyers

The Role of Assistive Technologies for Older Adults in Urban Areas . . . . 376Anna Kotteritzsch and Benjamin Weyers

Smart Museums – Exploiting Generative Virtual Museums . . . . . . . . . . . . 384Daniel Sacher, Benjamin Weyers, Daniel Biella,and Wolfram Luther

Monitoring Physical Activities Using Smartphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Pablo Romo, Sergio F. Ochoa, Nelson Baloian, Ignacio Casas,and Jose Bravo

Workshop on IoT Everywhere:Towards Smart Objects Everywhere (IoT)

Co-creation as the Key to a Public, Thriving, Inclusive and MeaningfulEU IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Rob van Kranenburg, Nathalie Stembert, M. Victoria Moreno,Antonio F. Skarmeta, Carmen Lopez, Ignacio Elicegui,and Luis Sanchez

An Inertial-Based Person Tracking and Vital Data Acquiring forLow-Cost Patient Monitoring Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Thitipun Chobtrong, Markus Haid, Mustafa Kamil,and Ersan Guenes

Privacy-Preserving Security Framework for a Social-Aware Internetof Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Jorge Bernal Bernabe, Jose Luis Hernandez, M. Victoria Moreno,and Antonio F. Skarmeta Gomez

Big Data and IoT for Chronic Patients Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416Diego Gachet Paez, Fernando Aparicio, Manuel de Buenaga,and Juan R. Ascanio

XX Table of Contents

Geographic Service Discovery for the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424Martin Bauer and Salvatore Longo

Towards Scalable DNS-Based Service Discovery for the Internetof Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Badis Djamaa and Mark Richardson

Unified Platform for M2M Telco Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Mario Antunes, Joao Paulo Barraca, Diogo Gomes,Paulo Oliveira, and Rui L. Aguiar

ARIIMA: A Real IoT Implementation of a Machine-LearningArchitecture for Reducing Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Daniela Ventura, Diego Casado-Mansilla, Juan Lopez-de-Armentia,Pablo Garaizar, Diego Lopez-de-Ipina, and Vincenzo Catania

Workshop on End-User Service Provisionfor Ambient Intelligence (EUSPAI)

Ambient Intelligence Services Personalization via Social ChoiceTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Emilio Serrano, Pablo Moncada, Mercedes Garijo,and Carlos A. Iglesias

Creating and Validating Emergency Management Services by SocialSimulation and Semantic Web Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Geovanny Poveda, Emilio Serrano, and Mercedes Garijo

Smart Dynamic Pricing Based on ECA Rules and Electronic InkLabeling for Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Diego Sanchez de Rivera, Alvaro Sanchez-Picot, Ramon Alcarria,Diego Martın de Andres, and Tomas Robles

Personalisation of Intelligent Homecare Services Adapted to Childrenwith Motor Impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Miguel Angel Valero, Maria Linden, Juan Ramon Velasco,and Mats Bjorkman

End-User Service Distribution for Efficient Inter-Domain Execution . . . . 480Ramon Alcarria, Diego Martın, Tomas Robles,and Alvaro Sanchez-Picot

A Four-Leaf Clover Shape Methodology for Prosumer ServiceDevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Diego Martın, Ramon Alcarria, Alvaro Sanchez-Picot,Tomas Robles, and Diego Sanchez de Rivera

Table of Contents XXI

Services Collaboration Supported by a B2B Platform in RetailEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Alvaro Sanchez-Picot, Tomas Robles, Ramon Alcarria,and Diego Martın

Workshop on Video Soft Sensing (VSS)

Feature Based Similarity Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Shreeya Sengupta, Hui Wang, William Blackburn, and Piyush Ojha

Mining Multiple Discriminative Patterns in Software BehaviorAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Hao Du, Chunping Li, and Hui Wang

Person Detection, Tracking and Masking for Automated Annotation ofLarge CCTV Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Marcos Nieto, Peter Leskovsky, and Juan Diego Ortega

Recognition by Enhanced Bag of Words Model via Topographic ICA . . . 523Min Jing, Hui Wang, Kathy Clawson, Sonya Coleman,Shuwei Chen, Jun Liu, and Bryan Scotney

A General Weighted Multi-scale Method for Improving LBP for FaceRecognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

Xin Wei, Hui Wang, Gongde Guo, and Huan Wan

Soft Sensing as Class-Imbalance Binary Classification –A Lattice Machine Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Huan Wan, Hui Wang, Gongde Guo, and Song Lin

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549