DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED SYSTEMS

FOR TREATING DIABETES

Shubham Sachdeva*, Jagtar Singh Chohan and Yash Paul

Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy SIRSA (HRY) -125055

Diabetes mellitus, often referred as diabetes is caused by decrease in insulin secretion by pancreatic islet cells leading to increase in blood glucose level (hyperglycemia).

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by excessive weight loss, increased urge for urination (polyuria), increased thirst (polydipsia) and an excessive desire to eat (polyphagia).

Diabetes mellitus has been classified as Type 1 or insulin dependent diabetes, Type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of insulin-producing beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, thereby leading to deficiency of insulin.

The main cause of this beta cell loss is T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. Type 1 diabetes in children is termed as juvenile diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity combined with reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin almost certainly involves the insulin receptor in cell membranes.

Introduction to Diabetes

Mechanism of Insulin

Nanotechnology is defined as:“Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular levels in the length scale of approximately 1 – 100 nanometer range, to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.”

The size domains of components involved with nanotechnology are similar to that of biological structures. For example, a quantum dot is about the same size as a small protein (<10nm) and drug- carrying nanostructures are the same size as some viruses (<100 nm). Because of this similarity in scale and certain functional properties, nanotechnology is a natural progression of many areas of health-related research such as synthetic and hybrid nanostructures that can sense and repair.

Introduction To Nanotechnology

“ Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers.”Size range : 10–1000 nmThe drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix.

Nanoparticles

Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane.

Nanocapsules

Nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed.

Nanospheres

Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System

Nano particle can be administered by parenteral, oral, nasal,occular routes.

By attaching specific ligands on to their surfaces,nano particles can be used for directing the drugs to specific target cells.

Improves stability and therapeutics index and reduce toxic affects.

Both active & passive drug targetting can be achieved by manipulating the particel size and surface characteristics of nano particles

Advantages of Nanoparticles

Preparation of polymeric Nanoparticles

Dispersion polymerization (DP) Emulsion

polymerization (EP)

Solvent evaporation method

Solvent Displacement method

EP in aqueous Continuous phase

EP in an organic continuous phase

Salting out tech.

Polymerization

Preformed polymer

Super critical fluid tech.

Polymers used in Nanotechnology

Natural hydrophilic polymers• Proteins: - Gelatin, albumin, lectins, legumin.• Polysaccharides: - alginate, dextran, chitosan,

agarose.

Synthetic hydrophobic polymers• Pre-polymerized polymers: - Poly (e-caprolactone)

(PECL),Poly (Lactic acid)(PLA), Polystyrene• Polymerized in process polymers: - Poly (isobutyl

cyanoacrylates) (PICA), Poly (butyl cyano acrylates)

Approaches of Nanotechnology in

Diabetes

TreatmentDiagnosis1. By microphysiometer:2. By Implantable Sensor ("smart Tattoo“)

1. Nanopumps2. Nanotubes3. Long Term Sensors

System4. Smart Tattoos5. Coated insulin

nanoparticles

Nanotechnology provides a platform to design and develop various drug delivery systems that would be biocompatible, biodegradable, effective and safe to use for treating diabetes.

Conclusion:

References •Encyclopedia of controlled drug delivery

system edited by Edith Mathiowitz, Pg. no:551-564.

•Vyas S.P. , Khar R.K. Targeted & Controlled Drug Delivery, Novel Carrier Systems, CBS Publication ,2002 ,Page No.249-277,331-387.

•www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/nanoparticles-and-its-applications-field-pharmacy

•www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-in-medicine.php

Thank you