design and analysis of sierpinski gasket fractal antenna

JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME, 13, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2012

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© 2012 JOT www.journaloftelecommunications.co.uk

Design and Analysis of Sierpinski Gasket Fractal Antenna

Praveen Tiwari

1, Rajneesh Chawhan

2, Dr. R. P. Agarwal

3, Sanjay Sharma

4

1M.Tech Student (Design & Analysis of Fractal Antenna’s, Shobhit University, Meerut)

1

IIMT Engineering College, Meerut,

2Meerut Institute of Engineering & Tech.,Meerut.

3 Shobhit University, Meerut

1, 3, 4 Shobhit University, Meerut

Abstract-- The progress in wireless communication systems and increasing of a variety wireless applications have

remarkably increase the demand of multiband/wideband antennas with smaller dimensions than conventionally possible. This wider bandwidth and low profile antennas are in great demand for both commercial and military applications. This has initiated antenna research in various directions; one of which is by using fractal shaped antenna elements. Traditionally, each antenna operates at a single or dual frequency bands, where different antenna is needed for different applications. This cause a limited space and place problem.There are an important relation between antenna dimension and wavelength. This relation states if antenna size less than half of wave length, than antenna is not an efficient radiator because the radiation resistance, gain and bandwidth are deteriorated. The entire fractal antenna family shows multiband in resonant frequencies.

Index Terms— fractal antenna, Multiband, iterative method, IE3D.

————— ————— ——————————

I. INTRODUCTION

The Sierpinski Gasket antenna also known as Sierpinski

Triangle was described by Waclaw Sierpinski in 1915

and it become an important sample of fractal set. The

objective of this paper is to be design Sierpinski gasket

fractal antenna. The behaviors of this antenna are

investigate such as return loss, number of iteration and

simulation have been done. The design of Sierpinski

antenna starts with an equilateral triangle with

operating frequency 1GHz and analysis take place

between 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz at various iteration.

II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION

The antenna was feed with transmission line feeding

technique. The iteration process is done up to second iteration.

The antenna is simulated using glass-epoxy material with

relative permittivity, r = 4.4, substrate thickness, d = 1.6mm

where the radiating element is the cooper clad.

Stage 0

Stage 1

Stage 2

Fig. 1 The stages of iteration of Sierpinski Gasket Fractal antenna.

The design of the antenna was start with single

element using basic square patch Microstrip antenna. The operating frequency is at 1.0GHz. Side length of the equilateral triangle can be calculated by (1) and (2).


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a = (2 c)/( 3* f * √Εr ) ……………………….1

a(eff) = a [1 + 2.199 (h / a) - 12.853 (h / (a √Er))

+16.436 (h /(aEr)) + 6.182 (h/a)²- 9.802 ( 1 / √Er) (h / a)²]

………………………………………………………..……2.

Here

c = velocity of light in free space. f = resonant frequency. h = height of the substrate. Εr= dielectric constant of the substrate.

Thus an equilateral triangle with side a(eff) is the base shape as shown by stage (0) in figure 1.

III. RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Frequency(GHz)

Re

turn

Lo

ss

(dB

)

Fig. 2 Variation of return loss with frequency for base shape.

Table 1 Frequencies at which minimum return loss occur for

base shape.

Frequency(Simulated) 1.0 GHz

ReturnLoss(Simulated) -18.01 dB

Frequency(Measured) 0.98 GHz

ReturnLoss(Measured) -19.8 dB

Fig. 3 Radiation pattern at f =1.0GHz

(a) E-total, phi = 0(deg)

(b) E-total, phi = 90(deg

In fig2: the return loss -18.01 dB with frequency 1.0GHz was

obtained from simulation. The measurement response

frequency has shifted to 0.98 GHz with measured return loss

-19.8 dB.

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Frequency(GHz)

Retu

rn L

oss(d

B)

Fig. 4 Variation of return loss with frequency for first iteration.


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Table 2 Frequencies at which minimum return loss occur for first

iteration

Frequency(Simulated) 0.64 GHz 2.27 GHz

Return loss(Simulated) -11.07 dB -15.23dB

Frequency(Measured) 0.68 GHz 2.32 GHz

Return loss(Measured) -10.01 dB -20.04 dB

(a)

(b)



(b) E-total, phi = 90(deg

(a)

(b)

Fig. 6 Radiation pattern at f =2.27 GHz


(b) E-total, phi = 90(deg)

Figure 4 shows the result of return loss for first iteration. The

resonant frequency was found at 0.64GHz and 2.27GHz from

simulation. Measurement response frequencies have shifted at

0.68 GHz and 2.32 GHz. The best return loss -20.04dB

(2.32GHz) was found.


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-20

-15

-10

-5

0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Frequency(GHz)

Re

turn

Lo

ss

(dB

)

Fig. 7 Variation of return loss with frequency for second iteration.

Table 3 Frequencies at which minimum return loss occur for

second iteration

Frequency(Simulated) 0.74GHz 1.47GHz 1.99GHz

Return loss(Simulated) -10.47dB -18.90 dB -11.90 dB

Frequency(Measured) 0.78 GHz 1.58 GHz 2.15 GHz

Return loss(Measured) -10.01 dB -19.2dB -18.3 dB

(a)

(b)




(a)

(b)





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(a)

(b)




Second iteration fig7 shows that three frequencies responses

existed at 0.74GHz, 1.47GHz and 1.99GHz. There were all

frequencies response obtained from measurement. The best

return loss at 1.47 GHz (-18.90 dB)for simulation as well as for

Measurement.

IV CONCLUSION

The antenna has been design, simulated and fabricated. The

multiband frequencies appeared after applied fractal

technique. It is observed that as the number of iterations is

increased, number of frequency bands also increases. For zero

iteration one band occur, for first iteration two bands occur

and for second iteration three bands occur. The antenna can be

used for GPS, WLAN applications.

V REFERENCES [1] Constantine A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory”, Second Edition,

John Wiley & Son , 2000.

[2] Baliarda, C.P.; Borau, M.N.; Robert, J.R.,” An Iterative model for

Fractal antennas; application to the Sierpinski gasket antenna”, Antennas and

Propagation, IEEE Transactions on vol.48, Issue 5, May 2000, pp.713-719.

.[3] David M.Pozar, “Microstrip Antenna”, IEEE Transaction on

Antenna and Propagation, January1992.

[4] M.K. A. Rahim, N. Abdullah, and M.Z. A. Abdul Aziz, “Micro Strip

Sierpinski Carpet Antenna Design” IEEE Transaction on Antenna and

propagation,December 2005.

[5] John Gianvittorio, “Fractal antennas: Design, Characterization, and

Application”, Master Thesis, University of California, 2000.

[6] B.B. Mandelbrot, “The Fractal Geometry of nature”, New York,

W.H. Freeman, 1983.

[7] Douglas H. Werner and Suman Ganguly.” An Overview of Fractal

Engineering Research” , IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, vol.45,

no.1, pp.38-57, Feb 2003.

Praveen Tiwari Student of M.Tech

(Communication Engineering) from Shobhit university Meerut and

presently working in IIMT engineering college, Meerut.

Rajneesh Chawhan B.E. (Electronics) in 1997,

M.Tech.(Digital Communication) in 2010 from U.P.T.U. & presently

working as a Assistant Professor in Meerut Institute of Engineering &

Technology, Meerut (India) affiliated by UPTU, Lucknow. Area of research

interest includes Antenna Designing, Microwave component designing, and

written one book on Switching Theory with ISBN 81-88476-29-X published

by JPNP’s. Meerut. He has published two Research papers in International

Journals and two research papers in national Conference Proceedings.


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Prof. R.P. Agarwal obtained his B.E. (Hons.) in

Electronics &Telecommunication from Govt. Engineering College at Jabalpur

University and M.E. from College of Engineering at Pune University in 1967

and 1970 respectively.He is Former Vice-Chancellor of Sagar University &

Bundelkhand University, Jhansi He started his academic career as Lecturer in

University of Roorkee in August 1970. He was awarded Commonwealth

Scholarship for pursuing higher studies in 1970. He was awarded Ph. D. in

1977 by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England.

Prof. Agarwal has rich varied experience of teaching, research, development

and administration. He was appointed as an Indian Expert at Military

Technical College, Baghdad, Iraq during 1981-84. He has coordinated

number of human resources testing and development projects for Public

Sector Undertakings, Govt. organizations and Technical Institutes. He is a

senior member of IEEE (USA), Fellow of IE (I), IETE and Life Member of

ISTE. He was the Vice President of IEEE-UP, Professor & Staff Advisor of

ISTE Students Chapter, Chairman ISTE UP Section, Associated Dean

(Acad.), Chairman, AIMCET-2004, Chairman GATE-2005 and Dean

(Acad.). Prof. Agarwal has contributed significantly in the area of scientific

and technical research and development. He has 102 technical papers to his

credit which have been published in national and international journals of

repute and conferences. He has authored 2 books and edited 5 proceedings of

National Seminar. He has handled 10 Consultancy and sponsored research

projects as Principal Investigator. He has guided 6 Ph.D. scholars and is

currently guiding another 3 Ph.D. thesis. Prof. Agarwal has traveled

extensively to USA, UK, Europe, Middle East, Austria, Hungary, Finland,

Denmark and Sweden to deliver lectures and attend conferences, symposia

and meetings.

Sanjay Kumar Sharma was born in India on July 25, 1970. He

received his B.Sc. degree from Agra University in 1988 He received

his Diploma in Electronics Engineering from Board of

Technical Education, Lucknow with Hons. in the year 1992,

Bachelor Degree in Electronics and Communication

Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi(Presently Delhi

Technological University) (India), in 2000 and M. E. in Electronics &

Communication Engineering from Punjab University, Chandigarh in the

year 2010. Presently he is working as Assistant Professor in Shobhit

University Meerut. His area of interest is Metamaterial based

Antennas and Artificial Neural Networks and its applications

in Electromagnetic. He has published 2 Research papers in

International Journals & 11 research papers in International and

national Conference Proceedings.

design and analysis of sierpinski gasket fractal antenna

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