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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11045
Design and Analysis of Lifting Mechanism in Water Dams Using Composite
Materials
Mukhalad Kadim Nahi
M.Tech., Engineering chief in ministry of water resources. Iraq.
Abstract
A hydraulic gate is an essential tool in the regulation of the
flow of water through any component such as the path to an
irrigation system from a dam. Generally, it is responsible for
holding back water in the upstream, although this work is
sometimes done by gates that apply in reversible water flow in
exceptional cases.
An optimal lifting mechanism design of efficient control and
well-equipped structure and trustable mechanism to lift the
gate in question from a mechanical point of view, spur gate
are provided with self-locking mechanisms to keep the gate at
a given position without necessarily using motor breaks. Dam
gate hoists are made of various components which include
speed reduction gear mechanism that contributes immensely
in the reduction of torque and reduces the effort required to
lift the gate. It is very important for one to know how to
calculate the breaking load in the system, design and offer in-
depth analysis of the load at which hoist can work or fail.
In this paper, the lifting mechanism used in lifting the gate
will be modeled and assembled in three dimensions modeling
software pro/Engineer. The lifting mechanism consists of
Drive unit, Gear trains and Hoist frame consisting of wire
ropes, with wire rope drum, lime shafts, equalizer plates etc.
All this part are desired components in modelling a 3D lifting
mechanism.
Structural, fatigue modal analysis is done on the assembly by
using composite materials like Aramid fiber, carbon fiber, E
Glass Epoxy, S2 Glass Epoxy and NI-Cr-Steel-Carbon fiber to
compare the deformations, stresses and frequencies between
the materials. Analysis is done using Ansys Application.
INTRODUCTION
A dam refers to a barrier designed to withhold water or
regulate underground water channels. Dams created in a given
area have many uses and are sometimes referred to as multi-
purpose projects. Dams can be used for industrial
applications, irrigation, domestic use, navigation and
aquaculture. For many dams, however, its primary function
has been the generation of Hydro-electric power. Dams can
also be used to store water meant for long term use, or
reserved for dry seasons. In essence, dams are mainly used for
water retention while dikes and floodgates are used to prevent
and manage water flow in order to prevent spill overs that
could cause adverse effects to the populations living around
the dam.
Types of Dams
There are many ways in which a dam can be formed. They
can be formed by deliberate human activity, intervention by
wildlife such as beavers and through natural means such as
down warping of a given piece of land. Manmade dams are
usually classified with reference to its intended purpose, size,
and structure.
By structure
This is classification based on the material and structure of the
dam in question. Structural classification consist of arch-
gravity dams, those easily created without material,
embankment dams and masonry dams; all endowed with
several subtypes.
Arch dams
Stability in arch dams is usually obtained by the application of
an arch as well as gravity action. Gravitational forces channel
all the weight of the dam to the foundation when the upstream
face has been vertically inclined. A sustainable distribution of
normal hydrostatic pressure within the arch action and the
vertical cantilever will depend on the dam's stiffness and
compactness in the horizontal and vertical direction. The
distribution is more complicated when the upstream face is
sloped.
2- Gravity dams
Gravitational forces are the primary forces holding this kind
of dams from the push from the water reservoir due to the
mass of the dam. The downstream pressing forces on the dam
tends to overturn the reservoir by constant rotation about its
toe; referring to a point located in the downstream side of the
given dam. The force exerted is counteracted by the dam’s
weight; this phenomena tends to rotate the dam about its toe
creating a delicate balance.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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Barrages
Barrage dams are formed when a large barrier i.e. a gate that
can be regulated is used to control water flow in a given
reservoir. The gates allows water to be retained during low
seasons and opened during raining seasons that, if left
unregulated, could flood the dam beyond its holding capacity.
Gates are usually fixed between two flanking piers that are
strong enough to offer support against the water load, often
leading to stabilized water flow in irrigation schemes.
ADVANTAGES OF DAMS
1. Dams are used to produce hydroelectric power which
can be used for domestic use as well as for industrial
use.
2. Dams assist in water regulation. In hydroelectricity
plants, regulation ensures water is available around
the clock thus saving it so that it can be utilized
another time when electricity demand soars.
3. Dams are durable and can be used for many years
with minimal maintenance requirements.
4. Reservoir formed when a dam is constructed can be
used for leisure purposes such as boat riding and
fishing. Some dams are tourist attractions.
5. Water stored in a dam can be used for irrigation for
the surrounding community.
6. Dams enable us to store potential energy until it is
desired for use.
7. Hydroelectric power generation is clean and does not
produce greenhouse gases that could be hazardous to
the environment.
DISADVANTAGES OF DAMS
1. The construction of standard dams is very expensive.
2. Dams often take several years because the initial
expenses are recovered and profitability achieved.
3. Dams claim large chunks of land during construction
thus displacing many families.
4. Dam construction causes loss of livelihoods to
farmers and business people displaced during
construction. In many countries around the world,
people are often forcefully evicted to pave way for
dam construction.
5. Dam construction can trigger other natural disasters.
A good example is the construction of the American
Hoover dam that triggered several earthquakes and
caused land displacement.
6. Even though there has been professional regulations
for dam constructions, the dams collapse sometimes
under its own weigh. This can lead to destruction of
property and loss of lives.
7. Dams often block rivers during construction.
Coupled with outflow regulation, communities living
downstream that rely on the river for domestic use
suffer from the process. This leads to strained
diplomatic relations among neighboring countries.
8. A large dam constructed is likely to alter the water
table. The construction of the Aswan High Dam in
Egypt, for example, altered the water level. The
eminent change in the water table has caused
dampness that has resulted in the destruction of
ancient stone monuments and buildings. The change
in water table has also resulted in difficulty in
construction of roads within the area.
LITERATURE SURVEY
An optimal design of lifting mechanism that is efficient,
effective and well-equipped with trustable mechanism and
proficient control system lift the gate is vital from the
technical perspective of the problem & eventually for public
site. Electricity driven, connected shafting, completely
bounded gear reduction, protected and elastic couplings,
indented drums, and toughen stainless steel cables . The winch
of the dam gate has some mechanisms that slow down the rate
of flow of water, increases the spin and assists in lifting the
gate.
UNITS
A: Area (mm2)
E: Young's modulus (GPa)
Fx,Fxyz: Forces in X , Y, Z directions (N)
[ɸ] : Vector of nodal displacement (mm)
{6} : Stress tensor (MPa)
ASTM: American society for testing and materials
COM: Center of mass
IP : Interface pressure (MPa)
Material properties :-
Material
properties
Aramid
fiber
Carbon
fiber
Composition of
(Ni-Cr-STEL-
CF)
E glass
epoxy
S-2
glass
Youngs
modulus
(MPa)
4830 245000 204500 50000 86900
Poisson’s
ratio 0.23 0.34 0.2845 0.3 0.23
Density
(g/cc) 1.52 1.79 5.5106 2 2.46
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR LIFTING
MECHANISM OF WATER DAM
MATERAIL- S-2GLASS
Construct a representation of an object-in two or three
dimension, which is molded and experimented using the work
plane coordinating system.
Define Material properties
Come up with a list of the materials that is contained by the
object (or project). This will comprise of mechanical and
thermal properties.
Generate mesh
By this stage ANSYS will be able to comprehend the general
disposition of the part. What is now expected is a detailed
explanation on how the modeled system is able to be
fragmented to finite pieces.
Apply loads
After the completion of the system’s design and assembly of
parts, it can now be subjected to physical constrains such as
boundary conditions and loading.
Obtain solution
This is one of the most crucial stages because ANSYS needs
to know the problems that may come about and come up with
comprehensive strategies to deal with these problems
Presentation
After all the necessary adjustments have been made and
conclusions drawn, the data obtained can finally be presented
using several means such as graphs, photos, tables etc.
Deformation S-2GLASS
Stress S-2GLASS
Strain S-2GLASS
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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MATERIAL - NICKLE -CHROMIUM -STEEL -CARBON FIBER
Deformation -
Stress - NICKLE -CHROMIUM -STEEL -CARBON FIBER:
Strain - NICKLE -CHROMIUM -STEEL -CARBON FIBER:
MATERIAL - E GLASS EPOXY:
Deformation - E GLASS EPOXY:
Stress - E GLASS EPOXY:
Strain - E GLASS EPOXY:
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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MATERIAL - CARBON FIBER :
Deformation - CARBON FIBER :
Stress - CARBON FIBER :
Strain - CARBON FIBER :
MATERIAL - ARAMID FIBER
Deformation- ARAMID FIBER
Stress- ARAMID FIBER
Strain
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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RESULTS TABLE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Aramid fiber Carbon fiber E glass epoxy S – 2 glass Ni-cr-steel-carbon fiber
Deformation (mm) 0.013993 0.00046383 0.0013619 0.0020573 0.0003912
Stress (MPa) 0.24053 0.23957 0.23621 0.23932 0.23678
Strain 5.219e-5 9.9921e-7 4.8655e-6 2.883e-6 1.1944e-6
FATIGUE ANALYSIS
FATIGUE
ANALYSIS
Aramid
fiber
Carbon
fiber
E glass
epoxy
S – 2
glass
Ni-cr-steel-
carbon
fiber
Life 2.5e10 2.5e10 2.5e10 2.5e10 2.5e10
damage 1e32 1e32 1e32 1e32 24.071
Safety factor 15 15 15 15 15
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
aramid fiber carbon fiber e glass epoxy s-2 glass ni-cr-steel-carbonfiber
De
form
ati
on
(mm
)
Materials
COMPARISON OF DEFORMATION VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS
deformation (mm)
0.234
0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239
0.24
0.241
Stre
ss (
MP
a)
Materials
COMPARISON OF STRESS VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS
Stress(Mpa)
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
2.00E-05
3.00E-05
4.00E-05
5.00E-05
6.00E-05
Stra
in
Materials
COMPARISON OF STRAIN VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS
Strain
0.00E+00
5.00E+09
1.00E+10
1.50E+10
2.00E+10
2.50E+10
3.00E+10
life
Materials
life
life
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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MODAL ANALYSIS
Mode Modal analysis Aramid fiber Carbon fiber E glass epoxy S – 2 glass Ni-cr-steel-carbon fiber
Mode 1 Frequency (HZ) 3.699e-6 0 2.9679e-4 3.1088e-4 1.8847e-4
Deformation (mm) 11.483 10.582 10.011 9.0264 6.0309
Mode 2 Frequency (HZ) 0.43041 2.8258 1.2068 1.4351 1.4702
Deformation (mm) 0.75296 0.69374 0.65633 0.59187 0.39541
Mode 3 Frequency (HZ) 2.9754 18.984 8.1897 9.9205 10.017
Deformation (mm) 1.0319 0.96361 0.9067 0.8111 0.5452
Mode 4 Frequency (HZ) 5.0684 33.494 14.27 16.899 17.369
Deformation (mm) 0.82734 0.77468 0.72822 0.65034 0.43772
Mode 5 Frequency (HZ) 6.319 41.795 17.793 21.069 21.654
Deformation (mm) 14.092 13.02 12.305 11.077 7.4104
0.00E+00
2.00E+31
4.00E+31
6.00E+31
8.00E+31
1.00E+32
1.20E+32
Dam
age
Materials
Damage
Damage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
safe
ty f
acto
r
Materials
Safety factor
Safety factor
0.00E+00
5.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.50E+01
2.00E+01
2.50E+01
3.00E+01
3.50E+01
4.00E+01
4.50E+01
aramid fiber carbon fiber e glass epoxy s-2 glass ni-cr-steel-carbonfiber
Freq
uen
cy (
Hz)
Materials
COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS
frequency1 (Hz)
frequency2 (Hz)
frequency3 (Hz)
frequency4 (Hz)
frequency5 (Hz)
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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CONCLUSION
In this thesis the lifting mechanism to lift the gate is modeled
and assembled in 30 modeling software pro/engineer. the
lifting mechanism consists of a drive unit, hoist frame, drive
unit, and gear trains with rope drum and equalizer plates, wire
ropes, coupling and equalizer plates etc. structural, fatigue and
modal analysis is done on the assembly by using composite
materials aramid fiber, carbon fiber, E glass epoxy, S2 glass
epoxy and Ni- Cr- steel – carbon fiber to compare the
deformations, stresses and frequencies between the materials.
By noting the mechanical study result, the distortion and
stress values are less for Ni-Cr-steel-carbon fiber material
than other material. By observing the fatigue analysis result,
the frequency values are less for aramid fiber but the
deformation values are less for NI-Cr-steel- carbon fiber.
So it can concluded using Ni-Cr-carbon fiber is better.
FUTURE SCOPE
The use of Ni-Cr-steel-carbon fiber is better from the above
work but the presence of steel increases the weight of the
lifting mechanism and more power is required to lift the gate
of the water dam hence more experiments need to be done to
overcome this problem.
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11053
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