description of deer

8/4/2019 Description of Deer

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White-tailed deer

White-tailed Deer

Male (buck or stag)

Female (doe)

Conservation status

Least Concern(IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Cervidae

Subfamily: Capreolinae

Genus: Odocoileus

Species: O. virginianus

Binomial name

Odocoileus virginianusZimmermann, 1780

Subspecies
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38, seetext

White-tailed Deer range map

The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the Virginia deer or simply as

the whitetail, is a medium-sizeddeernative to theUnited States(all but five of the states),Canada,Mexico,Central America, andSouth Americaas far south asPeru. It has also been

introduced toNew Zealandand some countries in Europe, such asFinland,Czech Republic, andSerbia.

Thespeciesis most common east of theRocky Mountains, and is absent from much of thewestern United States, includingNevada,Utah,California,Hawaii, andAlaska(though its close

relatives, themule deerandblack-tailed deerOdocoileus hemionus, can be found there). It does,

however, survive inaspen parklandsand deciduous river bottomlands within the central and

northernGreat Plains, and in mixeddeciduousripariancorridors, river valley bottomlands, andlower foothills of the northernRocky Mountainregions fromSouth DakotaandWyomingto

southeasternBritish Columbia, including theMontana Valley and Foothill grasslands.

The conversion of land adjacent to the northernRockiesinto agriculture use and partial clear-

cutting ofconiferous trees(resulting in widespread deciduous vegetation) has been favorable to

the white-tailed deer and has pushed its distribution to as far north as Prince George, BritishColumbia. Populations of deer around theGreat Lakeshave also expanded their range

northwards, due to conversion of land to agricultural uses favoring more deciduous vegetation,

and localcaribouandmoosepopulations. The westernmost population of the species, known astheColumbian white-tailed deer, once was widespread in the mixed forests along theWillamette

andCowlitz Rivervalleys of westernOregonand southwesternWashington, but today its

numbers have been considerably reduced, and it is classified as near-threatened. The white-tailed

deer is well-suited for its environment.
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Taxonomy

Fawn waving its white tail

Until recently, sometaxonomistshave attempted to separate white-tailed deer into a host ofsubspecies, based largely inmorphologicaldifferences. Genetic studies,[clarification needed] however,

suggest that there are fewer subspecies within the animal's range, as compared to the 30 to 40

subspecies that some scientists described in the last century. TheFlorida Key deer,O.

virginianus clavium, and theColumbian white-tailed deer,O. virginianus leucurus, are bothlisted as endangered under the U.S.Endangered Species Act. In the United States, the Virginia

white-tail, O. virginianus virginianus, is among the most widespread subspecies. The White-

tailed deer species has tremendous genetic variation and is adaptable to several environments.Several local deer populations, especially in the Southern States, are descended from white-tailed

deer transplanted from various localities east of theContinental Divide. Some of these deer may

have been from as far north as theGreat Lakesregion to as far west as Texas, yet are also quite

at home in theAppalachianandPiedmontregions of the south. These deer over time haveintermixed with the local indigenous deer (virginianus and/or macrourus) populations.
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Male white-tail in Kansas

Central and South America have a complex number of white-tailed deer subspecies that range

from southern Mexico as far south as Peru. This list of subspecies of deer is more exhaustive

than the list of North American subspecies, and the number of subspecies is also questionable.However, the white-tailed deer populations in these areas are difficult to study, due to over-

hunting many parts and lack of protection. Some areas no longer carry deer, so it is difficult to

assess the genetic difference of these animals.

Subspecies
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O. v. truei, female,Costa Rica

Some subspecies names, ordered alphabetically except first entry:[2][3]

O. v. virginianusVirginiaWhitetailed deer or Southern white-tailed deer

O. v. acapulcensisAcapulco white-tailed deer (southernMexico) O. v. borealisNorthern (woodland) white-tailed deer (the largest and darkest white-

tailed deer)

O. v. cariacou(French Guianaand northBrazil) O. v. carminisCarmen Mountains Jorge deer O. v. chiriquensisChiriqui white-tailed deer (Panama) O. v. claviumKey Deeror Florida Keys white-tailed deer found (Florida Keys) O. v. couesiCoueswhite-tailed deer,Arizonawhite-tailed deer, or fantail deer O. v. curassavicus(Curaao) O. v. dacotensisDakotawhite-tailed deer or Northern plains white-tailed deer (most

northerly distribution, rivals the Northern white-tailed deer in size)

O. v. goudotii(Colombia(Andes) and westVenezuela)

O. v. gymnotisSouth Americanwhite-tailed deer (northern half ofVenezuela, includingVenezuela'sLlanosRegion)

O. v. hiltonensisHilton Head Island white-tailed deer O. v. leucurusColumbian white-tailed deer(Oregonand western coastal area) O. v. macrourusKansaswhite-tailed deer O. v. margaritae(Margarita Island) O. v. mcilhennyiAvery Islandwhite-tailed deer O. v. mexicanusMexican white-tailed deer (central Mexico) O. v. miquihuanensisMiquihuan white-tailed deer (central Mexico) O. v. nelsoniChiapas white-tailed deer (southern Mexico andGuatemala) O. v. nemoralis

(Central America, round the Gulf of Mexico toSurinamfurtherrestricted to fromHondurasto Panama)

O. v. nigribarbisBlackbeard Island white-tailed deer O. v. oaxacensisOaxaca white-tailed deer (southern Mexico) O. v. ochrourus(Tawny) Northwest white-tailed deer or Northern Rocky Mountains

white-tailed deer

O. v. osceolaFloridacoastal white-tailed deer O. v. peruvianusSouth American white-tailed deer or Andeanwhite-tailed deer (most

southerly distribution inPeruand possibly,Bolivia)

O. v. rothschildiCoiba Island white-tailed deer O. v. seminolusFloridawhite-tailed deer O. v. sinaloaeSinaloa white-tailed deer (mid-western Mexico) O. v. taurinsulaeBulls Island white-tailed deer O. v. texanusTexaswhite-tailed deer O. v. trueiCentral Americanwhite-tailed deer (Costa Rica,Nicaraguaand adjacent

states)

O. v. thomasiMexican Lowland white-tailed deer O. v. toltecusRain Forest white-tailed deer (southern Mexico) O. v. tropicalis(westernColombia)
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O. v. ustus(Ecuador) O. v. venatoriusHunting Island white-tailed deer O. v. veraecrucisNorthern Vera Cruz white-tailed deer O. v. yucatanensisYucatn white-tailed deer

Description

Female with tail in alarm posture

The deer's coat is a reddish-brown in the spring and summer and turns to a grey-brown

throughout the fall and winter. The deer can be recognized by the characteristic white undersideto its tail, which it shows as a signal of alarm by raising the tail during escape. There is apopulation of white-tailed deer in the state of New York that is entirely white (except for areas

like their noses and toes)notalbinoin color. The formerSeneca Army DepotinRomulus,

New York, has the largest known concentration ofwhite deer. Strong conservation efforts haveallowed white deer to thrive within the confines of the depot.

Size and weight

The North American male deer (also known as a buck or stag) usually weighs 130 to 300 pounds

(60 to 130 kg) but, in rare cases, bucks in excess of 375 pounds (159 kg) have been recorded. In

1926, Carl J. Lenander, Jr. took a Whitetailed buck near Tofte, MN, that was estimated at 511pounds live weight.[4]The female (doe) usually weighs from 90 to 200 pounds (40 to 90 kg).

Length ranges from 62 to 87 inches (160 to 220 cm), including the tail, and the shoulder height is

32 to 40 inches (80 to 100 cm).[5]

White-tailed deer from the tropics tend to be smaller than intemperate populations, averaging 77110 pounds (3550 kg).

[6]

Deer have dichromatic (two-color) vision; humans have trichromatic vision. So what deer do notsee are the oranges and reds that stand out so well to people.[7]
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Antlers

Male white-tailed deer

Males re-grow their antlers every year. About 1 in 10,000 females also have antlers, although

this is usually associated with hermaphroditism.[8]Bucks without branching antlers are often

termed "Spikehorn", "spiked bucks" or "spike bucks". The spikes can be quite long or very short.

Research in Texas has shown that the length and branching of antlers is genetic and can beinfluenced by diet. Healthy deer in some areas that are well fed can have eight-point branching

antlers as yearlings (one and a half years old).[9]

The number of points, the length or thickness of

the antlers are a general indication of age but cannot be relied upon for positive aging. A betterindication of age is the length of the snout and the color of the coat, with older deer tending to

have longer snouts and grayer coats. Some say that deer that have spiked antlers should be culled

from the population to produce larger branching antler genetics (antler size does not indicateoverall health), and some bucks' antlers never will be wall trophies. Where antler growth

nutritional needs are met (good mineral sources, i.e., calcium) and good genetics combine it can

produce wall trophies in some of their range.[10]

Spiked bucks are different from "button bucks"

or "nubbin' bucks", that are male fawns and are generally about six to nine months of age duringtheir first winter. They have skin covered nobs on their heads. They can have bony protrusions

up to a half inch in length, but that is very rare, and they are not the same as spikes.

White-tailed bucks with antlers still in velvet, August 2011

Antlers begin to grow in late spring, covered with a highly vascularised tissue known as velvet.Bucks either have a typical or non-typical antler arrangement. Typical antlers are symmetrical

and the points grow straight up off the main beam. Non-typical antlers are asymmetrical and the

points may project at any angle from the main beam. These descriptions are not the onlylimitations for typical and non-typical antler arrangement. TheBoone and Crockettor Pope &

Young scoring systems also define relative degrees of typicality and atypicality by procedures to
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measure what proportion of the antlers are asymmetrical. Therefore, bucks with only slight

asymmetry will often be scored as "typical". A buck's inside spread can be anywhere from 325 in (864 cm). Bucks shed their antlers when all females have been bred, from late December

to February.

Ecology

White-tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety ofhabitats.[11]

The largest deeroccur in the temperate regions of Canada and United States. The Northern white-tailed deer

(borealis), Dakota white-tailed deer (dacotensis), and Northwest white-tailed deer (ochrourus)

are some of the largest animals, with large antlers. The smallest deer occur in the Florida Keys.

Although most often thought of as forest animals depending on relatively small openings and

edges, white-tailed deer can equally adapt themselves to life in more open prairie, savanna

woodlands, and sage communities as in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico,These savanna-adapted deer have relatively large antlers in proportion to their body size and

large tails. Also, there is a noticeable difference in size between male and female deer of thesavannas. TheTexaswhite-tailed deer (texanus), of the prairies and oak savannas of Texas and

parts of Mexico, are the largest savanna-adapted deer in the Southwest, with impressive antlersthat might rival deer found in Canada and the northern United States. There are also populations

ofArizona(couesi) and Carmen Mountains (carminis) white-tailed deer that inhabit montane

mixed oak and pine woodland communities.[12]

The Arizona and Carmen Mountains deer aresmaller but may also have impressive antlers, considering their size. The white-tailed deer of the

Llanosregion of Colombia and Venezuela (apurensis and gymnotis) have antler dimensions that

are similar to the Arizona white-tailed deer.

White-tailed deer during late winter

In western regions of the United States and Canada, the white-tailed deer range overlaps with

those of theblack-tailed deerandmule deer. White-tail incursions in theTrans-Pecosregion of

Texas has resulted in some hybrids. In the extreme north of the range, their habitat is also usedbymoosein some areas. White-tailed deer may occur in areas that are also exploited byelk

(wapiti) such as in mixed deciduous river valley bottomlands and formerly in the mixeddeciduous forest of Eastern United States. In places such asGlacier National ParkinMontana

and several national parks in the Columbian Mountains (Mount Revelstoke National Park) and

Canadian Rocky Mountains as well as starting to appear in the Yukon Territory ( Kotaneelee

)(e.g.,Yoho National ParkandKootenay National Park), white-tailed deer are shy and morereclusive than the coexisting mule deer, elk, and moose.
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Central American white-tailed deer prefertropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, seasonal

mixed deciduous forests, savanna, and adjacent wetland habitats over densetropical andsubtropical moist broadleaf forests. South American subspecies of white-tailed deer live in two

types of environments. The first type, similar to the Central American deer, consists of savannas,

dry deciduous forests, and riparian corridors that cover much ofVenezuelaand eastern

Colombia.

[13]

The other type is the higher elevation mountain grassland/mixed forest ecozones intheAndes Mountains, from Venezuela toPeru. The Andean white-tailed deer seem to retain gray

coats due to the colder weather at high altitudes, whereas the lowland savanna forms retain the

reddish brown coats. South American white-tailed deer, like those in Central America, alsogenerally avoid dense moist broadleaf forests.

Since the second half of the nineteenth century, white-tailed deer have been introduced to

Europe.[14]

A population of white-tailed deer in theBrdyarea remains stable today.[15]

In 1935,

white-tailed deer were introduced toFinland. The introduction was successful, and the deer have

recently begun spreading through northernScandinaviaand southernKarelia, competing with,and sometimes displacing, nativefauna. The current population of some 30,000 deer originate

from four animals provided byFinnish Americansfrom Minnesota.

Diet and predation

Whitetail deer eat large varieties of food, commonly eatinglegumesand foraging on other plants,

includingshoots, leaves,cacti, andgrasses. They also eat acorns, fruit, and corn. Their specialstomach allows them to eat some things that humans cannot, such asmushroomsand RedSumac

that are poisonous to humans. Their diet varies by season according to availability of food

sources. They will also eat hay and other food that they can find in a farm yard. Whitetail deer

have been known to opportunistically feed on nesting songbirds, field mice, and birds trapped inMist nets.[16]

The white-tailed deer is a ruminant, which means it has a four-chambered stomach. Each

chamber has a different and specific function that allows the deer to quickly eat a variety of

different food, digesting it at a later time in a safe area of cover. The Whitetail stomach hosts acomplex set of bacteria that change as the deer's diet changes through the seasons. If the bacteria

necessary for digestion of a particular food (e.g., hay) are absent it will not be digested .[17]

There are several natural predators of white-tailed deer.Gray wolves,cougars,American

alligators, and (in the tropics)jaguarsare the more effective natural predators of adult deer.

Bobcats,lynxes,bears, and packs ofcoyotesusually will prey on deer fawns. Bears may

sometimes attack adult deer while lynxes, coyotes, and bobcats are most likely to take adult deer

when the ungulates are weakened by winter weather.

[5]

The general extirpation of natural deerpredators over the East Coast (only the coyote is now widespread) is believed to be a factor in

the overpopulation issues with this species. Many scavengers rely on deer as carrion, including

New World vultures,hawks,eagles,foxes, andcorvids(the latter three may also rarely prey ondeer fawns).
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Forest degradation

In parts of the eastern United States, some negative effects of high deer densities have been

noted, such as forest degradation from overbrowsing by the deer, as well as frequent collisions

with cars and trucks (discussed below). In northeastern hardwood forests, increased density deer

populations affect plant succession, particularly following clear-cuts and patch cuts. Insuccession without deer, annual herbs and woody plants are followed by commercially-valuable

shade-tolerant oak and maple. The shade tolerant trees prevent the invasion of less commercial

cherry and American beech, which are stronger nutrient competitors but not as shade tolerant.Although deer eat shade tolerant plants and acorns, this is not the only way deer can shift the

balance in favor of nutrient competitors. When deer consume earlier-succession plants, this

allows in enough light for nutrient competitors to invade. Since slow growing oaks need severaldecades to develop root systems sufficient to compete with faster growing species, removal of

the canopy prior to that point amplifies the effect of deer on succession. It is even possible that

increased density deer populations could browse eastern hemlock seedlings out of existence in

northern hardwood forests.[18]

Ecologists have also expressed concern over the facilitative effect

increasing deer populations are having on invasions of exotic plant species (exotic species do nothave coevolved enemies). In a study of eastern hemlock forests, browsing by white-tailed deer

caused populations of three exotic plants to rise faster than in the absence of deer. Seedlings of

the three invading species rose exponentially with deer density, while the most common nativespecies fell exponentially with deer density (deer were preferentially eating the plants they had

coevolved with). The effects of deer on the invasive and native plants were magnified in cases of

canopy disturbance.[19]

Behavior

These bucks were pursuing a pair of does across theLoxahatchee Riverin Floridathe does lost

them by entering a Mangrove thicket too dense for the bucks' antlers.

Males compete for the opportunity of breeding females. Sparring among males determines adominance hierarchy.[20]Bucks will attempt to copulate with as many females as possible, losing

physical condition since they rarely eat or rest during the rut. The general geographical trend is

for the rut to be shorter in duration at increased latitude. There are many factors as to howintense the "rutting season" will be. Air temperature is one major factor of this intensity. Any

time the temperature rises above 40 F (4 C), the males will do much less traveling looking for
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females, or they will be subject to overheating or dehydrating. Another factor for the strength in

rutting activity is competition. If there are numerous males in a particular area, then they willcompete more for the females. If there are fewer males or more females, then the selection

process will not need to be as competitive.

Reproduction

Fawn lying on grass

Females enterestrus, colloquially called therut, in the fall, normally in late October or early

November, triggered mainly by decliningphotoperiod. Sexual maturation of females depends on

population densityas well as availability of food.[21]

Females can mature in their first year,[citation

needed]although this is unusual and would occur only at very low population levels. Most females

mature at 12 years of age. Most are not able to reproduce until six months after they mature.

Females give birth to 13 spotted young, known as fawns, in mid to late spring, generally in May

or June. Fawns lose their spots during the first summer and will weigh from 44 to 77 pounds (20

to 35 kg) by the first winter. Male fawns tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females. For

the first four weeks, fawns mostly lie still and hide in vegetation while their mothers forage.They are then able to follow their mothers on foraging trips. They are weaned after 810 weeks.

Males will leave their mothers after a year and females leave after two.

Communication

White-tailed deer communicate in many different ways using sounds, scent, body language, and

marking. All white-tailed deer are capable of producing audible noises, unique to each animal.Fawns release a high-pitched squeal, known as a bleat, to call out to their mothers .[22]A doe

makes maternal grunts when searching for her bedded fawns.[22]

Grunting produces a low,

guttural sound that will attract the attention of any other deer in the area. Both does and bucks

snort, a sound that often signals danger. As well as snorting, bucks also grunt at a pitch that getslower with maturity. Bucks are unique in their grunt-snort-wheeze pattern that often shows

aggression and hostility.[22]

Another way white-tailed deer communicate is with their white tail.

When a white-tail deer is spooked it will raise its tail to warn the other deer in the area that cansee it.
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Marking

White-tailed deer possess manyglandsthat allow them to produce scents, some of which are so

potent they can be detected by the human nose. Four major glands are the pre-orbital, forehead,

tarsal, and metatarsal glands. It was originally thought that secretions from the pre-orbital glands

(in front of the eye) were rubbed on tree branches; recent research suggests this is not so. It hasbeen found that scent from the forehead or sudoriferous glands (found on the head, between the

antlers and eyes) is used to deposit scent on branches that overhang "scrapes" (areas scraped by

the deer's front hooves prior to rub-urination). The tarsal glands are found on the upper inside ofthe hock (middle joint) on each hind leg. Scent is deposited from these glands when deer walk

through and rub against vegetation. These scrapes are used by bucks as a sort of "sign-post" by

which bucks know which other bucks are in the area, and to let does know that a buck isregularly passing through the areafor breeding purposes. The scent from the metatarsal glands,

found on the outside of each hind leg, between the ankle and hooves, may be used as an alarm

scent. The scent from the Interdigital glands, which are located in between the hooves of each

foot, emit a yellow waxy substance with an offensive odor. Deer can be seen stomping their

hooves if they sense danger through sight, sound, or smell, this action leaves an excessiveamount of odor for the purpose of warning other deer of possible danger.

Throughout the year deer will rub-urinate, a process during which a deer squats while urinating

so that urine will run down the insides of the deer's legs, over the tarsal glands, and onto the hair

covering these glands. Bucks rub-urinate more frequently during the breeding season.[23]

Secretions from the tarsal gland mix with the urine and bacteria to produce a strong smelling

odor. During the breeding season does release hormones and pheromones that tell bucks that adoe is in heat and able to breed. Bucks also rub trees and shrubs with their antlers and head

during the breeding season, possibly transferring scent from the forehead glands to the tree,leaving a scent other deer can detect.[24]

Sign-post marking (scrapes and rubs) are a very obvious way that white-tailed deercommunicate.[24]Although bucks do most of the marking, does visit these locations often. To

make a rub, a buck will use its antlers to strip the bark off of small diameter trees, helping to

mark his territory and polish his antlers. To mark areas they regularly pass through bucks willmake scrapes. Often occurring in patterns known as scrape lines, scrapes are areas where a buck

has used its front hooves to expose bare earth. They often rub-urinate into these scrapes, which

are often found under twigs that have been marked with scent from the forehead glands.
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Human interactions

A white-tailed deer inGolden Valley, Minnesota

Deer spotted in a suburban development outsideMontpelier, Vermont

A century ago, commercial exploitation, unregulatedhuntingand poor land-use practices,

including deforestation severely depressed deer populations in much of their range. For example,by about 1930, the U.S. population was thought to number about 300,000. After an outcry by

hunters and otherconservation ecologists, commercial exploitation of deer became illegal andconservation programs along with regulated hunting were introduced. Recent estimates put thedeer population in the United States at around 30 million. Conservation practices have proved so

successful that, in parts of their range, the white-tailed deer populations currently far exceed their

carrying capacity and the animal may be considered anuisance.Motor vehicle collisionswith

deer are a serious problem in many parts of the animal's range, especially at night and duringrutting season, causing injuries and fatalities among both deer andhumans. Vehicular damage

can be substantial in some cases.[25]

Deer harvested inAccomack County, Virginia
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At high population densities, farmers can suffer economic damage by deer depredation of cash

crops, especially incornandorchards. It has become nearly impossible to grow some crops insome areas unless very burdensome deer-deterring measures are taken. Deer are excellent fence-

jumpers, and their fear of motion and sounds meant to scare them away is soon dulled. Deer can

prevent successful reforestation following logging, and have impacts on native plants and

animals in parks and natural areas.

[26]

Deer also cause substantial damage to landscape plants insuburban areas, leading to limited hunting or trapping to relocate or sterilize them.

In the US, the species is thestate animalofArkansas,Illinois,Mississippi,New Hampshire,

Ohio,Pennsylvania,Michigan, andSouth Carolinaas well as the provincial animal of

Saskatchewan. It is one of the state animals ofLouisiana. The profile of a white-tailed deer buckcaps the Vermont coat-of-arms and can be seen in theFlag of Vermontand in stained glass at the

Vermont State House. It is the national animal ofHonduras. It is also the provincial animal of

FinnishprovinceofPirkanmaa. Texas is home to the most white-tailed deer of anyU.S. stateor

Canadian province, with an estimated population of over four million. Notably high populationsof white-tailed deer occur in theEdwards Plateauof Central Texas. Michigan, Minnesota,

Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Illinois, Wisconsin, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania,and Indiana also boast high deer densities. In many U.S. states and Canadian provinces, huntingfor white-tailed deer is deeply ingrained in localcultures[citation needed]. In 1884, one of the firsthunts of white-tailed deer in Europe was conducted inOponoandDob(Brdy mountains

area), in what is now theCzech Republic.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vermonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vermonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vermonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_State_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_State_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opo%C4%8Dnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opo%C4%8Dnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opo%C4%8Dnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brdyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opo%C4%8Dnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_State_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vermonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize

description of deer

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