Describe four challenges to plants living on land and how the plants have adapted

• How to Get Nutrients from land and air? Shoots (stems and leaves) and roots.

• Staying “afloat” in air? Strong support tissue, lignin

Describe four challenges to plants living on land and how the plants have adapted.

• Retaining moisture. Waxy cuticle and stomata (pores) surrounded by guard cells

• Reproducing in air – internal fertilization and embryo development.Seeds enclosed in protective “jackets”

Pollen so sperm won’t dry out

Identify the four major groups of plants and their major

characteristics.

Describe the characteristics of a pteridophyte, and give three examples of these plants.

• Vascular plants(have xylem and phloem) that do not produce seeds, they reproduce by spores

• Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

What three structures do all vascular plants have?

• Roots

• Stems

• Leaves

List the four main groups of gymnosperms.

• Ginkos

• Conifers

• Cycads

• Gnetophytes

What does a “naked” seed mean?

 • Not enclosed in an ovary

Describe 2 unique features of angiosperms and how these features help the plants.

• Flowers – attract pollinators

• Fruit – protection of seeds, nutrition of seeds, helps with dispersal

Characterize the two largest evolutionary branches of angiosperms. Describe their differences.

Monocot• Single cotyledon• Parallel veins in leaves

Dicot• Double cotyledon• Veined leaves

Describe ways that humans depend on angiosperms. Name one way you utilized an

angiosperm today.• Food• Animal Food• Clothing • Fuel• Ornamental

Define “Fruit”

• Ripened ovary of a flower

Relate the structures of a flower to their reproductive functions, and indicate whether the

structure is male, female, or neither.

Describe root and shoot structures and functions

• Vascular tissue, transport of nutrients and wastes, photosynthesis.

What are the two functions of vascular tissue?

• Transport

• Structural support

Describe three main plant tissues systems

• Dermal Tissue: Outer covering or “skin” of the plant

• Vascular Tissue: transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic molecules between roots and shoots (ex. xylem and phloem)

• Ground Tissue: tissue in-between dermal and vascular tissue that functions in photosynthesis, storage and support.

Describe the two types of vascular tissue and their specific functions

Xylem• Transports water and

dissolved minerals up

Phloem• Transports food from

leaves to parts of plants that photosynthesize

Trace the path of nitrogen from the atmosphere to a plant’s

roots

Waxy cuticleStomata = microscopic pores found on the under side of leaves that open and close

Stomata

Closed

Stomata

Open

Explain how water loss from a plant is regulated