desalination becomes a reality in tampa bay florida jim jensen senior project manager pb water area...
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![Page 1: Desalination Becomes A Reality In Tampa Bay Florida Jim Jensen Senior Project Manager PB Water Area Manager Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070305/5514933e550346b0158b615f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Desalination Becomes A Reality In Tampa Bay
Florida
Desalination Becomes A Reality In Tampa Bay
Florida
Jim JensenSenior Project ManagerPB Water Area Manager
Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.
San Diego
NBWA Water Conference April 2, 2004
Jim JensenSenior Project ManagerPB Water Area Manager
Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.
San Diego
NBWA Water Conference April 2, 2004
Interaction of Clarifiers with Other Facilities
Clarifier Design MOP FD-8Clarifier Design MOP FD-8
Nikolay Voutchkov, PE, DEESenior Vice President
Poseidon Resources Corporation
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Clarifier InteractionsClarifier Interactions
Clarifier Performance Is Affected by:
Wastewater Collection System; Screening Facilities; Grit Removal System; Plant Side-streams.
Clarifier Performance Impacts: Biological Treatment; Solids Handling.
Clarifier Performance Is Affected by:
Wastewater Collection System; Screening Facilities; Grit Removal System; Plant Side-streams.
Clarifier Performance Impacts: Biological Treatment; Solids Handling.
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Effect of WW Collection System on Clarifier
Design
Effect of WW Collection System on Clarifier
Design Combined Sewer Systems – Subject to Wide Flow
Variations;
CSO Control Measures Necessitate Clarifier Design for Peak Wet-Weather Conditions;
Transient Flows Impact Clarifier Effluent Quality and Sludge Density;
Cooler Storm Water Deteriorates Clarifier Settling and Overall Hydraulic Performance;
Prolonged Wet-Weather Events Result in Grit Washout to Primary Clarifiers;
I&I Reduction Programs Result in 5 to 25 % of Influent Flow Decrease and Wastewater Strength Increase:
Increase in Sludge Production and Blanket Depth;
Elevated Potential for More Frequent Sludge Bulking.
Combined Sewer Systems – Subject to Wide Flow Variations;
CSO Control Measures Necessitate Clarifier Design for Peak Wet-Weather Conditions;
Transient Flows Impact Clarifier Effluent Quality and Sludge Density;
Cooler Storm Water Deteriorates Clarifier Settling and Overall Hydraulic Performance;
Prolonged Wet-Weather Events Result in Grit Washout to Primary Clarifiers;
I&I Reduction Programs Result in 5 to 25 % of Influent Flow Decrease and Wastewater Strength Increase:
Increase in Sludge Production and Blanket Depth;
Elevated Potential for More Frequent Sludge Bulking.
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Impact of Sewer System on Clarifier Design
Impact of Sewer System on Clarifier Design
Average and Peak Daily Flows Used to: Calculate Hydraulic and Solids Loading
Rates; Select Type, Size and Configuration of
Sludge Collection and Withdrawal Systems.
Peak Hourly Flow Used to: Estimate Maximum Clarifier and Sludge
Blanket Depths; Identify the Need for Flow Equalization; Determine Sludge Inventory Control Strategy
During Transient Flow Conditions.
Peak Instantaneous Flow Used to: Determine Influent Pump Capacity; Select Sludge Blanket Depth Control
Strategy.
Average and Peak Daily Flows Used to: Calculate Hydraulic and Solids Loading
Rates; Select Type, Size and Configuration of
Sludge Collection and Withdrawal Systems.
Peak Hourly Flow Used to: Estimate Maximum Clarifier and Sludge
Blanket Depths; Identify the Need for Flow Equalization; Determine Sludge Inventory Control Strategy
During Transient Flow Conditions.
Peak Instantaneous Flow Used to: Determine Influent Pump Capacity; Select Sludge Blanket Depth Control
Strategy.
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Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Sewer
System
Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Sewer
System Complete More Frequent Sewer Line
Cleaning Restores System Storage Capacity;
Reduce Peak Industrial Discharge Flows by On-Site Equalization;
Enlarge Bottlenecking Sections of the Sewer System;
Construct Sewer System Retention Tanks;
Implement Comprehensive I&I Reduction Program.
Complete More Frequent Sewer Line Cleaning Restores System Storage Capacity;
Reduce Peak Industrial Discharge Flows by On-Site Equalization;
Enlarge Bottlenecking Sections of the Sewer System;
Construct Sewer System Retention Tanks;
Implement Comprehensive I&I Reduction Program.
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Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Treatment
Plant
Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Treatment
Plant Equalize Influent Flows/Loads;
Use Deep Clarifiers;
Reduce Sludge Inventory;
Increase RAS and WAS Rate;
Use Sludge Contact Stabilization;
Implement Step-Feed Aeration;
Construct Adjustable Aeration Basin Effluent Weirs;
Shut Down Aeration For a Brief Period of Time.
Equalize Influent Flows/Loads;
Use Deep Clarifiers;
Reduce Sludge Inventory;
Increase RAS and WAS Rate;
Use Sludge Contact Stabilization;
Implement Step-Feed Aeration;
Construct Adjustable Aeration Basin Effluent Weirs;
Shut Down Aeration For a Brief Period of Time.
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Flow and Load Equalization
Flow and Load Equalization
Typically Cost-Effective if Plant Peak Hourly Factor > 2.5;
Allows Decreasing Size and Depth of Primary & Secondary Clarifiers;
Provides Opportunity to Run at Higher Sludge Inventories (MLSS & SRT);
May Cause Odor Problems;
Equalization of Primary Effluent More Desirable.
Typically Cost-Effective if Plant Peak Hourly Factor > 2.5;
Allows Decreasing Size and Depth of Primary & Secondary Clarifiers;
Provides Opportunity to Run at Higher Sludge Inventories (MLSS & SRT);
May Cause Odor Problems;
Equalization of Primary Effluent More Desirable.
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Use of Deeper ClarifiersUse of Deeper Clarifiers
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Clarifier Depth vs. Performance
Clarifier Depth vs. Performance
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Clarifier Depth – Rules of ThumbClarifier Depth – Rules of Thumb
Plants with Wet Weather Peaking Factors > 2.5:
SWD of 14 to 16 ft; Transient Sludge Blanket Allowance – 6
ft.
Conventional Activated Sludge Tanks – Sludge Blanket of 1 to 2 ft (avg. conditions);
BNR Plants – Keep Minimal Sludge Blanket Depth (< 1.5 ft);
Maintain a Minimum Buffer Distance of 3 feet Between Sludge Blanket Level & Clarifier Surface.
Plants with Wet Weather Peaking Factors > 2.5:
SWD of 14 to 16 ft; Transient Sludge Blanket Allowance – 6
ft.
Conventional Activated Sludge Tanks – Sludge Blanket of 1 to 2 ft (avg. conditions);
BNR Plants – Keep Minimal Sludge Blanket Depth (< 1.5 ft);
Maintain a Minimum Buffer Distance of 3 feet Between Sludge Blanket Level & Clarifier Surface.
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Depth - Surface Overflow Rate Trade-Off
Depth - Surface Overflow Rate Trade-Off
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When Shallow Clarifiers Work? – Reduced Sludge
Inventory
When Shallow Clarifiers Work? – Reduced Sludge
Inventory
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Lower Solids Inventory = Reduced Sludge BlanketLower Solids Inventory = Reduced Sludge Blanket
An Alternative to Deeper Clarifiers or Lower SORs;
Only Suitable When SRT can Be Reduced Significantly (20 to 40 %) w/o Effluent Quality Penalty;
Limited Application for BNR Systems;
Main Reason Why Shallow and Deep Clarifiers May Show Similar Performance.
An Alternative to Deeper Clarifiers or Lower SORs;
Only Suitable When SRT can Be Reduced Significantly (20 to 40 %) w/o Effluent Quality Penalty;
Limited Application for BNR Systems;
Main Reason Why Shallow and Deep Clarifiers May Show Similar Performance.
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RAS and WAS Rate Increase
RAS and WAS Rate Increase
RAS Rate Increase Has Only Temporary Relief Effect and is Limited by Critical Flux;
WAS Increase After Critical Flux is Reached;
Gradual Increase in Essential – “Rat-holing”;
Design RAS Pump Capacity - 120 % of Avg. Dry-Weather Flow or 50% of Peak Wet Weather Flow.
WAS Pump Capacity – Determined by Min SRT Acceptable at Wet Weather Conditions.
RAS Rate Increase Has Only Temporary Relief Effect and is Limited by Critical Flux;
WAS Increase After Critical Flux is Reached;
Gradual Increase in Essential – “Rat-holing”;
Design RAS Pump Capacity - 120 % of Avg. Dry-Weather Flow or 50% of Peak Wet Weather Flow.
WAS Pump Capacity – Determined by Min SRT Acceptable at Wet Weather Conditions.
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Contact StabilizationContact Stabilization
Sludge Moved Out of the Anaerobic Clarifier Blanket
And Shifted to Aerobic Conditions.
Contact Zone – 1 to 2 Hrs of HRTStabilization Zone – 4 to 6 Hrs of HRT
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Step-Feed AerationStep-Feed Aeration
Higher MLSS
Lower MLSS
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Clarifiers & PretreatmentClarifiers & Pretreatment
Influent Pumps (Hydraulic Surges): VFDs; Screw Pumps – Dampen Flow
Variations.
Screens – Type and Size Affects Sludge:
Grinders – 5 to 10 % Sludge Increase. Clarifier Sludge Collection & Withdrawal
Affected; Suction Sludge Withdrawal Not Suitable
for Grinders; Use of Grinders May Plug Lamella
Openings.
Influent Pumps (Hydraulic Surges): VFDs; Screw Pumps – Dampen Flow
Variations.
Screens – Type and Size Affects Sludge:
Grinders – 5 to 10 % Sludge Increase. Clarifier Sludge Collection & Withdrawal
Affected; Suction Sludge Withdrawal Not Suitable
for Grinders; Use of Grinders May Plug Lamella
Openings.
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Grit Chamber Performance Impacts Sludge Quantity and
Quality
Grit Chamber Performance Impacts Sludge Quantity and
Quality Effective Grit Removal Is Essential;
Grit Accumulates in Primary Sludge and Digesters;
Excessive Grit in Primary Sludge May Cause Collector Mechanism Damage;
De-gritting of Primary Sludge Recommended if Grit Chambers are Overloaded/Ineffective;
Aerated Grit Chambers Help Address Sludge Septicity/Excessive H2S;
Good Point of Chemical Addition for Mixing & Flocculation.
Effective Grit Removal Is Essential;
Grit Accumulates in Primary Sludge and Digesters;
Excessive Grit in Primary Sludge May Cause Collector Mechanism Damage;
De-gritting of Primary Sludge Recommended if Grit Chambers are Overloaded/Ineffective;
Aerated Grit Chambers Help Address Sludge Septicity/Excessive H2S;
Good Point of Chemical Addition for Mixing & Flocculation.
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Primary Clarifiers & Nutrient Removal
Primary Clarifiers & Nutrient Removal
Sedimentation Affects BOD : N : P Ratio; Chemical Phosphorus Removal:
Over 90 % of Particulate Phosphorus Could Be Removed;
Use of Iron Salts Also Controls Odors/H2S;
Use of Aluminum Salts Minimizes Phosphate Release in Anaerobic Digesters;
Increased Sludge Amount and Elevated Metal Content;
Reduction in Influent Alkalinity (5.8 mg/mg Al & 2.5 mg/mg Fe);
Excessive Removal Could Hinder Denitrification Due to Nutrient Deficiency.
Sedimentation Affects BOD : N : P Ratio; Chemical Phosphorus Removal:
Over 90 % of Particulate Phosphorus Could Be Removed;
Use of Iron Salts Also Controls Odors/H2S;
Use of Aluminum Salts Minimizes Phosphate Release in Anaerobic Digesters;
Increased Sludge Amount and Elevated Metal Content;
Reduction in Influent Alkalinity (5.8 mg/mg Al & 2.5 mg/mg Fe);
Excessive Removal Could Hinder Denitrification Due to Nutrient Deficiency.
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Use of Primary Clarifiers for Solids Pre-fermentation
Use of Primary Clarifiers for Solids Pre-fermentation
Volatile Fatty Acids
Volatile Fatty Acids
Sludge Recirculation
Regular Removal of Methane Organisms
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Secondary Clarifier Design for Enhanced Nutrient
Removal
Secondary Clarifier Design for Enhanced Nutrient
Removal Apply Conservative SOR – 300 to 600 gpd/sf;
Use Deep Clarifiers – 12 to 16 ft SWD;
Maintain Shallow Sludge Blankets < 1.5 ft/ Leave 0.6 ft of Blanket for Compaction;
Keep Sludge Blanket Retention Time Below 3 Hrs;
Design for High RAS Rates (50 to 75 %);
Provide Anaerobic or Anoxic Selectors to Control Filaments;
Operate at High DO Levels – 2.5 to 3 mg/L;
Apply Conservative SOR – 300 to 600 gpd/sf;
Use Deep Clarifiers – 12 to 16 ft SWD;
Maintain Shallow Sludge Blankets < 1.5 ft/ Leave 0.6 ft of Blanket for Compaction;
Keep Sludge Blanket Retention Time Below 3 Hrs;
Design for High RAS Rates (50 to 75 %);
Provide Anaerobic or Anoxic Selectors to Control Filaments;
Operate at High DO Levels – 2.5 to 3 mg/L;
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Interaction With ThickenersInteraction With Thickeners
Thickening in Deep Primary Clarifiers is OK - 3 to 6 % Solids;
If Influent Prone to Septicity – Use Shallow Clarifiers & Thicken Separately;
Thickening in Secondary Clarifiers Usually Causes More Harm than Good;
Co-thickening in Primary Clarifiers: Suitable for Trickling Filter Sludge; Usually Detrimental for Primary Clarifiers
in WAS Used.
When in Dough – Thicken Separately!
Thickening in Deep Primary Clarifiers is OK - 3 to 6 % Solids;
If Influent Prone to Septicity – Use Shallow Clarifiers & Thicken Separately;
Thickening in Secondary Clarifiers Usually Causes More Harm than Good;
Co-thickening in Primary Clarifiers: Suitable for Trickling Filter Sludge; Usually Detrimental for Primary Clarifiers
in WAS Used.
When in Dough – Thicken Separately!
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Interaction With Anaerobic Digesters
Interaction With Anaerobic Digesters
Homogenous Sludge Feed is of the Essence;
Thicken if Feed Sludge is Below 1 % Solids;
Optimum Primary Sludge Concentration – 4 to 6 %;
Minimize Activated Sludge Production;
Ferric Salt Addition is Effective in Controlling H2S (Ferrous Sulfate – the Best);
Avoid Addition of Chlorine and FeCl3 at the Same Point – Iron Sulfide is Difficult to Settle;
Chemically Enhanced Sedimentation Increases Sludge Quantity.
Homogenous Sludge Feed is of the Essence;
Thicken if Feed Sludge is Below 1 % Solids;
Optimum Primary Sludge Concentration – 4 to 6 %;
Minimize Activated Sludge Production;
Ferric Salt Addition is Effective in Controlling H2S (Ferrous Sulfate – the Best);
Avoid Addition of Chlorine and FeCl3 at the Same Point – Iron Sulfide is Difficult to Settle;
Chemically Enhanced Sedimentation Increases Sludge Quantity.
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Clarifiers & Aerobic Digestion
Clarifiers & Aerobic Digestion
Aerobic Digestion of Primary Sludge is Several Times More Costly than WAS (More Energy);
Thickening is Essential – Aeration Costs Driven by Mixing;
Higher Target Thickening Goals – 4 to 6 % vs. 3 to 4 % for Primary Digesters;
Achilles Heal – Foaming – Control Using Activated Sludge System Selectors.
Aerobic Digestion of Primary Sludge is Several Times More Costly than WAS (More Energy);
Thickening is Essential – Aeration Costs Driven by Mixing;
Higher Target Thickening Goals – 4 to 6 % vs. 3 to 4 % for Primary Digesters;
Achilles Heal – Foaming – Control Using Activated Sludge System Selectors.
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Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions Clarifiers are the “Cross-Roads” of the
Treatment Plant;
Clarifier Performance and Design are Strongly Influenced by:
Wastewater Collection System Type and Performance;
Screening and Grit Removal; Effluent Treatment Goals.
Influent Septicity Most Critical for Primary Clarifier Design;
Solids Inventory Most Critical for Secondary Clarifier Performance;
Optimized Clarifier Operation Is Essential For Cost Effective Solids Handling.
Clarifiers are the “Cross-Roads” of the Treatment Plant;
Clarifier Performance and Design are Strongly Influenced by:
Wastewater Collection System Type and Performance;
Screening and Grit Removal; Effluent Treatment Goals.
Influent Septicity Most Critical for Primary Clarifier Design;
Solids Inventory Most Critical for Secondary Clarifier Performance;
Optimized Clarifier Operation Is Essential For Cost Effective Solids Handling.
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Questions?Questions?Questions?Questions?
Clarifier Design MOP Clarifier Design MOP FD-8FD-8