depth and breadth oceanographers no one knows... every verse... of every translation... in every...
TRANSCRIPT
Depth And Breadth
Oceanographers No one knows . . .
every verse . . . of every translation . . . in every language . . . over a 3400 year period
Old Scottish Proverb
“Greek, Hebrew, and Latin all have their proper place. But it is not at the head of the cross, where Pilate put them, but at the foot of the cross, in humble service to Christ”
Truth is never settled or proven by Greek words or grammar alone
In any language, a text out of context is a pretext “If only I knew the Greek…” We don’t have to know Greek to
know God…but somebody did
NT Writers & Foreign Words
Talitha koumMk.5:41
SiloamJn.9:7
TabithaAc.9:36
MelchizedekHb.7:1-2
I. Difficulties Of Translating
1. Traduttori, traditori
Translators are traitors Traitors betray their country Translators inevitably betray the mean-
ing of the author. A translation does not give complete meaning of original
Mt.26:41, English – Russian – English: “The vodka is fine but the meat is
rotten”
Angels on horseback
British Edition of 4 Maccabees 4:10, “angels on horseback”
British expression forced translators to change it: “angels mounted on horses”
In England, “angels on horseback” is a culinary expression: savoury of oysters wrapped in slices of bacon
Dust of Snow
The way a crowShook down on meThe dust of snowFrom a hemlock treeHas given my heartA change of moodAnd saved some partOf a day I had rued
The way a crowSprinkled meWith the snowy powderFrom a linden treeGave my heartA changing spiritAnd saved one partOf the day which I bewailed
Dust of Snow
The way a crowShook down on meThe dust of snowFrom a hemlock treeHas given my heartA change of moodAnd saved some partOf a day I had rued
The way a crowSprinkled meWith the snowy powderFrom a linden treeGave my heartA changing spiritAnd saved one partOf the day which I bewailed
Illustration: Ga.3:24
No single English word can define function of Jewish law
Schoolmaster & tutor imply a teacher Pedagogue: a household slave whose
duty was to conduct boys of the family to and from school and to superintend their conduct generally
Custodian or attendant are better.
Mr. French ‘School bus’
2. Lexical problems Many words have multiple meanings
“Set”: 194 different meanings [noun 58x; verb 126x; adjective 10x]
“Ball”: sphere; game to play; Cinde-rella; on the ball; have a ball
Latin, ago:
drive do discuss
live spend
Lk.23:23
Lit., with great (mega) voices
StoneMt.27:60
WindJn.6:18
Fish Jn.21:11
CityRv.11:8
Translators’ choices In English, a great voice refers to
quality, not volume. A singer. . . Literal translation of Lk.23:23 confuses Secondary meaning conveys thought
of original writer, but not w. exact word
[N]KJV et al.: with loud voices
hUPOLAMBANW
Take up, welcome, catch up (in speech), suppose Ac.1:9, take up (literal meaning) 3 Jn.8, welcome, receive (take up
from under, i.e., support, brace up, undergird, show hospitality to)
Lk.10:30, catch up (“Taking him up on this….”)
Ac.2:15, suppose
Translation difficulties
Some words in target language are unfamiliar to translators
Target language has no such word that corresponds to the Greek or Hebrew Algonquians: no word for “love”
How to say “wheat” in an area where it doesn’t grow? Substitute “grain”?
(Cf. figs, camels, ice, snow, etc.) “Denarius” (Mt.18:28)
Substitute “peso”? [Might give impression that events took place recently in their own context]
Footnotes help:
A denarius was a day’s wagefor a laborer” – ESV
Context clarifies meaning
Vulgate of Mt.11:5, series of opposites caeci . . . vident, et claudi . . . ambulant leprosi . . . mundantur et surdi . . . audiunt et mortui . . . resurgunt et pauperes . . . evangelizantur
Collection, 1 Co.16:1-2
(logeia) “…not found in profane authors” [Thayer, 379] Thayer lists “Biblical words” [705]
Thayer correctly defines it collection
(based on context) 2nd Century B.C. papyri use the word
in this sense (M-M, xv)
3. Grammatical problems
Passive voice Jack was hit by the ball.
Contrast: The ball hit Jack. Many West African languages have
no passive voice. Translators must supply an agent and an active verb
4. Discourse
Some languages use indirect speech Jn.14:6 in indirect speech–
“Jesus said that He was the way, the truth, and the life”
“Something is lost in translation”
5. Cultural context Job 2:7-9, Job laments unfortunate life. Tonga (Central Africa): blame such woes
on evil spirits They would expect Job & family to
supplicate his ancestral spirits His odd behavior would make them
think he was bewitched, probably by Mrs. Job
Ex.7:13, Pharaoh’s hard heart
In some languages, hard heart means “to be courageous” – a virtue
Translators must find a way to convey the idea that he was stubborn
6. Idioms A saying that cannot be understood by
the individual words that compose it.
“My girlfriend is cool” Uduks of Ethiopia: “worry”
“Do not shiver in your livers; you believe in God, believe also in me” (Jn.14:1)
“Peace” in some languages must be translated, “to sit down in one’s heart”
Biblical Idioms
stingyEvil eye, Dt.15:9
fertileFlow w. milk and
honey, Ex.3:8
restore to honor; execute
Lift up the head, Gn.40:13; 19
sexual relationsKnow, Gn.4:1
prepareGird up loins of mind, 2 Pt.1:13
inconsistent, fickleDouble-minded,
Ja.1:8
cause troubleTurn world upside
down, Ac.17:6
live (influence)Went in and out,
Ac.1:21
become angryEnlarged nostrils,
Ps.76:7
II. The Septuagint
I. Difficulties Of Translating
Translated 200+ B.C.
Met needs of Jews in Egypt who spoke Greek, not Hebrew
Autographs are actually inspired; accurate translations are virtually inspired Acts 2:38 – Greek / English The key: Ac.2:11, faithfully represent
the original
Why is LXX so important?
1. First attempt to reproduce the Scriptures in another language Style: Koine Before the discovery of the Dead
Sea Scrolls (1947), LXX was 1000 years older than earliest Hebrew MS
2. Majority of NT writers quote it
More than 300 quotations Approved examples of quoting from
a translation 1 Pt.2:7 (LXX), 8 (MT). Ac.2:11
3. NT reflects LXX influence
Both content and vocabulary Augustus and Tiberius scorned the title
“Lord”; it contradicted Roman concep-tion of the empire as a principate LXX: 6000+ times of JHVH NT: In reign of Nero (Ac.25:26) “Lord”
increases in frequency in NT as title of Jesus (cf. Ph.2:9, 11)
4. LXX helped evangelize world
Alexander spread the Greek language around the world. LXX prepared people for the coming Messiah Jews rejected the LXX about AD 100
Ac.8:32-33, word for word from LXX
of Is.53:7-8
5. Clarifies many NT words
“Church” does not occur in OT, but the same Greek word, so common in NT, occurs about 100 times (LXX)
6. Contributes to understandingof OT passages
Gn.3:15, seed of woman who would defeat Satan in LXX is “he,” not “it”
Is.7:14, LXX uses term that undoubt-edly means virgin
Dt.32:43, quoted in Hb.1:6, “let all the angels of God worship Him” (LXX and DSS; not in MT)