Street
cases
opponents,
but
every
look,
and
movement,
and
ges-
ture
broken
English.
It
was,
going to
Greek
and
Oriental
Steam
whilst the
warning.
Should
self-
defence.
With
the
part
of
we
Mr. Edward Gomiey,
Hercules, the Milo,
a
brisk
others, as we enjoyed
truth,
that
the commercial
Navigation
Company.
mili-
tary
early
studies,
I
found
no
inspection
of
was
£10,000
per
to all
was
no
written
contract
small for
of the
Com-
pany.
orphans of
Mr.
Panton,
that
they
had
entitled
to
the
steamer,
it
was
the
steamers ;
a comparison
The
exorbi-
tant
items
in
especially now
that they
hold large
at
Constan-
Lascaridi
and
Co.
The
reasons
he
gave
partner in
was to
Mr.
John
Preston,
Pile
and
Co.,
who
accompanied
brought
board
the
I
may
perhaps
at the
bills
in
bills
with
the
sig-
acceptances
of
the
commenced
to import, for
of
when
It was
of
Osel,
my
pos-
months
for
the
tons
; the
Navigation
Company.
To
my
cannot go,
by the
addition of
the steamers
Smyrna and
large
steamers,
crave your
few explanatory remarks
up to
to
be
added
to
scribers may
wish to
send from
(jewels
to
another.
 With
Oriental Steam Navigation
men of
regularity, and
the
not
have
sent
for
him.
be so
would not
:
am
letter signed, that
and Oriental,
to
these
gentlemen
when
learn
all
about
these
transactions,
but
accounts
to
be
a
concern
of
Lascaridi
and
after-
wards
played
a
great
role
of
the
do
you
1 Do
advanced
money
are
worthless
heard
house
of
Oriental.
Ah,
and
with
 
Steam
who
had
enabled
these
vessels
to
to
vanity
betrayed
his
interests.
The
undertakings that
individuals,
was
struggled
into
com-
mercial
steamers
was
hints and innu-
other
into fuel to
caridi
and
Co.
to
start
as
such
an
enterprise
the
books
of
London
Shipping
Company,
Jason, Hydaspis, and Calcutta.
Steam
Navigation
took
Mr.
John
Orrell
them,
through
Mr.
Edwards
then started
Messrs. Overend,
end of money. Shortly afterwards Messrs.
Overend, Gurney, and Co.; under the advice of Mr. Edwards, esta-
blished
substituted
for
many.
The
house
to
enter
into
received.
I
do
not
of
the
Galway
Company,
leviathan
capitalists
killed
tons
register,
and
1000
horse-power.
These
steamers
What
moneys
had
Company
from
vitality of the
ambitious,
but
would
pluck,
I
cannot
say
best he
way
very colophon
of success;
Avhen she
and
endeavoured
projects.
What
says
the
Greek
proverb :
it
was
with
Lascaridi.
Mysterious
take his
Antony,
who,
when
his
feasting
the
Roman
million and
was
by
the
hand
Mr.
Henry
myself:
nothing to
by steam from
My
plan
with
large
credits.
Mr.
Avho
office, then
was wrecked in the Baltic,
he
at
had no commercial
sagacious man,
above all
this, he
But,
though
he
projects,
hopes,
and
expressions
of
devotedness,
of
those
men
called
magazzinieri
(warehousemen),
was not
the 15th
never
advanced
salary
Messrs.
believed
his
auditory
We
spent
modation.
I
declined.
fortune
waited
Theologos
from
the
first
One
was
open,
the
business,
Stokar's
rage
was
and the
All this
Stokar
could
not
produce
a
satisfactory
balance-sheet.
Besides,
his
late
proceedings
at
Galatz
paid money
with more
done
this,
I
should
to
meet
urgent
profitable than
more
were
upon
he
said.
sell,
at
the
present
profit,
the
corn
of
any
other
commercial
name
constantly in
the brilliant
harvest.
But
it
is
not
sufficient
for
a
merchant
conscientiously
devoted
a
further
added
that
I
social
scale.
It
obliged to give security
profits.
When
him
his
firm,
he
referred
me
to
office
at
No.
4,
Abchurch
Lane.
intend to
of
a
shares
to
oblige
him,
very
steamers to
holders
of
my
large
bills,
the
builders
would
look
appealed to
pon-
toon
from
AbchurchLane
They
wiU
discount
the
bills
for
per
annum.
I
make
that
you
can come of
possess
so up
in difficulties.
I shall
was
about
this
time
on
the
brink
to risk the
alone,
amount
to
£143,332
19s.
4d.*
£30,307 10s.; in
of
the
of
and
and
best
the chief
Watkin
Edwards,
his
than
once,
the
good
the
two
other
the
morning till four
save
the
or in
These
went
trigues have
This is no
were
used
this
room
comptoirs
and
the
it
was
based
and we had
unfortunately,
and
without
my
Galway
Companj^
would
Mr. Lascaridi
The
contrary
the
more
his
expedition
to
China,
at
the
end
of
eighteen
not
money,
and
wanting
the
necessary
—
prove
to
you
by
our
Mr.
Barker.
I
said
without
curing
it,
because
and,
having
shall
neglect
the only
thousand
pounds
vessel's
freight
hands
the
mortgages
of
all
our
steamers.
Fourthly.
—Not
so a
advanced
the Greek and
it
has
its
not last long. It wiU be a clear and net
imposition on
to
life,
I
shall
come
give
me
any
assistance
said
to
me
out
you refuse
my proposition,
to pay
business,
as
some
to
Mr. Henry Edmund
time
Mr.
Edwards
sum
at
once,
out
of
the
room.
six
months  
I
would
the money
another
asked
to
any
differ-
ence
to
you
the
had
them
to
cheque,
official
kept in
by
 
me to reflect
in future,
security I had to
was
an
old
acquaintance
dispelled
by
a
certain
eventful
conversation.
portion of
did not
an iota
time Mr.
George Lascaridi
of
London.
I
awaited
who had
office
me by saying,
Messrs.
Overend,
Gurney,
and
Co.'s
business,
Xenos
we do
 
^
he
and was
could
get
as
much
money
I had
no objec-
into any
into the hands
company
on
a
Mr.
Henry
I have no objection
that I
matrimony
and
crew.
If
you
have
entering
into
4d,
return
you
the
accordance
any grain speculations
such
speculation.
All
the
same
day
profit
on
freight
which
agent,
Mr.
With
regard
nothing
but
the
Sublime
by
Mr.
I
must,
however,
to
receive,
with the
caridi
to
the
books
and
to
to be accepted or cheques drawn, or any new business
created
fleet,
except
gentlemen
which
I
signed
that
and
Chapman,
would have
receive,
from Mr.
I
can
and
paid
before
He
superin-
tended
tinue
to
support
had to
to
placed,
as
disgraceful
conduct
soil
destined to
I esta-
narrate
in
due
order.
Let
British
Star
began
to
;
discovered that
Steam
Navigation
Company
in the
not know it at time,
to
no arithmetical
you not
the
position
of
our
:
 
Lascaridi was
got
in,
remained
kiUing
steamers,
have
had
against
of the
me as a
1857,
just
three
office
business,
said
Mr.
Edwards,
sterling.
said
I,
although
I
Edwards
not
to
off'er
red
wine
to
been
forbidden
to
drink
it
himself.
Steam
Navigation
the
papers
of
the
yacht
Penelope,
at
has ever
increased
in
value
sent at
Edwards's commercial
Mr.
added,
however,
letter took it into the
inner office, remained
was
that
me
1861,
up
to
which
time,
proved
by
reference
to
the
drew
on
was more
consequence. The small
see
as
the
British
Star,
as
Greek
trade
of
the
Greeks
of
London
formed
a
formidable
clique,
and
Gurney, and Co.
than
equinoctial
hurricane.
The
scarcely
keep
end
of
the
world
merely
were
the acts
day
between
Mr.
David
Ward
silence.
of
Henry Barker.
a
splendid
balance
at
credit, whilst
steamers. The orders
I
believe
it
was
with
others
sums
and called
this disgraceful
conduct of
I
called
out
hastily
more
than
money
that
great
satisfaction.
the
great
interest
Messrs.
and bring
Chapman's
money.
After
scruples
to-night,
to
arrange
the
to
cover
this
day's
had pressed
However,
I
a longbeard is
of
being
£18,000,
pen
no
warmth
from
the
position
 
they
were
worth
never
asked
to
see
a
caridi to
interests
of
Gurneys   they
Lascaridi, for, after
I
was,
as
well
as
Lascaridi
's,
induced
those of the
having
made
a
similar
I never
a
the
renards
they
must
mutual
con-
to take
that the property
Co.
to
them.
They
their
construction.
(See
Ap-
pendix,
Nos.
come
to.
Edwards
was
tremu-
lous.
Gurney
were
two
of
men
in
great
firm—
one
who
that
water
was
already
in
now
trying
signed
were
the
the depositor
sought to
the rate of interest
contracts
in
that
Oriental
Steam
Navigation
Company.
My
I
persevered
in
carrying
out
their
intentions
they
should
remember
that
the
assured
proposed
as I
whose energies
my steamers
being locked up in
perplexity
arising
from
the
of
cases
the
money
advanced
was
remained,
big
bills
which their legal
adviser, the great
firm,
as
he
had
already
tried
had
the
misfortune
recommended
Navigation
Company,
of
acceptances. '
room
where
tell you.
You have
in
his share of the
cheque for
Verily,
verily,
up
grounds to
think they
did-want money.
speak of it
silent and
breach
of
faith
bought
and
chartered
to
transfer
the
remainder
of
ness.
not
what
Chapman
and
Edwards
the
 
A property
that brings
has
mighty
firm
that
I
knew
upon
the
belief
was thrown
smallest cloud
busily
applied
himself
to
business.
The
worthy
ship,
in
the
circular.
you
can.
I
do
opinion.
Often
verite,
Quo
I'oreillc
des
of
small
ves-
sels.
steamers
on
could find
Zachariah Pearson
American
War
was
then
at
its
height.
Mr.
of
the
flotilla.
It
was
a
mad
were of
of water.
riah
stripped
Russia
Chambers,
98,
High
Street,
He
had
this
fleet of ships
of the
the Indian
Empire, the
know
that
had
been
transferred
to
Zachariah
had
received
arrives when
terrupted
me
you want.
and
en-
gaged
whose
eye
gave
abundant
British Star should not
it, but
Star was
in my office
rapidly.
We
gave
Theologos
purchases
a
Mr.
Paul
Pry
in
them.
;
with those
Edwards
or
Greek
and
Oriental
Steam'
Navigation
Company
was
divided.
I
thought
saw
a
change
come
Steam
Navigation
Company
at
shilling
additional
^
forward
all
hope
of
was
a
main-
stay
to
never
understood
in
obstinately refusing
had
known
were tyran-
of the salt
shall return to
by Messrs.
much as
other merchants
three
turn
to
affairs.
If
I
date
my
two
clerks
on the
Danube in
the
transaction
Co., and
&c. They
as
before in those of Mr. Henry
Barker. My property,
and
who,
when
money
was
the
the
policy
of
insurance,
in my
for the
occasion
fast
drifting
towards
Henry
Barker
had
precipitated
so many
which
Mr.
with a
long
been
sus-
I foresaw
fact,
Mr.
Henry
Barker
occurred
two
tive
was
dis-
satisfied
with
Messrs.
1st
demand
for
to the Govern-
to
was
future
off,
working
like
a
with the
the
use of
small steamers
1860,
it
was
Edwards,
Mr.
Lascaridi,
losses
?
hand, and threatened
my
who appointed
wants ?
He
never
came
now acts, this busi-
and in
and
honourably
the
stores,
the
builders
thou-
opened
at
the
last
to
even the
reasonable
sell
or
and Co., and
£2500.
his
own
folly.
and their
better
price
for
my
private
cargo
found I did
the cat's
had
lost
thousands
through
Mincing
Lane
partner
whom
recommend me
influence.
Could
I
have
smile, and
when
buying
and Co., the bills of
lading
to
frenzy
now,
and
consequently
determined
to
break
off
time,
that
Messrs.
Overend,
I then asked him,
law.
property is nearly
immediately,
but
he
said
at
last,
in the meantime,
opportunity of say-
and
the
money
received
ness,
was
did
not
seem
pleased
when
the motives that induced me
to
policy. He
at
the
excited
recourse
to
a
of
British
institu-
tions
the throne of
been loudly
Otho
was
laboriously
but his
British
Star,
a
spark
amongst
combustible
materials.
The
flames
of
England
and
was
enthusiastic
enough
to
objec-
tions
England
to
bestir
each
wished
to
work
according
those
verbose
the
these
Greek
firms
with
whom
to
give
to
this
committee
an
my
brain
that
of
nine in
me. I
literally
to
cut
me
in
two.
I had
away
from
health
should
recover
its
former
which
tude, want
You
will
possibly
smile
rose of a
subject of some
I
most
dreaded
it
was
moral
began
vision—
organs
of
my
frame.
At
one
time
glass.
I
I dis-
torment
was
hypochondriacal
desire
for
nutri-
ment
stomach,
exhibited
in
paroxysms
of
Galatz,
invited
by
me
to
assist
now
returned
from
of
the
Xenos, residing
noblest
little strength, I
physicians,
that
dyspepsia
was
the
sole
cause
of
my
they
disposed
of
my
fashion
three
ago,
that
£50,000
with They
immediately resolved
had
done
with
others
pro-
perty
out
of
my fleet and
was, surrounded by political
lading
to
theOverends
whelming
commercial
prevented
me
so.
But
let
us
return
to
the
affairs
of
the
Overend,
Gurney,
did
able to keep
winding up
of the
have
no
intention
of
partner
of
insolvents.
Insolvents
and what I
some-
of
£250,000
to
£300,000.
So,
the
Shipping
Company.
Did
they
at
£100,000.
have
been
by
by
such
transactions.
was
not
difficult
me
them
and
the
safe,
took
my
hat
and
hurried
into
the
play
debit
and
credit
columns.
the morrow
it,
and
loss
of
yoi;r office as the
is
and
the
for
him,
Manuel,
to be
Mr. Barker,
said
about
that
? Still
I
protected
have had
that,
settled,
gentleman
for
whom
I
have
Mr. Edwards, to oblige
many other thousand pounds'
of others.
Mr. D.
steamers to you. After I had done so,
he said
day
said
of property
within his
the French Consul,
these
accounts.
and,
rogues collected round
Company'? And
there
was
really
Do
they
house perfectly
; but there
patience' and
anxious to
was
before me the task of
scaling
for
it.
But
I
a
the
medium of
lines
in
the
handwriting
various items
loud voice
from my
Ward Chapman was
I
Birchin Lane.
hands
hundreds
of
Chapman
was
silent
and
calm.
bringing
a
that
you
would
do
something
in the most cruel position,
for
Now, dear
Mr. Edwards,
affairs
solicitor,
to
see
you
moment
my
life
is
the world
calcu-
lated
to
send
me
came
to
Had
this
company, all
the bills,
debts
of
the
Greek
and
Oriental
Steam
Navigation
Company,
and
to
assist
you
in
settlement,
Ave
do
hereby
cause
us
to
be
retained
as
the
agents
trust you
my successor,
as I
sum
of
£2500.
as
I
was,
I
gave
connexion
on
name.
They
were
and
of
food.
I
afterwards
Steam
Navigation
AND
CO.
a
the
name
of
the
Greek
wrote
Athens
long
letter
we
As
that
he
reasons
place,
him
have
spoken
Pray
Did
I
not
mention
youi'
faithful
Ross
? Did
the
company
and fear
ask
a
favour
from
them.
opinion. I shall give
was
ceived
letters
these
epistles,
I
felt
like
the
wounded
though
their hands,
Greece.
I
Alfred
by
the
Hellenes
a
respect-
able
never
and
develop
her
resources.
These
reflections
were
even
during
my
not, so to speak,
working.
Now,
neither
in
Greece
to con-
being profitable, were
aid them in
passengers
to
and
;
paying,
for the
construction of
ap-
them slow in
of
required
arable
land,
I
must
subject
Chambers
to
proper basis
the
sented by
my enemies.
was
placed
Chambers,
and
to
concessions
marketable
in
England.
Had
these
concessions
been
carried
into
effect,
would they
that
His
Majesty
could
not
:
 
words
to
shoulder,
or
catching
you
as you
instinctively retreat
gutter,
 What,
Polypathis
are
firm.
Potomac, I
A few
by
the
brokers,
and
as
many
shares
of London who
I must say that
£2500.
The
but
not
judgment.
I
it
was
made a gi'eat
communicated
by
some
great
has recovered
in the
the
Freehold
would
inaction induced by
the
£2500
of
many
a
group
of
bewildered
Greeks.
My friend M lost all his gaiety.
He
smoked
cabbage-leaf
cigars
through
economy.
Caught
like
shoulders.
and
or
four
in
a
lower
tone
and
chapter,
stock,
gentle-
men
soon
persuaded
and
sell
shares
in
these
new
shares
naturally
went
to
rise.
I
will
give
an
to
join
the
broken-down
^jetit
expecting
the
shares
to
rise
were
easily
the
rise
and
fall
of
received.
In
a
new
not
what.
But
these
in
these
transactions,
they
had
recourse
that
of
the
Cabirian
mysteries
of
the
Lombard
Street
every respect
distinguished
keen
antagonists
But now
the
pillars
of
Hercules,
that lay beyond.
held these passes
came sud-
ancient
days.
of the Stock
many
good
concerns
the unenlightened
had
been
entrapped
great
the
leading
houses
in
Koman
attached
to
these
he is
every fortnight
of
all
these
disadvantages,
with
the
Legislature.
Greek
and
Oriental,
line.
The
second
engineer
pany expired
about the
bered
seven.
Liverpool merchant,
the
expiring
throes
of
a
to
induce
any
of
only
in
my
imagination
; that
ought
to
 
of
perspicacity
sufficient
to
discern
that
the
Cyclopean
statue
on
which
he
gazed
with
awe
was
not
indeed
a
divinity.
The
human
race
is
essentially
the
same
under
all
those
social
changes
that
we
call
out a steam
public from
Thomas
and
Hollams,
I
what Mr. Hollams
a
transit
named shores, and receive
agents
conjointly,
shipped
on
internal
com-
account, and those
that trade on
majority
would give me their
national one, and
would be
Company, because it
knew I
I
had
wholly
over-
by
the course
of conversation
I mentioned
do
better
than
accept
certain
certainly not.
sent me
inst. ; also
the copy
of your
he
has
suffered
greatly,
and
been
unjustly
persecuted
by
Wishing
you
happiness,
I
am,
Your
friend,
(Signed)
they were as patriotic
noblemen
and
honourable
years,
I
can
speak
calmly
on
the
British
in-
been
through
a
and
the
amicable
relations
existing
settled
in
1863,
the
East would
Ward
another clerk
who,
1847,
with
liabilities
amounting
to
£62,254
Is.
odour
a
Brothers,
Manchester,
the display of daggers
gentlemen at
they
purported
to
injustice
that
those
who
of
those
parties,
in
the
earlier
Chapman, when
he was
in
grain
speculations
1
there
show
Overend,
Gurney,
and
Co.,
purchased
by
the
capitalists,
and
in
the
present
estate
the
power
of
Edward
Watkin
Edwards
to
make
his
servant
or
employe,
me
1
However,
is the real author
any
of
their
rela-
tives,
by
whom, in
to
Archipelago
called
loudly, and
the rats
knew instinctively
So away
others
took
to
the
Meanwhile
the
crafty
vital organs, and,
overhanging
rocks,
bristling
private reasons,
will
not
who
may be
studied in
their most
to
the
eye
of
your
experiences
might
have
London, I
about
gladiators are
knocks
improve
the
vision
and
marvelled
at
the
dexterity
of
his
condemned
him.
the
amount
victim,
a
life
with the
assurance
is
boundless.
He
he must
of
credit
and
Mr.
D
found
out,
for
the
first
turn
given
a
and
from
town,
politics
are
house
that
litanies
of
his
praise
are
for
or
what
he
deems
him
short-
sighted
club or
words
upon
at the Foreign or
visits. Mr. John
also
ference you
tool
becomes the tool
myself,
was
astonished
and rarely troubled
equalled
his
forbearance,
from the
sented.
His
my poor
back
bills
fell
due
of
the
shaky
merchants,
passed.
As
the
melting-houses
into the
hands of
sol-
vent,
bill debts, goods for part of which he had not
yet paid. But the strangest circumstance in the case
was, that he gave
the greatest
they will rise
I
late
employer's
occupation
of
the
leather
trade.
He
discounted
Jackson
had
gone.
that
I
wine merchant.
Would you
French
say,
Mr.
Stanley.
I
remembered
that
I
of the
commercial
what
traders
when
certain
sufficient
quantities
to
vie
with
the
old
branch of
trade, wrest
Ameri-
those
causes
that paid
a
conqueror.
I
have
seen
heroes
that
victims
confusion
the
motto
of
These
state,
The
earthquake
that
at
remote
points
than
at
localities still
issue
orders
in
houses
—
living in an
obscure house in
of
the
crisis.
Were
I
tion.
Mrs.
endeavoured
to be
supposed that
best,
and
as
were
horrified
offered.
When
fortunate.
She
with him-
united,
Mr.
Polycrates
 
gusted the daughters;
steeds, Blondin
Good
Friday.
I
should
be
doing
injustice, if
cottage.
Once
became
his
wife,
to
make
five
pounds'
com-
mission,
or
hoping
to
induce
me
change
public
exchanged
their
sterling
capi-
same
at
his
fleet,
tiHv
kK(jaaTr}v
tov
TroXiTiafxevov
KOfffXOV.
/3'.)
Tci
ay-
yXiKiov
fioyXwy,
Siaipelffdai els rpia eirlcTrjs
Tijjy,
jjiepos
avru
6a
rojuov,
KCU
Tujy
CiaKeKpiixiyuy
KoD'WJ'f'oS.
To
?*/
eXeovs, ottws
pixp)] Toy
to be with
the
terms
by
way
of
mortgage
or
the said
you
that they
have no
claim on
they have
and shelter.
from
consumption,
it
Ovorcnd,
Gurney,
and
Co.,
who
demand,
sum
of
of
be
and
in
£1700, due 26th
and Hoare on the Greek and Oriental Steam Navigation Com-
pany, and of your carrying
out
 We
trust
us,
which
you
may
arrange-
ment
G.
on a
form, and
I
repeat,
money.
I
within
me
life may
misinterpreted; therefore,
are to me infinitely
heavy.
Now,
why
15,000
qrs.,
and
have
here.
We
Is.
and 37s. 6d.
per qr., free on bo^ard here for these wheats. This is
no
in itself speaks volumes.
no
use
to
wilfidly
as
he
wiU,
sure,
the
con-
tinuance
of
and
more
permitted
that
has he
<£15
more,
not
me.
Whilst
nothing I hate
but the case
so
am
thoroughly
satisfied.
excuse the
to
be
the
case.
man
the business here is done with the greatest amount of
attention wc
and
with
have been avoided.
I
arrival in London will personally confirm
my
statement
stores from
Carr and
Yours most truly,
Government for
entitled
to
which
19,
to
pay
the
money
to
him,
firm and your
we
Co.
We
remain,
wiU
forward
the
same
to
case
in
bills
of
sale
bearing
even
date
here-
with,
said
sum of One
of
money,
Oriental
interest,
claim,
his executors,
Edwards, his executors,
or knowingly
that
said
executors,
and
administrators,
any debts
Stefanos
Xenos,
de-
mands,
costs,
Xenos,
and
demands
whatsoever,
which
of the
>StEPANOS XkNOS.
Any
surplus
in
the
name
and
defend any
actions, suits,
of his aforesaid
Stefanos Xenos, and one
effectually,
in
all
done
also
of
declare that I have not
concealed
Greek and
claims),
of the company. And I make
this
and
by
virtue
His
to make
SxEFANOs Xenos.
No. 35.
the
following
documents
on
Xenos's
name
name is withdrawn from
of
your
letters
of
17th,
19th,
and
20th
ult.,
contents
of
company,
or
the
alternative.
Yours,
ago
3/.
viz.,
6/.
less.
not to go
Oriental
in
(as
T
I yesterday refused
the
same
to
its ports, and
guarautee this appointment
you
(Signed)
Stepaitos
Xenos.
No.
46.
Oriental
opportunity to thank
you most sincerely
to make
respect
of
drafts
of
full satisfaction.
night, and I trust they
will
cause has
ready
as
promised
to
me,
the
received
from
 
of
his
clients,
was
calculated
to
produce.
I
would
not
say
a
principle
is
involved,
it
would
be
a
of Ballantine
the firm,
made.
At
with
the
most
casual
consul-
evi-
dence.
Edwards,
as
this large
payment is
concern,
confidentially
engaged
in
private con-
versations with
or other,
regards
the
such
circumstances?
Would
you
not
have
soothed
him
down
in
those
accounts
and
their
D.
any firm called
required such