department infrastructure, helping …...the effects of waste disposal on groundwater quality in...

The effects of wastedisposal on groundwater

quality in Tasmania

The effects of wastedisposal on groundwater

quality in Tasmania

Tasmanian Geological

Survey Record 2002/17

NHT Funded Project

NLP 13188

Overview

Report

MINERAL RESOURCESTASMANIA

DEPARTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE,

ENERGY RESOURCES

of

and

Tasmania

NaturalHeritage

TrustHelp ing Communi t i e s

He lp ing Aus t ra l i a

While every care has been taken in the preparation of this report, no warranty is given as to the correctness ofthe information and no liability is accepted for any statement or opinion or for any error or omission. No readershould act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained herein. Readers should consult professionaladvisers. As a result the Crown in Right of the State of Tasmania and its employees, contractors and agentsexpressly disclaim all and any liability (including all liability from or attributable to any negligent or wrongfulact or omission) to any persons whatsoever in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by any suchperson in reliance whether in whole or in part upon any of the material in this report.

Executive Summary

In designing waste disposal sites the different types of waste to be accommodated must be considered, withdifferent designs being required for different waste streams. Historically, the risks of polluting groundwater, soil orair have rarely been considered when selecting sites and drawing up the engineering designs for Tasmanian wastedisposal activities (Gentizen, 1990a). Evidence of past sub-optimal practices was found during this study.

A project brief for this study is outlined in Appendix 1. An initial desktop study resulted in the identification of176 waste disposal sites around Tasmania. A list of information used to assess each site is outlined in Appendix 2(additional licensed and unlicensed sites may also exist). Of these sites, 126 were considered to be worth furtherinvestigation, with detailed investigations being made at ten of these sites. Detailed investigations were notundertaken at the majority of the sites identified by the initial study.

Ten site-specific reports, identifying hydrogeological settings and investigation results at the respective sites,were published. An additional site was investigated as a potential clay resource for compacted clay barriers and/orland restoration. Two supplementary reports outlined deeper groundwater systems in the vicinity of two initiallyinvestigated sites. All thirteen reports are listed in Appendix 3.

The storage and management infrastructure for waste appears to be the cause of groundwater pollution in thevicinity of two sewage lagoons (Bridport and Smithton) and five landfill sites (Scottsdale, Port Sorell, Port Latta,McRobies Gully and Chapel Street). Site specific issues affect the nature and extent of the contamination at each ofthese locations. Off-site discharges of polluted surface water were also identified at three of the landfill sites (PortSorell, Scottsdale and McRobies Gully). Within the selective hydrological systems investigated, several dissolvedmetals (lead, manganese, nickel and zinc) and non-metallic inorganic compounds (ammonia and nitrate) notablyexceeded the 95% protection level trigger values for toxicity in freshwater [Australian and New Zealand Guidelines forfresh and marine water quality (ANZECC AND ARMCANZ, 2000), Table 3.4.1]. An organophosphorus pesticide(Diazinon) significantly exceeded the guideline relevant 95% protection level trigger value in surface water at theScottsdale waste depot.

As some investigations have identified large volumes of saturated fill (e.g. McRobies Gully and Port Sorelllandfill sites), future research should include consideration of the shear parameters and density of geotechnicalwaste settings in historical landfills. Where a potential risk of slope failure in waste fill is identified, considerationshould be given to long-term stabilising elements such as additional capping, anchors or sealing layers anddrainage blankets. The provision of down-gradient buffer zones in council planning schemes should beinvestigated.

Recommendations to assist in the implementation of best practice environmental management at Tasmanianwaste disposal sites, and the management of associated ecological risks, are outlined in Section 4 of this report. Keyissues requiring attention include surface water controls and positioning fill material above the water table.Management options of existing plumes may vary significantly in approach and cost, from monitored naturalattenuation (MNA) to permeable treatment beds, and pump and treatment. Future engineering designed barriersystems (liners and capping) will require quality control measures at the planning stage, during installation, andon-going monitoring to verify the integrity of the infrastructure.

Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 2002/17 1

The effects of waste disposal ongroundwater quality in Tasmania

An overview of NHT funded projectNLP13188

A. R. Ezzy

DEPARTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE,

ENERGY RESOURCES

of

and

Tasmania

Mineral Resources Tasmania

Tasmanian Geological Survey

Record 2002/17

NaturalHeritage

TrustHelp in g Commu n i t i e s

He l p i ng Au s t r a l i a

Section 1: Project Findings

Introduction

Key characteristics of Australia’s groundwaterresources have been described by Young and Evans(1998):

� it is a hidden resource and therefore its processes aredifficult to precisely identify;

� under most Australian conditions it is slow moving,with typical rates of movement of 0.1 to 1 metre peryear;

� it is broad scale from local processes (metres tokilometres) to regional processes (tens ofkilometres);

� natural contamination is common (e.g. nickel levelsabove guideline limits in basalts) and hence, thedefinition of what level of contamination isunacceptable is frequently difficult to define;

� diffuse pollutants do cumulate when multiple pointsources exist in an area; and

� most pollution is irreversible and subsequentlyrequires a conservation approach to management ofthe resource.

Pollution of groundwater by liquid or solid wastesfrom existing or proposed waste activities isconsidered to be an issue of great concern (Zezhong,1993). Small amounts of landfill leachate can pollutelarge amounts of groundwater, rendering the resourceunusable for domestic and many other purposes (Leeand Jones-Lee, 1996). A plume of pollutant is oftenpresent down-gradient from landfill sites. This plumecan be recognised by elevated chemical components inthe groundwater, which have been derived from theprogressive breakdown and leaching of the waste.Allen (1998) states that a dilute and disperse strategy,although currently out of favour, is more likely toachieve sustainability. A ‘bio-reactor’ approach tolandfills (increasing the rate of organic breakdown inthe waste) still requires further research in Australia(Yuen, 2001).

Sewage effluent treatment ponds contain a hydraulichead and if unlined can allow diffuse contamination ofgroundwater in surrounding soil and bedrock.Organic concentrations and microbiologicalcharacterist ics of the eff luent can causephysico-chemical changes in soil, as a result of thenutrient and pathogen levels in the groundwater(Dawes and Goonetilleke, 2001).

The general risk assessment method forgroundwater contamination is the application of the‘hazard— pathway—target’ model. Risk analysis,evaluation, migration, ecotoxicity and bio-availabilityare all essential elements within the model (Correll,2001) . A risk assessment of groundwater

contamination by waste disposal activities shouldinclude consideration of:

� Pollution point source(s) — waste composition,saturation level, hydraulic retention time andrelated water ecotoxicity.

� Transport pathways from the pollution pointsource(s) — preferred flow paths throughunconsolidated sedimentary and consolidatedfractured aquifers, existing surface water andman-made drainage systems, gas discharges to theatmosphere, and collection infrastructure to wastewater treatment plants.

� Contamination enrichment systems (traps/receptors) — bio-availability of down-gradienttransport contamination pathways.

Investigations undertaken as part of this project haveidentified processes currently used in Tasmania for theecological risk assessment of waste disposal activities(fig. 1). A scoping, screening and definitive ecologicalrisk assessment provides risk estimates and otherpertinent information to the risk manager andstakeholders. Each assessment has its own logic,determined by the types of information available andthe decisions to be made (Suter, 2000).

Thom (2001a) has identified that the economics oflandfilling in metropolitan Australia do not recoverthe expenditure costs and regulators should considerincineration facilities.

Summary abstracts fromprevious reports

Ten waste disposal sites, at various locations aroundTasmania (fig. 2), were examined in detail and reportsprepared. These reports detail the history of each site,management practices, hydrology, geology,investigation methods (including drilling), surfaceand groundwater chemistry, conceptualhydrogeological models, principal conclusions andrecommendations for further work. The abstracts ofthese site-specific investigations are below.

Smithton (Blue Ribbon) abattoir

Poor weather conditions prevented access for thedrilling of an appropriate number of boreholes toassess groundwater quality in the area of the SmithtonBlue Ribbon abattoir disposal sites. Only limited datawere collected at the site and extensive work is stillrequired to assess surface and groundwater qualityand related environmental implications.

Chapel and Jackson Street wastedepots, Glenorchy

The Chapel and Jackson Street waste depots landfillfootprints are located on Permian sedimentary


Figure 1

Flow chart illustrating the existing processes for ecological risk assessment ofwaste disposal activities in Tasmania.


Evaluation ofmanagement options

implemented Return tostart

User payssystem Federal

funds

Funding sources

Budget based onrisk assessment

Pro-active approachPositive politicalpublic relations

Beware not to increaseecological risk

Sub consultants

PoliticalPressure

Federal Law

State Law

Humanresources

Regulator

Assessment and Permitconditions based on above

Consultant documentation

Consultant

Tender

Legal entity

Responsibility

Cheapest available technologynarrowly avoiding prosecution

(CATNAP)

Availablefunds

FloraFauna

Humanhealth

Bio-availability

Management of ecological risk

Existing site specificecological risk

Dig and dump

Host landfill environmentalperformance

Permeable reactivebarriers (PRB)

Monitored NaturalAttenuation (MNA)

HumanResources

Short termlowest cost

Containment infrastructure

Drainage controls

Claycapping

Pump andtreat

Leachateponds

Public relationsrisk

Scope ofinvestigations

Review ofdocumentation

Financial risk

Financial, political andecological risk remain

ongoing issues

Ignore

consolidated rocks and Jurassic dolerite, whichcontain heterogenous fractured bedrock aquifers.Groundwater at the toe of the Chapel Street landfillfootprint is elevated in chloride, ammonia, manganeseand total petroleum hydrocarbon fraction C10–C14.Migration rate will be related to the fracture widthswithin the aquifers. No evidence of majorgroundwater contamination was identified around theJackson Street landfill. Geophysical surveys haveidentified the extent of the Chapel Street waste depotand an area of partial clay capping. The saturationlevel of fill material within the Chapel Street landfillhas on-going risk management implications, relatingto stability and the local urban environment.

McRobies Gully waste depot, Hobart

The McRobies Gully waste depot is a landfill locatedin a valley close to the suburb of South Hobart. Datawere collected for the site, including the testing of 14groundwater bores within or adjacent to the landfill. Itwas found that water within the landfill containedsome contaminants at levels significantly greater thanbedrock water, but generally at the lower end of therange considered typical of operating landfills.Analysis of chemical signatures and water levelsindicated limited hydraulic connection between filland bedrock waters and generally only minor effectson groundwater quality.

A localised impact of high nitrate concentrations wasobserved in groundwater adjacent to the western gullyof the landfill. Surface water inflows to the fill appearcritical in the management of the site. Slope stability ofthe filled material and the associated level of risk wereidentified as issues requiring further investigation.

Port Latta waste depot

The Port Latta waste depot is a disposal site forgeneral and hazardous waste materials. The localgroundwater table slopes away from the site northtowards Bass Strait. The regolith profile and relatedengineering grades of the clay material effects rechargeto the fractured bedrock aquifer. Groundwater qualityin the area of the leachate ponds is degraded. On-goingmonitoring and changes in the engineering design (i.e.filling sequence, surface water controls and leachatepond infrastructure) are seen as high priorities at thesite.

Port Sorell waste depot

The Port Sorell waste depot was a disposal site forgeneral and industrial waste. The waste depot wasconverted to a waste transfer station in 1995. The localgroundwater table slopes towards the southeast. Thewaste fill has a hydraulic connection with the surfacewater drainage system. Clay-rich sediments appear tobe perching and/or storing water. Groundwater andsurface water quality are degraded around the site.Surface water management, capping of both landfills,

appropriate disposal of sediments contaminated byhydrocarbons, leachate management infrastructure,and protection of the public from contaminatedsurface and groundwater are all seen as high prioritiesat the site.

Scottsdale waste depot

The Scottsdale waste depot is an ‘open-gate’ disposalsite for general waste streams (including herbicide,pesticide and weedicide containers). The landfillfootprint is located on the Jetsonville aquifer, agroundwater resource of State significance. Somegroundwater and surface waters are degraded aroundthe site. Surface water management, capping of thelandfill, leachate management infrastructure, andprotection of the public from contaminated surfaceand groundwater are all seen as high priorities at thesite.

Bridport sewage lagoons

Groundwater was investigated in the area of theBridport sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. The depth to thewater table and groundwater quality data indicate thatthere is a hydraulic connection between the lagoonsand the groundwater system. Groundwater qualitydown gradient is degraded compared to that upgradient of the lagoons. Further work is required toquantify the extent and nature of groundwaterdegradation.

Smithton sewage lagoons

Groundwater was investigated in the area of theSmithton sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. Significantnitrogen-based groundwater contamination wasidentified in excess of guideline limits. Naturalattenuation processes appear to be occurring beneathadjacent farmland.

Stieglitz sewage lagoons

Groundwater was investigated in the area of theStieglitz sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. The lagoons aresituated close to perched shallow water tables. Furtherinvestigations are required to refine thehydrogeological model of the site and preferredpathways of flow from groundwater moundingbeneath the lagoons.

Stanley sewage lagoons

Groundwater was investigated in the area of theStanley sewage lagoons to determine if the lagoonswere affecting groundwater quality. Nitrite and nitratewere detected at low concentrations in close proximityto the lagoons. The lagoons are located close to alandfill, which has the potential to affect groundwaterquality in the area of the lagoons.


Figure 2

Location of ten waste disposal sites examined in detail


MINERAL RESOURCES

TASMANIA

30

40

50 50

60

40

30

5 000020 mN

60

m

E00

0060

mE

0000

5040

504030

5 000020 mN

Hobart

Scottsdale

St Helens

Swansea

Launceston

Devonport

Queenstown

Zeehan

Burnie

Stanley

Smithton

Smithtonsewage lagoons

Stanleysewage lagoons

Stieglitzsewage lagoons

Port Lattawaste depot Port Sorell

waste depot

Scottsdalewaste depot

Glenorchywaste depots

McRobies Gullywaste depot

Smithton BlueRibbon abattoir

Bridportsewage lagoons

Future site-specific investigations will undoubtedlyrefine the understanding of issues identified in theabove reports. Each site investigation report should bereviewed with respect to the identified local issues(including the spatial distribution of the factual data).When reviewing reports relating to fracturedhard-rock aquifers readers should note thatgroundwater monitoring in fractured rock is oftendifficult and considered virtually impossible to carryout reliably. The main problem is that flow occursthrough uneven rock fractures, and evenclosely-spaced boreholes may not intercept thefracture(s) that are principally responsible for thetransport of leachate (Lee and Jones-Lee, 1996).Reports on sites with regolith/unconsolidatedoverburden (mainly clay-bound soils with relativelylow conductivity values) illustrate that with suitablebore location (including a control bore) essentialinformation can be provided on shallow unconfinedaquifers.

Hydrogeological settings

Two ideal engineering design outcomes for localgroundwater hydraulic conditions are illustrated inFigure 3. Actual hydrogeological settings for wastedisposal activities around Tasmania vary considerablyfrom site to site. Some problematic similarities existbetween sites, which result in the degradation of waterquality in the local area. These common themesinclude:

� Recharge of waste fill via groundwater above thebasal height of the landfill (fig. 4a);

� Direct recharge of waste fills by up-gradient surfacewater;

� Rainfall infiltration due to inadequate capping ofthe waste site, which results in accelerated refusedegradation and leachate generation;

� Discharge of leachate from saturated waste fill intodown-gradient surface waterways; and

� Discharge of leachate from waste fills intogroundwater, via migration through sub-surfacematerials (fig. 4b).


(a)

Cover Cover

Waste

Waste

Leachate level in landfill

Leachate level in landfill

Leachate collection system


Potentiometricsurface inaquifer

Potentiometricsurface inaquifer

Watertable

Watertable

Natural aquitard

Natural aquitard

Aquifer Aquifer

Upward flowfrom aquiferto landfill

Downward flowfrom landfill

(b)

Figure 3

Two conceptual hydrogeological settings for waste disposal activities.(a) Barrier design involving a leachate collection system, a natural clayey deposit and downward advective-diffuse

transport. (b) Barrier design involving a leachate collection system, a natural clayey deposit and upward advective anddownward diffusion (a hydraulic trap) (from Rowe et al., 1997).

Bedrock

Refuse

Groundwater flow

Water table

Figure 4a

Recharge of waste fill materials via groundwater abovethe basal height of the landfill (from Fetter, 1994).

Bedrock

Plume

Refuse

Water tableGroundwater flow

Figure 4b

Discharge of leachate from waste fills into groundwater,via migration through sub-surface materials

(from Fetter, 1994).

High rainfall areas appear to have very activehydrogeological systems during winter months.Although dilution levels may be significantly highduring these times, it also most likely that the wintermonths represent the period of highest mass loadingtransport of contaminants within the local system.Figure 5 illustrates two landfill barrier designs withrespect to aquifer hydraulics within the localhydrogeological setting.

Water quality degradation associatedwith waste disposal activities

The following statements are based on the findingsof the Tasmanian site-specific reports undertaken aspart of this project. The identified contaminants havesimilar chemical signatures to those stated ininternationally published literature for sites in theUnited States of America (Fetter, 1994), Italy, Germanyand Canada (Rowe et al., 1997), and Australia (Hill etal., 2000).

Sewage lagoons

Migration of degraded water from sewage lagoonshas produced elevated levels of nitrogen-basedcontaminants in shallow groundwater at the Smithton,Stanley and Bridport sewage lagoons. Ammoniaconcentrations in the area of the Smithton lagoonsranged between 800 and 250 000 �g/L, exceeding the95% protection level trigger values for toxicity infreshwater (900 �g/L) and marine water (910 �g/L)[Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for fresh andmarine water quality (ANZECC AND ARMCANZ, 2000),Table 3.4.1]. Bicarbonate and chloride levels have also

been identified as potentially elevated in groundwateraround Tasmanian sewage lagoons. Themicrobiological characteristics of groundwater in closeproximity to lagoons were not measured. Theseparameters can provide an indication of the level ofmicrobiological contamination (pathogens), andshould be measured wherever possible at sewagelagoons.

Landfills

Ammonia, nitrate, iron, manganese, chloride andtotal petroleum hydrocarbon fractions are all primaryindications of water quality degradation associatedwith discharges of water from saturated waste fill.Other primary target parameters may be used toidentify surface and groundwater pollution wherelarge quantities of specific waste streams have beendisposed of in particular landfills (e.g. hazardous andmedical waste). Other contaminants may includephosphate, orthophosphate, calcium, magnesium,sodium, sulphate, copper, lead, nickel, zinc,organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides.

The investigation reports compare the chemicalcompounds detected in the groundwater and surfacewaters to initial Tasmanian legislation limits andrecently published guideline values. These include theEnvironment Protection (Water Pollution) Regulations1974, emissions into inland water, Australian WaterQuality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water 1992, andthe Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh andMarine Water Quality, 2000. Values in the Australianand New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marinewater quality are dependent on the beneficial uses of


(a)

(b)

Aquifer

Aquifer

Hydrauliccontrollayer (HCL)

Geomembrane(secondary composite liner)Hydraulic controllayer (HCL) orSecondary leachatecollection system

Natural aquitard

Natural aquitard

Clay liner

Clay liner No. 1

Clay liner No. 2

Cover

Cover

Waste

Waste

Primary leachatecollection system

Primary leachatecollection system

(a)

(a)

or (b)

(b)

Figure 5

Two landfill barrier designs with respect toaquifer hydraulics within the local

hydrogeological setting;

(a) A compacted clayey primary liner used inconjunction with a leachate collection system

and hydraulic control layer to create anatural hydraulic trap.

(b) A compacted clayey primary liner used inconjunction with an engineered hydrauliccontrol layer. A composite secondary liner(geomembrane and clayey liner) is used to

maintain the hydraulic trap(from Rowe et al., 1997).

the water (e.g. drinking water and crop production)and potential toxicity levels for elevatedconcentrations of high risk compounds causingwater-based pollution.

The life cycle of a landfill (and related degradationphases of the organic waste over time) will control thephysical and chemical behaviour of the landfill(Cairney and Hobson, 1998). Swarbrick (2001)discusses in detail the five phases associated with thisprocess; these are:

(i) aerobic hydrolysis;

(ii) acidogenesis;

(iii) acetogenesis;

(iv) methanogenesis; and

(v) restoration.

Figure 6 shows the typical changes in landfill gascomposition with respect to these five phases of thelandfill life cycle. The decay process affects the rate ofwaste stabilisation, the potential for energy recovery,the quality of leachate and gases, and the destruction ofmany pathogens and some toxic organic compounds(Swarbrick, 2001).

Conservation of water resources in the area of wastedisposal activities should consider groundwater andsurface water as a single resource (Winter et al., 1998).In England and Wales groundwater protection policyhas been developed and confirmed in legislation tomanage ecological risks associated with wastedisposal activities (Marsland, 2000). The full extentand dimensions of water quality degradation may bedifficult to identify in complex multi-elementcontamination patterns (Beck and Harwood, 2000).


Aerobic Acid Acetate Methanogenesis Restoration

I II III IV V100

80

60

40

20

0

%C

om

positio

n

N2 N2CO2

CH4

O2O2H2

Figure 6

Typical changes in landfill gas composition with respect to the five phases of thelandfill life-cycle (from Swarbrick, 2001).

Section 2: Tasmanian waste disposal sites thatmay potentially degrade groundwater quality

Identified landfill and sewage lagoons (potentialpoint and diffuse sources of pollution) are shown onthe map Vulnerability of Tasmanian groundwaterresources to pollution from waste disposal and sewagetreatment activities. Groundwater prospectivity,quality and the location of all known existing waterbore sites are also shown on the map.

In this study groundwater contamination wasidentified at 60% of the sites investigated. If thispercentage is extrapolated to the 176 sites identified bythe initial desktop study, potentially up to 100 wastedisposal sites may have contaminated groundwater inTasmania.

As a general rule, contamination of groundwaternear waste disposal sites is a result of the absence ofappropriate infrastructure to address site-specifichydrogeological conditions. The selection ofremediation technologies for the highest risk sites willdepend on benchmark targets set by regulators.Deleterious effects to the ecosystem duringremediation should also be considered (Adam andBlount, 2000).

Remediation actions for waste disposal sites areoutlined in the Rehabilitation/remediation section ofthis report.

Section 3: Future management of Tasmanian waste disposalsites and groundwater conservation — the way forward

Scoping the Problem

In Antarctica (Babicka et al., 2000) and Brazil (Diniz,1998) geographic information system (GIS) databaseshave been developed and are used to monitorgroundwater and surface water at potential pollutionsites. A geo-environmental database should bedeveloped for Tasmanian waste disposal sites, withthe aim of identifying polluting sites within localhydrogeological conditions. The database mustcontain information on major regionalhydrogeological aquifers and provide the essentialscientific basis for the assessment of the magnitudeand quality of these groundwater resources.

More intensive investigations and research are stillrequired to gather data on the characteristics of localaquitards and aquifers and the extent of fluid flow andpollution within these systems. Marino et al. (1998)identified remote sensing within a GIS format as auseful tool in the management of areas exposed totemporal water pollution events.

A geo-environmental database would also aid in thehazard and risk ranking of the sites. Assessment ofhealth and environmental risks of associated soil,groundwater, surface water and vapourcontamination may be required at various sites (Bauer,2000).


Section 4: Project Recommendations

In the following recommendations, certaindocuments and statutory instruments are regarded asrepresenting minimum standards for the activitiesconcerned.

Australian Standards

� AS1726–1993; Geotechnical site investigations

� AS2368–1990; Test pumping of water wells

� AS/NZS5667–1998; Water quality – sampling

� Agriculture and Resource Management Council ofAustralia and New Zealand. Minimum constructionrequirements for water bores in Australia, 1997.

Statutory Instruments

� Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act1994

� Water Management Act 1999

Publications

� Environmental Protection Authority, VictoriaGroundwater Sampling Guidelines, 2000Siting, Design and Rehabilitation of Landfills, 2001

� ROWE, R. K.; QUIGLEY, R. M.; BOOKER, J. R. 1997.Clayey barrier systems for waste disposal facilities. E &FN Spon : London.

� HARRIS, J. A.; BIRCH, P.; PALMER, J. P. 1996. Landrestoration and reclamation: Principles and practice.Addison Wesley Longman : England.

Site investigations

Site selection

Key components for the siting of waste depots inTasmania were initially identified by Gentizen (1990b).Current available technologies now allow for a morecomprehensive assessment of waste disposal sites.

Initial consideration of the potential sites for a wastefacility should take into account geological,hydrogeological, geophysical, hydrological andgeomorphological information in a GIS format (Jewellet al., 1993), as well as community requirements(Whitehead, 2001; Proag and Kauppaymuthoo, 1998).

Sites should be selected based on good qualitypreliminary assessments carried out by suitablyqualified and experienced personnel. The assessmentsshould include:

� GIS desktop collation of all relevant data;

� geophysical information;

� preparation of topographic and geomorphologicalmaps of the site and surrounding area;

� development of a geological model, with fieldmapping carried out where necessary;

� assessment of the surface hydrogeological setting atthe site and in the surrounding area;

� assessment of the sub-surface hydrogeology;

� collation and interpretation of existing monitoringdata relevant to the above;

� preliminary field investigation of surface andsubsurface conditions and materials present at thesite and within its potential radius of influence; and

� risk assessment of the affects of the proposedactivities at the site on the surrounding environmentand resources.

This preliminary assessment should be carried out ata scale appropriate to the size of the site and itspresumed geological complexity (Dawes andGoonetilleke, 2001). Hatheway (1998) provides a SiteConceptual Geologic Model which includes:

� a design process for application of engineeringgeology to environmental mitigation projects;

� methods to meet the various design needs forenvironmental protection projects; and

� a design process for application of engineeringgeology to environmental compliance andrestoration (remediation) projects.

A conceptual model of the local geological andhydrogeological settings is required in order to fullyestablish the components, elements, actions and goalswithin a site conceptual geological model. Designneeds and engineering responses are importantoutcomes of the Hatheway (1998) model.

Assessment of materials at the site

Site-specific ground investigations are necessary totarget and identify the properties of materials presenton site and to assess the thickness of overburden in thesite area. Such investigations should involve somesubsurface investigation and be carried out by suitablyqualified and experienced personnel in accordancewith Australian Standard 1726–1993.

The minimum objectives of ground investigationsshould be to:

� confirm the thickness of overburden;

� obtain samples of overburden;

� determine relevant sub-surface hydrogeologicalparameters;

� carry out preliminary identification of aquifers andwater table(s); and


� assess the thickness of the unsaturated zone at thesite.

The engineering properties of materials encounteredshould be tested according to relevant AustralianStandards, guidelines and other technical standards.Examples of properties to be determined include:

� moisture content;

� permeability (lateral and vertical);

� permeability (recompacted);

� shrink–swell characteristics; and

� shear strength.

Determination of the chemistry of the materialsencountered should also be considered at this stage(e.g. Emerson tests).

In certain locations, an assessment of the likely slopestability of the site may be necessary and shouldincorporate data derived from the investigation work.The risk assessment process outlined in the LandslideRisk Management Concepts and Guidelines (AustralianGeomechanics Society, 2000) should be followed whenassessing slope stability issues.

Surface water

The influences of at least the following must beconsidered:

� the location of the nearest drainage line(s) to the sitearea;

� the water quality in the site area and nearby watercourses;

� any information from any existing monitoringprogram; and

� any information with respect to historical records offlood events.

A monitoring regime to provide background datafor subsequent consideration should be established ifone does not already exist.

Consideration should also be given to themonitoring of local rainfall on a long-term basis.

Hydrogeology

The results of geophysical profiling can be extremelyuseful for choosing locations of (Hinze, 1990; Ezzy,1999) and/or logging boreholes to investigategroundwater conditions and is recommended as aninitial investigation tool (Howard, 1990; Daniels andKeys, 1990).

Sampling and in situ testing of each borehole shouldbe carried out in accordance with relevant AustralianStandards and guidelines, with regard to theconceptual model of the hydrogeology of the sitedeveloped from the desktop study information.

Installations for long-term groundwater monitoringshould be constructed in this phase of work, to allowfor the collection of sufficient baseline data (if agreenfields site).

In situ testing to establish key hydrogeologicalparameters for any aquifers present should also becarried out at this stage. The objectives of the testingshould be the determination of hydraulic conductivity(K), transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient/specificyield (S) of each aquifer (Domenico and Schwartz,1998; Kruseman et al., 1990). Care should be taken toensure that the drilling techniques employed willenable identification and testing of multi-layeredaquifer systems (Australian Drilling Industry TrainingCouncil, 1996). Consideration should be given to theuse of multiport piezometer systems or nested bores incomplex hydro-stratigraphical conditions (Driscoll,1986; Ezzy, 2002a).

Development of hydrogeologicalmodel

Following completion of the subsurfaceinvestigation and testing, a hydrogeological model ofeach site should be constructed. If the Site ConceptualGeologic Model approach of Hatheway (1998) has beenfollowed, the design and development of a numericalmodel should have greater reliability. Numericalmodels represent best practice, as they can be usedpredictively, and they allow the user to giveconsideration to the dispersion and chemistry of waterand leachate. Such models require accurate calibrationfrom high quality monitoring data, and design byexperienced personnel. As such, a degree of cautionshould always be used in model interpretation. If bothadvective-dispersive and diffusive transport exists(i.e. a double porosity matrix), models should considerboth domains (Leo, 2001). This mechanism of fluidflow most likely occurs in many Tasmanian fracturedaquifers within sedimentary rocks.

Key factors necessary for the development ofrepresentative models may include:

� aquifer type;

� details of water table/potentiometric surface;

� determination of boundary conditions andidentification of hydraulic connections;

� direction and rate of groundwater flow; and

� recharge/discharge parameters and understandingof surface–subsurface water interaction.

Correct identification and interpretation is essentialto develop a representative model.

Valley sites are likely to be problematic, especiallywhere high permeability colluvium overlies bedrockor underlies the proposed filling area. The presence ofa valley compounds catchment and diversion factors,


as will complex fracture zones in consolidated rocks(Ezzy, 2002b).

Construction of a facility

By their nature, the construction of waste disposalfacilities is a progressive and repetitive process.Correct establishment of infrastructure should becarried out prior to further or additional construction.

General items to be considered include:

� the existing management of the site;

� catchment management of water resources;

� management of stormwater;

� liner design and construction;

� design and construction of leachate monitoringsystem;

� management of leachate;

� design and construction of groundwatermonitoring system; and

� construction of leachate holding ponds.

Existing site management

The methods of disposal and handling of wastesshould be examined in detail, and historical recordschecked. The waste streams present should also beexamined and tested if needed.

Catchment management

Infrastructure should be established to separate theactivities of the site from the natural water flowswithin the catchment. Primarily, this will involve theconstruction of infrastructure to deal with stormwaterand separate infrastructure to transport and manageleachate. Hydrology calculations should be made forthe up-gradient catchment and incorporated into thedesign of this infrastructure.

Stormwater management

The primary objective of appropriate managementof stormwater is to direct it away from the activitybeing carried out at the site. The nature of the measuresto be adopted will be site specific. This may involve theconstruction of lined cut-off drains around theperimeter of the site and, in certain situations,settlement ponds to remove solids and lower turbiditylevels.

Consideration should be given to piping sections ofthe stormwater drains to prevent slope instabilityproduced by infiltration.

Liner construction

The liner design and construction materials shouldreflect the types of waste involved at the facility. Linerdesigns will vary from site to site, but should be in

accordance with relevant standards and best practice(Siting, Design and Rehabilitation of Landfills, EPAVictoria, 2001) plus international research (Chiasson etal., 1998; Han, 1998; Leite et al., 1998). If a single claybarrier is proposed, the design should consider thelong-term effects of leachate on the liner (Jayasekeraand Mohajerani, 2001) and migration of pollutantsthrough the liner (Airey, 1993; Rowe et al., 1997).Erosion by rainfall prior to placement of the waste andlocalised subsidence of the substrata can cause linerdefects and produce leakage (Haselgrove and Earl,1993).

The suitability of lining and sub-base materials onand in the vicinity of the site should have beendetermined during the investigation phase. It ispossible that additional quantities of suitable materialsmay be encountered during preparation of the site.Any such deposit should be mapped and theproperties of the material determined during theconstruction phase.

Composite liner designs (Benson, 2001), includinggeo-synthetic clay liners (Phillips and Eberle, 2001),may be required for future Tasmanian waste disposalsites. A suitable construction quality assurance systemshould be used during construction of the designedliner system.


Design of the leachate collection system must becarried out according to the requirements of the site,using relevant Standards as a minimum. As notedabove, it may be necessary to consider the use ofmultiple-layer collection systems and leak detectionsystems (Benson, 2001).

The clogging of leachate collection systems isdependent on the flow rate, leachate chemistry and thenature of the drainage material (Rowe and VanGulck,2001). Maximum drainage potential into the pipingshould be provided by using a coarse gravel drainageblanket at the base of the fill. It is critical to ensure thatthe proposed collection system is suitable for allanticipated flows through the facility, and that it can becleaned and inspected as required (Rowe et al., 1997).

Management of leachate

Leachate derived from the activity should be treatedaccording to the stage of decay of the fill material andthe probable chemistry present. Due regard should begiven to the erection of protective safety barriers andsignage around leachate lagoons.

Leachate holding lagoons represent a significantecotoxicity risk and the design should be carried outwith care (Benson, 2001), their location to some extentbeing controlled by the overall design of the site andthe local thickness of the unsaturated zone. In selectingthe site for such lagoons care must be taken to ensurethat there will be no potential for connection betweenthe leachate and groundwater. The catchment size,


retention time and degree of recirculation requiredmust be considered when determining the number,size and location of lagoons.

Due to the significant ecotoxicity risk of leachatelagoons, regulators should require that liners bedesigned to withstand the nature of the fluid withinthem. Leakage detection systems should beincorporated into the liner design (Cairney andHobson, 1998).

Monitoring boreholes should be installed both upand down hydraulic gradient of the lagoon sites, andsufficiently early enough in the construction period toallow for the collection of representative baseline databefore the lagoons are used (Bagchi, 1994).

Landfill gas collection system

A suitable system must be designed and constructedfor the release of gas derived from decomposition ofthe fill material. This should be regularly maintainedduring the life of the facility and the gas either flaredoff or directed to other uses. On combustion methaneconverts into carbon dioxide, approximately twentytimes less potent than methane in terms of globalwarming potential (Linich, 2001).

Monitoring of groundwater,surface water and gas vapour

An integral part of all monitoring is to ensure thatbaseline site characteristics can be compared toconditions in the waste disposal area (Rosin andAvalle, 1993).

Jewell et al. (1993) outlined field techniques whichcan be used for investigation and monitoring of soil,groundwater and vapour at former industrial or wastedisposal sites . Leachate, surface water andgroundwater monitoring procedures should follow asimilar methodology to that given in Bagchi (1994).Cairney and Hobson (1998) provided a comprehensivedescription of monitoring equipment and observationnetworks required for monitoring landfill gasvapours. Isotope tracers can be used for quality controlin pollution monitoring systems for landfill sites(Pellegrini et al., 1998).

Statistical analysis of monitoring data should beundertaken to confirm the percentage value of theUpper Confidence Level (UCL). A standard of 95%UCLmean is considered appropriate for pollutionmonitoring (Hitchcock and Tuyl, 2001). The digitalstructural format for the storage of monitoring datashould consider spatial and/or temporalauto-correlation, natural heterogeneity, measurementerrors, small sample sizes and simultaneous existenceof different types of data (Abbaspour et al., 1998;Adams et al., 2001).

Rehabilitation/remediation

The rehabilitation of waste disposal sites forhigh-value development is increasingly required,especially close to urban areas where demand is high(O’Neill et al., 2000). The three stages of theremediation process include site assessment, strategydevelopment and implementation (Swane et al., 1993).Issues to consider during the process include landfillgas, leachate, pollution, geotechnical, groundwater,planning approval and community perception. Theenhanced remediation strategy undertaken at theHomebush Bay Olympic site (Laginestra and Hughes,2000) demonstrated the environmental and economicbenefits of such a process.

Site assessment

Identification of the nature andextent of contamination

Non-intrusive geophysical techniques provide veryuseful information for the assessment of wastedisposal sites. Measurements of small changes ingravity over a given area can be used to identifydensity variations within the fill, the horizontal andvertical extent of fill, and layering within the fill(Roberts et al., 1990a). By combining gravity andmagnetic methods, an interpretation may be made onthe extent of the landfill material and associated ironcontent (Hinze et al., 1990; Roberts et al., 1990b).Geophysical terrain conductivity mapping has beensuccessfully used in Brazil to locate water tables andclay stratum in the proximity of landfi l ls(Monier-Williams et al . , 1990). Time-domainelectromagnetic sounding is a proven tool inidentifying environmental groundwater problemsrelated to waste disposal sites (Hoekstra and Blohm,1990) . Various geophysical techniques forenvironmental investigations are outlined by Williamsand Links (2001), who identified ground conductivity(EM), magnetics and gravity as the most appropriatetechniques for identifying the extent of groundwatercontamination associated with landfills.

The results of chemical monitoring over the life of thefacility should be examined and any potentialcontaminants identified. Based on a review of allavailable data (geotechnical , historical andenvironmental), consideration should be given to thedrilling of further boreholes to check for the spread ofcontaminant plumes in areas identified as high-riskzones. The likely quantity and quality of contaminantsto manage should be estimated, with samplingaccording to Australian Standard 2368-1990 andAS/NZS 5667.11:1998. Calculation of thecontaminants should be based on Darcy’s law,calculation from mass outflow rates in thegroundwater below the site, or by a solution of thewater balance equation (Entenmann and Rappert,1998).

Inorganic and easily biodegradable organic mattercan build up significant concentrations and minerals in


fine-grained soils that can selectively plug soils underwaste disposal sites (Islam and Singhal, 2001). Thismay complicate the site assessment and leakagedetection should focus on piezometric head, inducedelectric potential and temperature differentials(Haselgrove and Earl, 1993). This will require drillingwaste fill at landfill sites.

Stability and subsidence of fill material

Practitioners undertaking slope stability analyses oflandfills should take into account that waste, coversoils and engineered infrastructure (e.g. clay liners andcapping) have completely different shear stress-strainproperties. Spreading at the base of waste deposits anddifferential settlement may detrimentally affect liners,drainage systems and capping (Brandl, 2001). Shearstrength parameters of waste fill appear to bedependent on deformation, and waste well into thefourth stage of degradation (methanogenesis) may besusceptible to secondary compression (Vilar et al.,1998).

Hausmann et al. (1993) have identified techniquesand infrastructure available to improve bearingcapacity, slope stability and volume stability. Thesetechniques include:

� mechanical compaction;

� drainage;

� dewatering;

� consolidation;

� stabilisation with admixtures;

� construction of impermeable barriers with clay andsynthetic liners;

� slurry walls;

� grouting; and

� deep mixing.

Strategy development andimplementation

Management options for groundwater pollution

The application and limitations of isolation, coveringand removal techniques should be considered when aremediation strategy is developed (Harris et al., 1996).Remediation can be either passive or active. Passiveremediation is also known as Monitored NaturalAttenuation (MNA) (fig. 7). MNA can attenuatecommon environmental contaminates and is acost-effective way of improving barrier performance(Richards and Bouazza, 2001). Soil composition andsurface properties (strongly influenced by the soilorigin) contribute significantly to the attenuationcapability of the soil (Yong et al., 1998). Depending onthe time it takes for leachate to reach the aquifer, MNA

may attenuate undesirable components of the leachateand reduce its impact (Depountis et al., 1998).

Active remediation involves additionalinfrastructure and high expenditure, with theapplication of numerical models normally used toverify results (Clement and Gautam, 2001). Solutionsto sub-surface gaseous contaminants should also beincluded in a remediation strategy (Cairney andHobson, 1998; Starke, 2001).

Grouting may be injected beneath the waste to repairleaks in liners (Osborne and Haselgrove, 1993) and/orprevent groundwater inflow (fig. 8). Slurry walls arelow-permeability barriers emplaced in the subsurface.They confine contaminants by removing the potentialfor flow through the source (fig. 9). Up-gradientpumping may also prevent interaction with the wastematerials (fig. 10). Up-gradient pumping may also becombined with the pump and treat approach (fig. 11).


Solid Waste

Clay soil

Water table

Compacted clay cap

Leachate in vadose zone

Attenuated leachate plume in groundwater

Figure 7

Natural attenuation of landfill leachate(from Fetter, 1994).

Groutedmaterial

Bedrock

Water table

Refuse

Figure 8

Application of grouting in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).


Figure 9

Application of slurry walls in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).

Figure 10

Application of up-gradient pumping in the remediation oflandfills (from Fetter, 1994).

Bedrock

Refuse

Water table

To pump

Bedrock

Refuse

Slurrywall

Water table

Bedrock

Plume

Refuse

Water t abl e

Porous soil

RecycleNutrients

Oxygen

Injection well

Bedrock

Refuse

Groundwater todischarge

Groundwater todischarge

Plume Water table

Figure 11

Combining up-gradient pumping and pump and treat applications in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).

Figure 12

Application of the injection–recovery system for the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).

This combined method of applications can also bevaried where the up-gradient bore becomes aninjection well for recycled polluted water pumpedfrom a down-gradient bore, i.e. injection–recoverysystem (fig. 12). The efficiency of permeable treatmentbeds (fig. 13) is highly dependent on the nature of thematerial used in the bed (Li and Li, 1998). Pump andtreat applications should focus on mass removal andbe aware of potential impacts causing hydraulicchanges within the local groundwater system(Domenico and Schwartz, 1998).

Wetlands for the treatment of leachate offer a costeffective and environmentally sound technique totreat and dispose of landfill leachate. Construction andoperation of a new wetland system requires aninterdisciplinary effort including geologists, engineersand wildlife scientists (Mathewson and Mathewson,1998).

It may not be possible to produce a conventionalclose-out solution for some facilities, in which caseconsideration should be given to removal of thematerial to an alternative facility, if remediation is notlikely to be possible or cost effective (Cairney andHobson, 1998).

Capping to prevent infiltration andconsequent pollution

The selection of a capping design should take intoaccount the nature of the fill material and the likelyfuture risk to resources and the environment.Composite barriers and water balance covers(mono-layers) perform admirably in the field (Benson,2001).

Compacted clay, high-density poly-ethane (HDPE),geosynthetic liners (GSL) (Kudrna et al., 1998) and fine

sand capillary barriers (Vangpaisal and Bouazza, 2001)may be utilised for the capping of waste. Thecombination of any of the above in a composite liner isconsidered appropriate for sites identified as having ahigh ecological risk (Rowe et al., 1997; Benson, 2001).

The design of mono-layer covers should consider thesoil material properties, sequencing and the use ofvegetative cover (Weeks, 1993) . Detailedrecommendations for the design aspects of mono-layercovers are given in Jones et al. (2001).

Revegetation

Certain plants (i.e. shallow root species) are moresuitable for preservation of the capping integrity thanothers and should be used as part of the rehabilitationscheme for any facility. Basic planting requirementsneed to be considered and include sun light forphotosynthesis, anchorage in the ground, plus theavailability of water, oxygen and nutrients (Cairney,1998). The aim of the revegetation should be theestablishment, management and maintenance ofself-sustaining vegetation (Harris et al., 1996).

Construction on reclaimed landfill sites

Construction on landfill is generally avoidedbecause of the difficulties with settlement, stability andenvironmental issues (Thom, 2001b). Particularattention must be given to settlement and bearingcapacity, landfill gas migration (Bouazza andKavazanjian, 2001), and corrosion protection forstructures built on landfills (Phillips et al., 1993).Modelling of the future degradation of the waste mayaid in the design of structures on waste fills (Chun andJang, 2001).


Bedrock

Permeable treatment bed

Plume

RefuseWater table

Groundwater flow

Figure 13

Application of permeable treatment beds in the remediation of landfills(from Fetter, 1994).

Section 5: Discussion and Principal Conclusions

Discussion

A geo-environmental database is required for Tasmanian waste disposal sites. The integrity of the database willrely strongly on the detail and scale of the input data. Funding is required to gather data from existing sources andnew data from the field, plus interpret the information within the database structure.

Further investigations are required at identified contaminated sites and strategies should be formulated for theremediation of these sites.

Emission-offset, tradeable emission-right and polluter-pays systems to control groundwater pollution wereidentified by Young and Evans (1998). The polluter-pays system identifies the surrogate indicator of pollution loadto be levied and reduces the levy with decreasing levels of pollution over time. Funds from a pollution levy could beused to investigate and manage contaminated sites.

Principal conclusions

This project has identified that some problems exist with respect to waste disposal and water qualitymanagement in Tasmania. Contaminants may effect the ecosystem and other receptors. Source zones may beproblematic. Further investigations are required to quantify the extent and nature of the problems on a statewidescale. Investigation and monitoring strategies are required to assess trends of contamination, related impacts andthe effectiveness of remediation measures.

Progressive solutions to minimise ecological risks should be implemented for high-risk sites. Compared to othertechniques, monitored natural attenuation may be the most appropriate method for managing low risk sites.

It is suggested that the Tasmanian Government use a conservation approach for the protection and managementof Tasmanian groundwater resources (Water Management Act 1999 and the State Policy on Water Quality Management1997).


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LI, F. C.; LI, L. Y. 1998. Leaching multi-contaminant solutionsof Pb, Cu, and Cd, through clayey soils, in: MOORE, D.;HUNGR, O. (ed.). Engineering geology — A global view fromthe Pacific Rim. Proceedings of the 8th international congress ofthe IAEG, Vancouver, 21–25 September 1998. 2477–2483.Balkema : Rotterdam.

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MARINO, A.; SIMEONI, C.; BELLAGAMBA, S.; MILLI, M. 1998.Remote sensing and GIS application to management ofareas exposed to water pollution events: The Pianura,Central Italy, in: MOORE, D.; HUNGR, O. (ed.). Engineeringgeology — A global view from the Pacific Rim. Proceedings ofthe 8th international congress of the IAEG, Vancouver, 21–25September 1998. 2621–2625. Balkema : Rotterdam.

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[8 November 2002]


APPENDIX 1

Project Brief

The following project brief is provided to give an understanding of the management of the scope, objectives andfinal outputs of the project.

Project Description Investigation of groundwater resource degradation associated with waste disposalpractices within Tasmania, Australia.

Purpose Examine the effects of waste disposal on groundwater quality within Tasmania andprovide information to stakeholders that will assist to protect groundwater resources inthe area of waste disposal activities. Using selective groundwater system parameters,identify sites where groundwater resources are most likely to be degraded.

Business Benefits � Reduced environmental health risk to the general public.

� Better understanding of potential pollution pathways.

� Greater consideration of geotechnical criteria in regard to existing ongoingmanagement and the location (plus construction) of future waste disposal sites.

� Assist State Government in the regulation of waste disposal activities.

Objectives � Inspection of all relative activities.

� Discussion of sites with key stakeholders.

� Completion of study site classification list.

� Undertake northwest, northeast and southeast drilling programs.

� Sample all boreholes for groundwater quality.

� Pump test selective boreholes.

� Compile all site-specific factual data into geotechnical reports.

� Summarise all project work into a final report.

Scope � Project is to be undertaken by a project officer, supervised by a project manager andoverseen by a Steering Committee.

� Locate all known past and present waste disposal sites in Tasmania.

� Interaction with local government and private industry managers of waste disposalsites.

� Project consists of fieldwork, laboratory analyses and the completion of reports.

� The project is to be completed over a 2½ year period.

Major Deliverables � Geotechnical reports relating to specific waste disposal sites.

� Final report including project recommendations to minimise environmental risksassociated with waste disposal activities.

� Move towards Best Practice Environmental Management of waste disposal sites inTasmania.

Risks � Access to past historical information on selective sites.

� Limited access to sites for drilling.

� Human health issues exist during the drilling of boreholes through waste fillmaterials.

� Damage to infrastructure related to underground services within the study sitesfootprints.


Project Governance


Steering committeeChairperson – Ms Carol Bacon (MRT); Project Manager – Mr Ric

Donaldson/Mr Adrian Waite (MRT); Project Officer – Mr Andrew Ezzy

(MRT); Committee members – Mr Floyd Browne/Ms Carinda Rue

(DPIWE); Ms Meredith Roodenrys (TFGA); Dr David Leaman (Leaman

Geophysics); Mr Evan Boardman (LGAT).

Project SponsorsNHT/MRT

Project ManagerMr Ric Donaldson/

Mr Adrian Waite (MRT)

MRT drillersMr Shane Heawood/

Mr Michael Jacobson (MRT)

Business ManagerMs Carol Bacon (MRT)

Project OfficerMr Andrew Ezzy (MRT)

Quality ConsultingDr David Leaman

Leaman Geophysics

Reference GroupProfessor David Bell (NewZealand) – Peer Reviewer

Consultants/3rd PartiesKMR Drilling Pty Ltd

T. O. Bresnehan Pty Ltd

AdministrationMr Matthew Fitzgerald (MRTCorporate Services – Finance);

Ms Bronwyn Bird/Ms JanetRichardson (MRT – Records)

APPENDIX 2

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ater

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ater

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ater

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5059

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5075

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26

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5724

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rR

iver

Der

wen

t56

07

TB

DT

BD

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sB

urn

ieM

oo

rev

ille

Ro

adw

aste

dep

ot

Bu

rnie

4057

5054

5135

0O

pen

edin

1984

Sto

rmw

ater

coll

ecti

on

syst

emb

enea

tha

clay

lin

er.C

lay

lin

erh

asn

ore

cord

of

per

mea

bil

ity

or

qu

alit

yco

ntr

ol,

lim

ited

leac

hat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

Het

ero

gen

ou

scl

ays

wit

hv

aria

ble

per

mea

bil

itie

so

ver

lyin

gT

erti

ary

frac

ture

db

asal

t

Bas

alt

frac

ture

den

sity

/o

rien

tati

on

mai

nly

con

tro

lled

by

syn

-gen

etic

ther

mal

join

tin

g

Lo

cal/

reg

ion

ald

isch

arg

ep

oin

to

fu

nco

nfi

ned

frac

ture

db

asal

tic

aqu

ifer

.Hig

hw

ater

tab

le

1200

Sev

eral

bo

res

inst

alle

d,

som

eM

RT

mo

nit

ori

ng

dat

a

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sB

urn

ieV

iew

Str

eet

was

ted

epo

tB

urn

ie

4064

0054

5360

0C

lose

d19

84.

Co

nta

ins

ala

rge

qu

anti

tyo

fv

eget

able

sd

isp

ose

do

faf

ter

fire

inB

urn

ied

ock

war

eho

use

s.

Sto

rmw

ater

pip

edth

rou

gh

ou

tla

nd

fill

inte

rnal

stru

ctu

re,p

ipes

of

qu

esti

on

able

inte

gri

ty

Het

ero

gen

ou

scl

ays

wit

hv

aria

ble

per

mea

bil

itie

so

ver

lyin

gT

erti

ary

frac

ture

db

asal

t

Bas

alt

frac

ture

den

sity

/o

rien

tati

on

mai

nly

con

tro

lled

by

syn

-gen

etic

ther

mal

join

tin

g

Lo

cal/

reg

ion

ald

isch

arg

ep

oin

to

fu

nco

nfi

ned

frac

ture

db

asal

tic

aqu

ifer

.Hig

hw

ater

tab

le

1200

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Tas

man

ian

Geo

logi

cal

Su

rvey

Rec

ord

2002

/17

28

Cate

go

ryo

fact

ivit

yC

ou

nci

l/M

un

icip

ali

tyS

ite

loca

tio

nA

MG

East

ing

AM

GN

ort

hin

gH

isto

rica

lis

sues

En

gin

eeri

ng

desi

gn

ed

infr

ast

ruct

ure

for

BP

EM

Lit

ho

log

ies

Str

uct

ura

lg

eo

log

ical

sett

ing

Hy

dro

geo

log

ical

sett

ing

Ap

pro

xim

ate

loca

lan

nu

al

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kn

ow

nn

um

ber

of

curr

en

tly

inst

all

ed

bo

res

(No

vem

ber

1999)

Kn

ow

ng

rou

nd

wate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Po

ten

tial

gro

un

dw

ate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sB

urn

ieW

est

Mo

ore

vil

leR

oad

,B

ram

ble

sin

du

stri

alw

aste

lan

dfi

ll,

Bu

rnie

4015

0054

4920

0U

nli

ned

bas

alt

qu

arry

fill

edw

ith

was

test

ream

fro

mB

urn

iep

ulp

mil

l.D

PIW

Eh

isto

rica

lp

ho

tos

ind

icat

edv

ery

po

or

man

agem

ent

pra

ctic

es.

Sto

rmw

ater

/le

ach

ate

po

nd

s,li

mit

edca

pp

ing

Ter

tiar

yb

asal

tfl

ow

on

Bu

rnie

Pre

cam

bri

anq

uar

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ean

dsh

ale

Th

erm

alco

nta

ctb

etw

een

bas

alt

and

Pre

cam

bri

anu

nit

sT

hre

efr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

sw

ith

am

ain

no

rth

/so

uth

frac

ture

ori

enta

tio

n.L

each

ate

spri

ng

dis

char

ge

into

an

ort

hw

est

trib

uta

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dm

ain

spri

ng

dis

char

ge

into

an

ort

her

ntr

ibu

tary

.B

oth

trib

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ries

join

and

dis

char

ge

into

the

Cam

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erab

ov

ea

tow

nw

ater

off

tak

ep

oin

t

1200

24b

ore

sin

stal

led

by

CE

Efo

rB

ram

ble

s.T

BD

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sB

urn

ieB

rick

po

rtR

oad

clo

sed

ind

ust

rial

was

tela

nd

fill

,B

urn

ie

4055

0054

5520

0C

lose

din

1980

’sN

ilT

erti

ary

bas

alt

flo

wo

nB

urn

ieP

reca

mb

rian

qu

artz

ite

and

shal

e

Th

erm

alco

nta

ctb

etw

een

bas

alt

and

Pre

cam

bri

anu

nit

sT

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ary

bas

alt

and

Pre

cam

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anaq

uif

ers

nex

tto

Co

oee

Cre

ek

1200

Nil

Nil

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alC

oas

tP

eng

uin

was

ted

epo

t42

1350

5445

375

His

tori

cal

min

esi

teS

leev

edst

orm

wat

erp

ipe

wit

hn

ole

ach

ate

po

nd

Ord

ov

icia

nco

ng

lom

erat

ew

ith

Ter

tiar

yse

dim

ents

and

Qu

ater

nar

yal

luv

ium

Ter

tiar

yan

dQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

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ov

icia

nb

edro

ck

Un

con

fin

edaq

uif

erco

nn

ecte

dto

fill

edd

rain

age

lin

e.10

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ne

-o

nly

for

wat

ersu

pp

ly,n

ot

des

ign

edfo

ren

vir

on

men

tal

mo

nit

ori

ng

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alC

oas

tP

rest

on

was

ted

epo

t42

4400

5431

500

Nil

Nil

Cam

bri

anm

ud

sto

ne

and

silt

sto

ne

TB

DC

amb

rian

frac

ture

daq

uif

er11

00N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alC

oas

tC

astr

acl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

TB

DT

BD

Nil

Nil

TB

DT

BD

TB

D16

20N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alC

oas

tS

ou

thR

ian

acl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

4142

0054

2955

0C

lose

din

1999

Lea

chat

ep

on

dC

amb

rian

sed

imen

tary

rock

sC

amb

rian

/O

rdo

vic

ian

con

tact

toth

eea

stC

amb

rian

frac

ture

daq

uif

er11

00N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alC

oas

tU

lver

sto

ne

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

4286

0054

4305

0C

lose

dap

pro

x19

95R

ehab

ilit

atio

np

lan

nea

rin

gco

mp

leti

on

Qu

ater

nar

yal

luv

ium

ov

erT

erti

ary

sed

imen

tsT

erti

ary

and

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erC

amb

rian

bed

rock

Cam

bri

anfr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

1010

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alH

igh

lan

ds

Bra

dy

sL

ake

HE

Ccl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

4560

4053

2980

Nil

Reh

abil

itat

ion

pla

nco

mp

lete

dJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Nil

Fra

ctu

red

do

leri

tic

aqu

ifer

TB

DN

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alH

igh

lan

ds

Mie

na

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t47

4400

5350

425

Nil

Nil

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teN

ilF

ract

ure

dd

ole

riti

caq

uif

erT

BD

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alH

igh

lan

ds

Bo

thw

ell

was

ted

epo

t50

3100

5307

100

Nil

Nil

Lo

wer

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

TB

DT

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

550

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

entr

alH

igh

lan

ds

Ham

ilto

nw

aste

dep

ot

4864

5052

8715

0O

ldq

uar

rysi

teP

rop

ose

dcl

ayli

ner

,lea

chat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

and

po

nd

s

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teo

ver

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

Do

leri

te/

Tri

assi

ch

orn

fels

sub

-ho

rizo

nta

lco

nta

ctD

ole

rite

and

Tri

assi

cfr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

s55

03

pro

po

sed

bo

res

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dP

ort

Lat

tare

gio

nal

haz

ard

ou

sw

aste

dep

ot

3625

9054

7563

0S

tart

edo

per

atio

nin

1994

Lea

chat

ecl

ayli

ner

,su

bli

ner

ben

eath

lan

dfi

llli

ner

(co

nta

m-

inat

ed),

leac

hat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

and

po

nd

s,st

orm

wat

erd

iver

sio

nsy

stem

and

sett

lin

gp

on

ds

Th

ick

clay

ov

erb

urd

eno

nP

reca

mb

rian

Co

wri

eS

ilts

ton

eN

ok

no

wn

fau

lts,

fold

edm

etas

edim

enta

ryro

cks

All

surf

ace

run

off

ente

rsS

tin

kin

gC

reek

that

dis

char

ges

into

Bas

sS

trai

to

nth

eea

ster

nsi

de

of

the

Po

rtL

atta

pel

leti

sin

gp

lan

t

920

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dR

ock

yC

ape

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

3726

2554

7412

5R

ehab

ilit

atio

nco

mp

lete

TB

DP

reca

mb

rian

Ro

cky

Cap

eG

rou

pS

ou

thw

est-

no

rth

east

fau

ltin

gF

ract

ure

daq

uif

erw

ith

un

con

soli

dat

edo

ver

bu

rden

(po

ten

tial

per

ched

wat

erta

ble

)

920

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dS

un

do

wn

clo

sed

was

te-

Par

ks

and

Wil

dli

fe

3059

0054

4495

0O

per

ated

for

ov

erfo

rty

yea

rs,c

lose

din

1995

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

dep

osi

tsQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

yaq

uif

er.

Lea

chat

eca

nal

dis

char

gin

gin

toS

un

do

wn

Cre

ek

1090

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dM

arra

wah

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

3034

0054

6490

0C

lose

dap

pro

x.

1995

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

dep

osi

tsQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

yaq

uif

er11

00N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dM

awb

ann

acl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

TB

DT

BD

Clo

sed

app

rox

.19

95N

ilC

amb

rian

sed

imen

tary

rock

s(C

ow

rie

Sil

tsto

ne)

TB

DF

ract

ure

dC

amb

rian

aqu

ifer

1110

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dT

og

ari

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t32

1500

5462

150

Clo

sed

app

rox

.19

95N

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dd

epo

sits

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erb

edro

ckQ

uat

ern

ary

aqu

ifer

1180

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Tas

man

ian

Geo

logi

cal

Su

rvey

Rec

ord

2002

/17

29

Cate

go

ryo

fact

ivit

yC

ou

nci

l/M

un

icip

ali

tyS

ite

loca

tio

nA

MG

East

ing

AM

GN

ort

hin

gH

isto

rica

lis

sues

En

gin

eeri

ng

desi

gn

ed

infr

ast

ruct

ure

for

BP

EM

Lit

ho

log

ies

Str

uct

ura

lg

eo

log

ical

sett

ing

Hy

dro

geo

log

ical

sett

ing

Ap

pro

xim

ate

loca

lan

nu

al

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kn

ow

nn

um

ber

of

curr

en

tly

inst

all

ed

bo

res

(No

vem

ber

1999)

Kn

ow

ng

rou

nd

wate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Po

ten

tial

gro

un

dw

ate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dS

mit

hto

nD

uck

Riv

erh

isto

rica

lw

aste

dep

ot

3415

0054

7690

0N

ilC

lay

cap

pin

gQ

uat

ern

ary

allu

viu

mQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

yaq

uif

ern

ext

toth

eD

uck

Riv

er10

90N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dS

mit

hto

ncl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot,

Mo

nta

gu

Rd

3393

0054

7865

0C

lose

dap

pro

x.

1995

Cap

pin

gQ

uat

ern

ary

win

db

low

nsa

nd

dep

osi

tsQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

yaq

uif

er10

90N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

ircu

lar

Hea

dS

tan

ley

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t35

2800

5480

950

Nil

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

yw

ind

blo

wn

san

dd

epo

sits

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erb

edro

ckQ

uat

ern

ary

aqu

ifer

950

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

lare

nce

Lau

der

dal

ew

aste

dep

ot

5399

0052

4795

0G

rou

nd

wat

erco

nta

min

atio

nco

nfi

rmed

by

his

tori

cal

mo

nit

ori

ng

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

ov

erly

ing

Ter

tiar

yse

dim

ents

Sev

eral

fau

lts/

con

tact

sid

enti

fied

by

reg

ion

alg

eop

hy

sics

stu

dy

(Lea

man

,19

72)

Tid

alw

etla

nd

645

Ap

pro

xim

atel

y28

Am

mo

nia

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sC

lare

nce

Wen

two

rth

Par

kw

aste

dep

ot

5320

0052

5225

0U

nco

ntr

oll

edsi

teN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

dep

osi

tsT

BD

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

aqu

ifer

,tid

alco

nn

ecti

on

645

Nil

Nil

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

erw

ent

Val

ley

Pep

per

min

tH

ill

was

ted

epo

t,N

ewN

orf

olk

5038

0052

6260

0N

ilT

wo

leac

hat

ep

on

ds,

on

ew

ith

anu

nst

able

wal

l

Per

mia

nse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

(Fer

nT

ree

Fo

rmat

ion

)S

ever

alfa

ult

sb

enea

thla

nd

fill

foo

tpri

nt

Per

mia

nfr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

wit

hin

clo

sep

rox

imit

yto

the

Riv

erD

erw

ent

570

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

erw

ent

Val

ley

Str

ath

go

rdo

nH

EC

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

erw

ent

Val

ley

Nat

ion

alP

ark

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

4774

0052

7375

0C

lose

dap

pro

x.

1995

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

yal

luv

ium

ov

erP

erm

ian

sed

imen

tary

rock

sT

BD

Per

mia

naq

uif

er12

40N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

evo

np

ort

Gu

nn

’su

nli

cen

sed

was

ted

epo

t,D

evo

np

ort

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

Nil

Iro

n,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

amm

on

ia.

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

evo

np

ort

Sp

rey

ton

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

4454

0054

3740

0C

lose

dap

pro

x.

1995

Reh

abil

itat

ion

pro

gra

min

pro

gre

ss

Qu

ater

nar

yal

luv

ium

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erb

edro

ckQ

uat

ern

ary

aqu

ifer

nex

tto

Mer

sey

Riv

er96

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etS

cott

sdal

ew

aste

dep

ot

5388

5054

4877

5O

per

ated

for

sev

eral

dec

ades

.T

ren

ches

of

her

bic

ide

and

pes

tici

de

con

tain

ers.

Nil

Th

ick

Ter

tiar

ysa

nd

yse

dim

ents

ov

erly

ing

Dev

on

ian

-C

arb

on

ifer

ou

sg

ran

od

iori

te

Ter

tiar

yse

dim

ents

ov

erb

edro

ckH

igh

lyp

erm

eab

leT

erti

ary

san

ds

inla

nd

fill

foo

tpri

nt.

Fo

otp

rin

tlo

cate

din

the

rech

arg

ear

eao

fa

maj

or

Sta

tesi

gn

ific

ant

hig

hq

ual

ity

and

qu

anti

tyaq

uif

er

900

Tw

ob

ore

sat

med

ium

dep

than

dfi

ve

shal

low

bo

res

abo

ve

the

wat

erta

ble

Nit

rate

,met

als

and

org

ano

ph

osp

hat

ep

esti

cid

es

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

s,n

utr

ien

ts,

org

ano

ph

osp

hat

ean

do

rgan

och

lori

des

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etB

rid

po

rtw

aste

dep

ot

5323

0054

6000

0N

ilN

ilD

evo

nia

nM

ath

inn

aB

eds

TB

DF

ract

ure

daq

uif

er76

0O

ne

bo

reco

ver

edb

yfi

llN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etT

om

ahaw

kcl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

5649

5054

7450

0N

ilN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

aqu

ifer

790

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etP

ion

eer

was

ted

epo

t56

9700

5454

480

Nil

Nil

Gra

nit

ew

ith

qu

artz

do

min

ated

reg

oli

thT

BD

TB

DT

BD

Nil

Nil

Met

als

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etB

ran

xh

olm

was

ted

epo

t56

1150

5441

450

Nil

Nil

Ter

tiar

yb

asal

tw

ith

reg

oli

thso

ils

TB

DF

ract

ure

daq

uif

erw

ith

un

con

soli

dat

edo

ver

bu

rden

(po

ten

tial

per

ched

wat

erta

ble

)

1035

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etM

uss

elro

eB

ayw

aste

dep

ot

5988

8054

7777

0N

ilN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

aqu

ifer

890

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etW

inn

alea

hw

aste

dep

ot

5692

0054

4927

5N

ilN

ilT

erti

ary

sed

imen

tsT

BD

Un

con

fin

edaq

uif

ercl

ose

tod

rain

age

lin

e10

30N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sD

ors

etG

lad

sto

ne

was

ted

epo

t58

4550

5465

700

Nil

Nil

Gra

nit

ew

ith

qu

artz

do

min

ated

reg

oli

thT

BD

Un

con

fin

edaq

uif

ercl

ose

tod

rain

age

lin

e10

50N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sF

lin

der

sL

ack

ran

a59

9900

5561

000

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sF

lin

der

sL

ady

Bar

ron

6061

0055

4850

0T

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sF

lin

der

sC

ape

Bar

ron

Isla

nd

5875

0055

3050

0T

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sF

lin

der

sK

illi

ecra

nk

ie57

1200

5589

800

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

D

Tas

man

ian

Geo

logi

cal

Su

rvey

Rec

ord

2002

/17

30

Cate

go

ryo

fact

ivit

yC

ou

nci

l/M

un

icip

ali

tyS

ite

loca

tio

nA

MG

East

ing

AM

GN

ort

hin

gH

isto

rica

lis

sues

En

gin

eeri

ng

desi

gn

ed

infr

ast

ruct

ure

for

BP

EM

Lit

ho

log

ies

Str

uct

ura

lg

eo

log

ical

sett

ing

Hy

dro

geo

log

ical

sett

ing

Ap

pro

xim

ate

loca

lan

nu

al

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kn

ow

nn

um

ber

of

curr

en

tly

inst

all

ed

bo

res

(No

vem

ber

1999)

Kn

ow

ng

rou

nd

wate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Po

ten

tial

gro

un

dw

ate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sF

lin

der

sW

hit

emar

k58

8000

5557

900

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nB

eech

ford

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

4966

5054

5782

5C

lose

d19

99N

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

aqu

ifer

670

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nL

efro

ycl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

TB

DT

BD

Clo

sed

1999

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

and

Mat

hin

na

Bed

sQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

Mat

hin

na

bed

sF

ract

ure

dse

dim

enta

ryaq

uif

er76

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nB

elli

ng

ham

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5142

5054

5915

0C

lose

d19

99N

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lan

dM

ath

inn

aB

eds

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erM

ath

inn

aB

eds

Fra

ctu

red

sed

imen

tary

aqu

ifer

870

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nL

ulw

ort

hcl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

5066

0054

6085

0C

lose

d19

99N

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

aqu

ifer

760

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nP

iper

sR

iver

was

ted

epo

t50

5500

5451

050

Nil

Nil

Ter

tiar

ym

ater

ial

and

Mat

hin

na

Bed

sQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

Mat

hin

na

Bed

sF

ract

ure

dse

dim

enta

ryaq

uif

er87

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nM

tG

eorg

ew

aste

dep

ot,

Geo

rge

To

wn

4874

7054

4937

5L

arg

etr

ench

fill

ing

op

erat

ion

,d

isch

arg

esin

too

ldfi

llar

ea

Sto

rmw

ater

cut

off

per

imet

erd

rain

s.

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teo

ver

lain

by

clay

dep

osi

tsT

erti

ary

clay

san

din

situ

wea

ther

edd

ole

rite

Fra

ctu

red

do

leri

teaq

uif

erw

ith

hig

hh

yd

rau

lic

hea

dd

uri

ng

sto

rmev

ents

fro

mca

tch

men

to

nM

ou

nt

Geo

rge.

845

Ap

pro

xim

atel

yfo

ur

bo

res

of

un

kn

ow

nu

sefu

lnes

s

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nC

om

alco

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t,B

ell

Bay

4902

0054

4662

5T

BD

TB

DQ

uat

ern

ary

and

Ter

tiar

yse

dim

ents

ov

erT

erti

ary

bas

alt

and

Jura

ssic

do

leri

te

Fau

lted

bed

rock

Un

con

soli

dat

edaq

uif

ero

ver

lyin

gfr

actu

red

bed

rock

aqu

ifer

(s)

845

TB

DT

BD

Met

als

and

hy

dro

carb

on

s

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

eorg

eT

ow

nC

om

alco

his

tori

cal

was

ted

epo

t,B

ell

Bay

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

Qu

ater

nar

yan

dT

erti

ary

sed

imen

tso

ver

Ter

tiar

yb

asal

tan

dJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Fau

lted

bed

rock

Un

con

soli

dat

edaq

uif

ero

ver

lyin

gfr

actu

red

bed

rock

aqu

ifer

(s).

845

TB

DT

BD

Met

als

and

hy

dro

carb

on

s

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

lam

org

an-

Sp

rin

gB

ayO

rfo

rdw

aste

dep

ot

5728

0052

8997

5C

urr

ent

exte

nsi

on

of

old

site

.L

each

ate

con

tam

inat

ion

of

sto

rmw

ater

per

imet

erd

rain

fro

mo

ldfi

llin

gar

eas

Old

Sit

e–

nil

:E

xte

nsi

on

–cl

ayli

ner

,lea

chat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

,st

orm

wat

erd

iver

sio

n

Th

inso

ilp

rofi

leo

ver

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

Po

ssib

lelo

cal

scal

efa

ult

ing

Su

rfac

ew

ater

sd

isch

arg

ein

toS

hea

sC

reek

toth

ew

est

,ap

pro

xim

atel

y10

0m

etre

sb

efo

reS

hea

sC

reek

ente

rsP

ross

erB

ay.S

hea

sC

reek

dis

char

ge

area

nex

tto

sum

mer

cam

pin

gar

ea.

610

1b

ore

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

lam

org

an-

Sp

rin

gB

ayB

ich

eno

was

ted

epo

t60

6500

5361

500

Pas

tm

inin

gac

tiv

ity

Ex

ten

sio

nap

pro

ved

by

DP

EM

P/

EM

PC

Ap

roce

ssin

1999

Gra

nit

ew

ith

reg

oli

thT

BD

TB

D65

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

lam

org

an-

Sp

rin

gB

ayT

riab

un

na

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5743

0052

9240

0T

BD

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

yb

ayd

epo

sits

TB

DF

ille

dti

dal

wet

lan

d62

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

lam

org

an-

Sp

rin

gB

ayC

ole

sB

aycl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

6052

5053

3720

0C

lose

d19

98N

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

do

ver

bed

rock

TB

DU

nco

nfi

ned

san

daq

uif

er60

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

lam

org

an-

Sp

rin

gB

ayS

wan

sea

was

ted

epo

t58

6500

5335

150

Nil

Nil

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teT

BD

Jura

ssic

do

leri

tefr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

600

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

len

orc

hy

Ch

apel

Str

eet

was

ted

epo

t52

0100

5256

000

No

was

test

ream

inte

rcep

tio

n.

Sto

rmw

ater

cut

off

per

imet

erd

rain

,so

me

un

kn

ow

nd

epth

of

cap

pin

g

Jura

ssic

do

leri

ted

epo

sits

and

rela

ted

coll

uv

ium

dep

osi

tsD

ole

rite

emp

lace

men

tfe

atu

rean

din

tern

alp

ost

-Ju

rass

icfa

ult

sJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

frac

ture

daq

uif

erd

isch

arg

ing

into

lan

dfi

llre

fuse

.Hu

mp

hre

yR

ivu

let

toth

eso

uth

20m

etre

sfr

om

lan

dfi

llto

e

610

2sh

allo

ww

ells

Nit

rate

,iro

nM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

len

orc

hy

Jack

son

Str

eet

was

ted

epo

ts52

0200

5256

400

Ex

ten

sio

no

fth

eC

hap

elS

tree

tsi

tefr

om

the

wes

t.S

urf

ace

seep

ages

of

leac

hat

eo

nla

nd

fill

cov

erm

ater

ial

Gle

no

rch

yE

MP

rev

iew

req

uir

ed,

sto

rmw

ater

pip

esb

enea

thla

nd

fill

Per

mia

nse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

(Bu

nd

ella

Fo

rmat

ion

)an

dJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Co

nta

ctb

etw

een

the

east

ern

sed

imen

tsan

dw

este

rnd

ole

rite

run

sN

-Sth

rou

gh

cen

tral

par

to

fsi

te

Fra

ctu

red

rock

do

leri

tean

dP

erm

ian

sed

imen

tary

rock

saq

uif

ersy

stem

sw

ith

asso

ciat

edco

nta

ctzo

ne

(hy

dra

uli

cb

ou

nd

ary

con

dit

ion

)

610

Sh

allo

ww

ells

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sG

len

orc

hy

Cre

ekR

oad

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5237

5052

5505

0C

lose

dfo

rse

ver

ald

ecad

esN

ilJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

wit

hre

go

lith

Do

leri

teem

pla

ced

into

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

Jura

ssic

do

leri

tefr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

nex

tto

New

To

wn

Riv

ule

t

610

Nil

Nil

Met

als

and

hy

dro

carb

on

s

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sH

ob

art

New

To

wn

Bay

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5257

0052

5580

0P

ote

nti

alin

du

stri

alw

aste

stre

ams

Nil

Ter

tiar

yan

dQ

uat

ern

ary

allu

viu

mp

lus

Ter

tiar

yb

asal

tS

edim

ent

ov

erb

edro

ckU

nco

nfi

ned

aqu

ifer

nex

tto

New

To

wn

Bay

610

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Tas

man

ian

Geo

logi

cal

Su

rvey

Rec

ord

2002

/17

31

Cate

go

ryo

fact

ivit

yC

ou

nci

l/M

un

icip

ali

tyS

ite

loca

tio

nA

MG

East

ing

AM

GN

ort

hin

gH

isto

rica

lis

sues

En

gin

eeri

ng

desi

gn

ed

infr

ast

ruct

ure

for

BP

EM

Lit

ho

log

ies

Str

uct

ura

lg

eo

log

ical

sett

ing

Hy

dro

geo

log

ical

sett

ing

Ap

pro

xim

ate

loca

lan

nu

al

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kn

ow

nn

um

ber

of

curr

en

tly

inst

all

ed

bo

res

(No

vem

ber

1999)

Kn

ow

ng

rou

nd

wate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Po

ten

tial

gro

un

dw

ate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sH

ob

art

McR

ob

ies

Gu

lly

was

ted

epo

t

5234

7552

5125

0O

pen

edin

1974

Qu

esti

on

able

inte

gri

tyo

fst

orm

wat

erp

ipes

thro

ug

hla

nd

fill

.C

emen

tli

ned

leac

hat

ep

on

ds.

Def

ault

eng

inee

red

leac

hat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

via

con

tam

inat

edst

orm

wat

erco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

.L

imit

edst

orm

wat

erd

iver

sio

nsy

stem

.

Per

mia

n(M

alb

ina

Fo

rmat

ion

)an

dT

rias

sic

(met

amo

rph

ose

dK

no

cklo

fty

Fo

rmat

ion

)se

dim

enta

ryro

cks,

plu

sJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

wit

hre

late

dsu

per

fici

alsu

rfac

ed

epo

sits

Cas

cad

esF

ault

shea

rin

gzo

ne

—re

late

dto

maj

or

bas

emen

tst

ruct

ura

lfe

atu

rek

no

wn

tob

ere

late

dto

eart

hq

uak

eac

tiv

ity

inth

ela

st20

0y

ears

Fra

ctu

red

rock

aqu

ifer

sw

ith

do

leri

teo

nea

ster

nsi

de

of

Cas

cad

esF

ault

,Per

mia

nse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

on

the

wes

tern

sid

ean

dT

rias

sic

sed

imen

tary

rock

sto

the

sou

th

610

Th

ree

med

ium

dep

thb

ore

s,so

me

his

tori

cal

mo

nit

ori

ng

dat

a

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sH

uo

nV

alle

yS

ou

thb

rid

ge

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5029

5052

3307

5N

ilN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

allu

viu

mo

ver

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teS

edim

ent

ov

erb

edro

ckU

nco

nfi

ned

aqu

ifer

nex

tto

Hu

on

Riv

er77

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sH

uo

nV

alle

yS

ou

thp

ort

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

4972

2551

9257

5N

ilN

ilP

erm

ian

rock

wit

hre

go

lith

TB

Dfr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

985

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sH

uo

nV

alle

yD

ov

ercl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

4997

5052

0252

5N

ilL

each

ate

po

nd

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erT

rias

sic

sed

imen

tary

rock

sQ

uat

ern

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

Tri

assi

cb

edro

ckU

nco

nfi

ned

aqu

ifer

945

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sH

uo

nV

alle

yC

yg

net

was

ted

epo

t50

7600

5221

725

1999

EM

Pst

ates

that

‘lea

chat

eh

asca

use

dd

eath

inth

een

vir

on

men

t’.

Org

ano

ph

osp

hat

ep

esti

cid

esh

ave

bee

nd

etec

ted

inth

eC

ou

nci

lm

on

ito

rin

gre

gim

e.

Lea

kin

gle

ach

ate

po

nd

on

top

riv

ate

lan

d

Per

mia

nse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

—W

oo

dy

Isla

nd

Sil

tsto

ne

Tec

ton

icfr

actu

rin

gS

ever

alsm

all

catc

hm

ents

wh

ich

all

dis

char

ge

into

atr

ibu

tary

of

Ag

nes

Riv

ule

t.A

gn

esR

ivu

let

dis

char

ges

into

the

Po

rtC

yg

net

(Wil

dli

feS

anct

uar

y)

1.5

km

toth

eso

uth

wes

t

865

Nil

Nu

trie

nts

and

org

ano

ph

osp

hat

eM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns,

nu

trie

nts

,o

rgan

op

ho

sph

ate

and

org

ano

chlo

rid

es

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sH

uo

nV

alle

yG

eev

esto

nw

aste

dep

ot

4949

2552

1662

519

99E

MP

reco

mm

end

sth

ein

stal

lati

on

of

atle

ast

fiv

em

on

ito

rin

gb

ore

s.L

each

ate

dis

char

ges

on

toad

join

ing

pro

per

tyh

ave

bee

nid

enti

fied

by

DP

IWE

asa

po

ssib

leca

use

of

catt

led

eath

so

nth

isp

rop

erty

1999

—d

eco

mm

issi

on

ing

of

old

leac

hat

ep

on

dan

dco

nst

ruct

ion

of

larg

erle

ach

ate

po

nd

;co

nst

ruct

ion

of

leac

hat

ecl

ayli

ner

of

add

itio

nal

cell

;st

orm

wat

erp

erim

eter

cut-

off

dra

inim

pro

vem

ents

.

Tri

assi

csa

nd

sto

ne

TB

DT

rias

sic

sed

imen

tary

rock

frac

ture

daq

uif

erw

ith

un

con

fin

edp

erch

edaq

uif

erin

reg

oli

th.

870

Nil

Met

als

and

nu

trie

nts

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

s,n

utr

ien

ts,

org

ano

ph

osp

hat

ean

do

rgan

och

lori

des

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

enti

shS

hef

fiel

dcl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

4434

8054

1845

0N

ilN

ilT

erti

ary

sed

imen

tsT

erti

ary

sed

imen

tso

ver

bed

rock

Un

con

fin

edaq

uif

er12

30N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

enti

shL

ake

Bar

rin

gto

nu

nli

cen

sed

was

ted

epo

t,P

ark

san

dW

ild

life

4352

5054

1815

0T

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

1180

TB

DT

BD

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

bo

rou

gh

Bar

rett

aw

aste

dep

ot,

Mar

gat

e

5214

0052

3410

0O

per

ated

for

sev

eral

dec

ades

,co

nti

nu

edd

isch

arg

eo

fle

ach

ate

into

No

rth

Wes

tB

ayfo

ro

ver

ten

yea

rs

Insi

tucl

ay,

leac

hat

ep

on

d,

lim

ited

leac

hat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

,st

orm

wat

erd

iver

sio

ng

ran

dca

nal

Tri

assi

can

dP

erm

ian

sed

imen

tary

rock

sN

ort

h–s

ou

thte

cto

nic

bas

emen

tfa

ult

bet

wee

nth

eP

erm

ian

(wes

t)an

dT

rias

sic

(eas

t);

det

aile

dst

ruct

ura

lsu

rvey

req

uir

edto

iden

tify

add

itio

nal

rela

ted

seco

nd

ary

stru

ctu

ral

feat

ure

s

Per

mia

naq

uif

er;c

on

tact

zon

e;T

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

;No

rth

Wes

tB

ayG

hy

ben

-Her

zber

gp

ote

nti

alre

do

xb

uff

er.

680

5b

ore

sM

etal

san

dn

utr

ien

tsM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

bo

rou

gh

No

rth

Bru

ny

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5301

0052

2340

0N

ilN

ilJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

frac

ture

daq

uif

er68

0O

ne

bo

reT

BD

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

bo

rou

gh

Ad

ven

ture

Bay

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5260

0052

0300

0C

lose

d19

98N

ilP

erm

ian

sed

imen

tary

rock

sT

BD

Per

mia

nfr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

760

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

bo

rou

gh

Alo

nn

ahw

aste

dep

ot

5200

5052

0462

5N

ilN

ilJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

frac

ture

daq

uif

er76

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Tas

man

ian

Geo

logi

cal

Su

rvey

Rec

ord

2002

/17

32

Cate

go

ryo

fact

ivit

yC

ou

nci

l/M

un

icip

ali

tyS

ite

loca

tio

nA

MG

East

ing

AM

GN

ort

hin

gH

isto

rica

lis

sues

En

gin

eeri

ng

desi

gn

ed

infr

ast

ruct

ure

for

BP

EM

Lit

ho

log

ies

Str

uct

ura

lg

eo

log

ical

sett

ing

Hy

dro

geo

log

ical

sett

ing

Ap

pro

xim

ate

loca

lan

nu

al

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kn

ow

nn

um

ber

of

curr

en

tly

inst

all

ed

bo

res

(No

vem

ber

1999)

Kn

ow

ng

rou

nd

wate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Po

ten

tial

gro

un

dw

ate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

bo

rou

gh

Bru

ny

Isla

nd

nec

kh

isto

rica

lw

aste

dep

ot

5277

0052

0610

0N

ilN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dS

edim

ent

ov

erb

edro

ckQ

uat

ern

ary

aqu

ifer

760

Nil

Nil

Met

als

and

hy

dro

carb

on

s

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

Isla

nd

Cu

rrie

acti

ve

was

ted

epo

t23

0400

5576

125

Nil

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

Sed

imen

to

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

yaq

uif

er93

02

bo

res

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

Isla

nd

Old

Cu

rrie

site

2305

0055

7530

0N

ilN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dS

edim

ent

ov

erb

edro

ckQ

uat

ern

ary

aqu

ifer

930

Nil

Nil

Met

als

and

hy

dro

carb

on

s

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sK

ing

Isla

nd

Ver

yo

ldC

urr

iew

aste

dep

ot

2304

0055

7465

0N

ilS

torm

wat

erin

filt

rati

on

tren

chin

clo

sep

rox

imit

yto

the

lan

dfi

llfo

otp

rin

t

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

Sed

imen

to

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

yaq

uif

er93

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sL

atro

be

Po

rtS

ore

llcl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

4605

0054

4350

0O

ver

8000

0to

nn

eso

fw

aste

fro

mp

ulp

/p

aper

pla

nt

and

exte

nsi

ve

amo

un

tso

fli

qu

idw

aste

fro

mv

ario

us

sou

rces

Nil

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

dep

osi

tsw

ith

som

ecl

ayst

rata

len

so

ver

lyin

gJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Do

leri

tefr

actu

resy

stem

un

kn

ow

n,o

ver

bu

rden

mat

eria

lis

con

soli

dat

edim

ply

ing

op

enfr

actu

res

Un

con

soli

dat

edaq

uif

ero

ver

lyin

gfr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

.C

reek

ente

rssi

tefr

om

the

no

rth

wes

t.D

isch

arg

efr

om

site

pas

ses

resi

den

tial

area

toth

eea

st.

Ex

ten

siv

eg

rou

nd

wat

erco

nta

min

atio

np

lum

eex

pec

ted

toth

en

ort

hea

stan

dea

st

850

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

s,n

utr

ien

tsan

din

du

stri

alch

emic

als

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sL

atro

be

Du

lver

ton

reg

ion

alw

aste

dep

ot

4485

0054

2775

0O

pen

edin

1994

asn

ort

her

nre

gio

nal

site

for

fou

rC

ou

nci

ls

Sto

rmw

ater

per

imet

erd

rain

san

dse

ttli

ng

po

nd

s,le

ach

ate

coll

ecti

on

syst

eman

dH

DP

Eli

ned

leac

hat

ep

on

ds,

com

pac

ted

clay

lin

er

Sil

tsto

ne,

lim

esto

ne

and

rela

ted

surf

ace

dep

osi

tsfr

om

catc

hm

ents

toth

eso

uth

(in

clu

din

gd

ole

rite

talu

s),

ov

erla

inb

yu

pto

fiv

em

etre

so

fcl

ay

Co

nta

ctb

etw

een

lim

esto

ne

and

silt

sto

ne/

san

dst

on

eb

enea

thsi

te

Fra

ctu

red

aqu

ifer

bel

iev

edto

exis

tb

enea

thth

esi

teat

som

eu

nk

no

wn

(mo

stli

kel

ym

od

erat

e)d

epth

1200

Ex

ten

siv

eb

ore

net

wo

rkin

stal

led

and

mo

nit

ore

d

Nil

TB

D

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sL

aun

cest

on

Rem

ou

nt

Ro

adw

aste

dep

ot,

Lau

nce

sto

n

5128

0054

1725

0O

per

ated

for

ov

erte

ny

ears

Un

com

pac

ted

insi

tucl

ays,

leac

hat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

and

po

nd

,w

hic

ho

ver

flo

ws

tou

nd

eren

gin

eere

dse

wer

lin

e,p

erim

eter

sto

rmw

ater

cut

off

dra

ins

(oft

enu

sed

for

dis

po

sal

of

leac

hat

ed

ue

tola

cko

fca

pac

ity

of

sew

erli

ne)

Mai

nly

Jura

ssic

do

leri

tew

ith

rep

ort

so

fse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

inb

ase

of

val

ley

flo

or

Mag

net

icsu

rvey

san

dfi

eld

map

pin

gre

qu

ired

toid

enti

fyth

eth

ree-

dim

ensi

on

alst

ruct

ura

lse

ttin

go

fth

ed

ole

rite

and

any

add

itio

nal

lith

olo

gie

s

Fra

ctu

red

do

leri

teaq

uif

erw

ith

var

iou

sd

egre

eso

fw

eath

erin

g.

Po

ssib

leco

nta

ctan

dse

dim

enta

ryaq

uif

er.

Res

isti

vit

ysu

rvey

sre

qu

ired

pre

dri

llin

gp

rog

ram

700

Ap

pro

xim

atel

ysi

x,

log

su

nk

no

wn

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sL

aun

cest

on

Lil

yd

ale

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

5161

2554

3420

0N

ilN

ilL

ow

erP

erm

ian

sed

imen

tary

rock

sT

BD

Fra

ctu

red

Per

mia

naq

uif

er72

5N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sM

ean

der

Val

ley

Del

ora

ine

was

ted

epo

tT

BD

TB

DN

ilO

ver

flo

win

gle

ach

ate

po

nd

on

top

riv

ate

lan

d

TB

DT

BD

TB

D10

501

bo

reN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sM

ean

der

Val

ley

Wes

tbu

ryw

aste

dep

ot

4857

7553

9600

0N

ilL

each

ate

po

nd

Jura

ssic

do

leri

teJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Jura

ssic

do

leri

tefr

actu

red

aqu

ifer

920

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sN

ort

her

nM

idla

nd

sL

on

gfo

rdcl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

5092

5053

9502

5C

lose

d19

99C

lay

cap

pin

gT

erti

ary

sed

imen

tsT

erti

ary

mat

eria

lo

ver

bed

rock

Ter

tiar

yse

dim

enta

ryaq

uif

er70

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sS

ore

llC

arlt

on

was

ted

epo

t55

3050

5253

750

Ref

use

bu

ried

intr

ench

esb

elo

wth

ew

ater

tab

le

New

leac

hat

ean

dst

orm

wat

erp

on

ds

and

leac

hat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

Tri

assi

csa

nd

sto

ne

TB

DT

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

530

Ap

pro

xim

atel

yth

ree

bo

res

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sS

ore

llD

un

alle

ycl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

TB

DT

BD

Clo

sed

1996

Nil

Tri

assi

cro

ckw

ith

reg

oli

thso

ils

TB

DT

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

530

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sS

ou

ther

nM

idla

nd

sO

atla

nd

sw

aste

dep

ot

5329

9053

1309

0O

per

ated

for

ov

erte

ny

ears

No

leac

hat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

,u

nli

ned

leac

hat

ep

on

ds

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks,

wit

hv

ario

us

deg

rees

of

wea

ther

ing

No

maj

or

stru

ctu

res

kn

ow

nto

exis

tin

the

loca

lar

ea,e

xp

ect

Ter

tiar

yb

asal

tfe

atu

re(u

nk

no

wn

iffl

ow

or

plu

g)

app

rox

imat

ely

500

met

res

toth

en

ort

h

Tri

assi

caq

uif

er49

0N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Tas

man

ian

Geo

logi

cal

Su

rvey

Rec

ord

2002

/17

33

Cate

go

ryo

fact

ivit

yC

ou

nci

l/M

un

icip

ali

tyS

ite

loca

tio

nA

MG

East

ing

AM

GN

ort

hin

gH

isto

rica

lis

sues

En

gin

eeri

ng

desi

gn

ed

infr

ast

ruct

ure

for

BP

EM

Lit

ho

log

ies

Str

uct

ura

lg

eo

log

ical

sett

ing

Hy

dro

geo

log

ical

sett

ing

Ap

pro

xim

ate

loca

lan

nu

al

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kn

ow

nn

um

ber

of

curr

en

tly

inst

all

ed

bo

res

(No

vem

ber

1999)

Kn

ow

ng

rou

nd

wate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Po

ten

tial

gro

un

dw

ate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sS

ou

ther

nM

idla

nd

sC

amp

ania

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t,B

row

nM

ou

nta

in

5375

0052

8000

0C

lose

d19

99N

ilT

rias

sic

sed

imen

tary

rock

s,w

ith

var

iou

sd

egre

eso

fw

eath

erin

g

TB

DT

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

630

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sS

ou

ther

nM

idla

nd

sR

oss

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

tT

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

rias

sic

sed

imen

tary

rock

s,w

ith

var

iou

sd

egre

eso

fw

eath

erin

g

TB

DT

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

TB

DT

BD

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sT

asm

anP

ort

Art

hu

rcl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

TB

DT

BD

TB

DT

BD

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks,

wit

hv

ario

us

deg

rees

of

wea

ther

ing

TB

DT

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

TB

DT

BD

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sT

asm

anN

ub

een

aw

aste

dep

ot

5613

0052

2775

0N

ilO

ver

flo

win

gsi

lted

up

leac

hat

ep

on

d.

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks,

wit

hv

ario

us

deg

rees

of

wea

ther

ing

TB

DT

rias

sic

aqu

ifer

890

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

arat

ah-

Wy

ny

ard

Wy

ny

ard

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

3920

0054

6210

0C

lose

din

1995

.C

emet

ery

nex

tto

lan

dfi

llh

ash

igh

wat

erta

ble

.S

cho

ol

nex

tto

site

Sto

rmw

ater

pip

esp

ast

thro

ug

hla

nd

fill

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

mo

stli

kel

yo

ver

lyin

gP

erm

ian

sed

imen

tary

rock

s

Un

con

form

ity

bet

wee

nb

asem

ent

and

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

Lan

dfi

llre

sts

on

the

riv

erg

rav

els

(flo

od

pla

in)

of

the

Ing

lis

Riv

er,1

.8k

mb

efo

reth

eIn

gli

sR

iver

dis

char

ges

into

Bas

sS

trai

t.U

nco

nfi

ned

un

con

soli

dat

edaq

uif

erw

ith

inte

ract

ion

wit

hth

eIn

gli

sR

iver

,ov

erly

ing

frac

ture

daq

uif

er-

also

in(h

yd

rau

lic

syst

em)

of

Ing

lis

Riv

erh

yd

rosp

her

e

1020

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

arat

ah-

Wy

ny

ard

War

atah

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

TB

DT

BD

Clo

sed

1998

Cla

yco

ver

TB

DT

BD

TB

D21

80N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Zee

han

reg

ion

alw

aste

dep

ot

3628

5053

5902

5O

ldta

ilin

gs

du

mp

site

Lea

chat

eco

llec

tio

nsy

stem

inn

ewar

eas,

no

qu

alit

yco

ntr

ols

on

leac

hat

eli

ner

con

stru

ctio

n,

sto

rmw

ater

div

ersi

on

Wes

tern

Dev

on

ian

Flo

ren

ceQ

uar

tzit

efa

ult

edag

ain

stea

ster

nS

ilu

rian

Cro

tty

Qu

artz

ite,

ver

yli

ttle

clay

Sev

eral

fau

lts

ben

eath

the

lan

dfi

llfo

otp

rin

t,m

ain

N-S

fau

ltco

nta

ctb

etw

een

the

Flo

ren

cean

dC

rott

yq

uar

tzit

es

Fra

ctu

red

aqu

ifer

(s)

inte

ract

ion

wit

hsu

rfac

etr

ibu

tary

toth

eL

ittl

eH

enty

Riv

er.H

igh

wat

erta

ble

wit

hra

pid

flu

ctu

atio

ns

du

rin

gra

inev

ents

.Su

rfac

esp

rin

gd

isch

arg

es

1500

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Tri

alH

arb

ou

r(u

nli

cen

sed

)w

aste

dep

ot

3491

7553

5670

0N

ilN

ilP

reca

mb

rian

sed

imen

tary

rock

sT

BD

Fra

ctu

red

aqu

ifer

2480

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Gra

nv

ille

Har

bo

ur

(un

lice

nse

d)

was

ted

epo

t

3373

5053

6930

0N

ilN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

san

dQ

uat

ern

ary

san

do

ver

bed

rock

Qu

ater

nar

ysa

nd

aqu

ifer

2360

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Tu

llah

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

tT

BD

TB

DC

lose

d19

98T

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

D21

80T

BD

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Ro

seb

ery

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

3734

7553

7250

0C

lose

d19

98T

BD

TB

DT

BD

TB

D19

60N

ilN

ilM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Str

ahan

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

3597

0053

3220

0C

lose

d19

98In

situ

cov

erm

ater

ial

Qu

ater

nar

yal

luv

ium

Qu

ater

nar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erb

edro

ckQ

uat

ern

ary

aqu

ifer

2140

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Qu

een

sto

wn

old

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

3778

2553

3480

0N

ilN

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

allu

viu

mo

ver

Cam

bri

anm

ud

sto

ne

Qu

ater

nar

yal

luv

ium

ov

erC

amb

rian

mu

dst

on

eT

BD

2140

Nil

Nil

Met

als

and

hy

dro

carb

on

s

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Co

ast

Qu

een

sto

wn

clo

sed

was

ted

epo

t

3783

0053

8750

0C

lose

d19

98N

ilQ

uat

ern

ary

allu

viu

mT

BD

Qu

ater

nar

yaq

uif

ern

ext

toQ

uee

nR

iver

2140

Nil

Nil

Met

als,

hy

dro

carb

on

san

dn

utr

ien

ts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Tam

arB

eaco

nsf

ield

was

ted

epo

t48

4900

5439

900

Nil

Riv

erw

ork

sle

ach

ate

trea

tmen

ttr

ial

Ter

tiar

yse

dim

ents

Ter

tiar

ym

ater

ial

ov

erb

edro

ckT

erti

ary

aqu

ifer

nex

tto

Bra

nd

yC

reek

800

On

eb

ore

TB

DM

etal

s,h

yd

roca

rbo

ns

and

nu

trie

nts

Sol

idw

aste

disp

osal

site

sW

est

Tam

arE

xet

ercl

ose

dw

aste

dep

ot

4952

0054

2720

0C

ou

nci

lsu

edb

yp

riv

ate

lan

do

wn

erd

ue

tost

ock

loss

es

Cap

pin

gT

rias

sic

sed

imen

tary

rock

s,w

ith

var

iou

sd

egre

eso

fw

eath

erin

g

Tri

assi

cse

dim

enta

ryro

cks

intr

ud

edb

yJu

rass

icd

ole

rite

Tri

assi

caq

uif

ern

ext

toS

ton

yB

roo

k86

5N

ilN

ilN

utr

ien

ts,

hy

dro

carb

on

s,m

etal

s,o

rgan

op

ho

sph

ates

and

org

ano

chlo

rid

es

Tas

man

ian

Geo

logi

cal

Su

rvey

Rec

ord

2002

/17

34

Cate

go

ryo

fact

ivit

yC

ou

nci

l/M

un

icip

ali

tyS

ite

loca

tio

nA

MG

East

ing

AM

GN

ort

hin

gH

isto

rica

lis

sues

En

gin

eeri

ng

desi

gn

ed

infr

ast

ruct

ure

for

BP

EM

Lit

ho

log

ies

Str

uct

ura

lg

eo

log

ical

sett

ing

Hy

dro

geo

log

ical

sett

ing

Ap

pro

xim

ate

loca

lan

nu

al

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kn

ow

nn

um

ber

of

curr

en

tly

inst

all

ed

bo

res

(No

vem

ber

1999)

Kn

ow

ng

rou

nd

wate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Po

ten

tial

gro

un

dw

ate

ran

d/o

ro

ffsi

tesu

rface

wate

rp

oll

uta

nts

Dai

rypr

oces

sin

gan

def

flu

ent

irri

gati

on

Bu

rnie

Lac

tos

pro

per

ty50

8000

5450

000

Use

dex

ten

siv

ely

inth

ep

ast

asth

eo

nly

area

for

the

dis

po

sal

of

mil

kb

y-p

rod

uct

s(w

hey

)an

dw

ash

-d

ow

nw

ater

,p

rese

ntl

yo

nly

use

dfo

rw

ash

do

wn

wat

er

Irri

gat

ion

syst

emfr

om

ho

ldin

gta

nk

s

Ter

tiar

yb

asal

tan

dre

late

dso

ils

ov

erly

ing

Bu

rnie

shal

eT

erti

ary

bas

alt

flo

wo

ver

Pre

cam

bri

anq

uar

tzit

ean

dsh

ale

Ris

ing

spri

ng

sin

sev

eral

loca

tio

ns

on

pro

per

ty.

Cas

cad

esC

reek

dis

char

ges

into

Em

uR

iver

1200

Fiv

eb

ore

sin

stal

led

inla

nd

slip

area

plu

sth

ree

bo

res

inst

alle

db

elo

wB

etta

mil

kir

rig

atio

nar

ea

TB

DN

utr

ien

ts

Dai

rypr

oces

sin

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/17

35

APPENDIX 3

Site specific reports published as part of this project

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theBridport sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/01.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at thePort Sorell waste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey2002/03.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theScottsdale waste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey2002/04.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theSmithton sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/05.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theBlue Ribbon abattoir, Smithton. Record TasmanianGeological Survey 2002/06.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at thePort Latta waste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey2002/07.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theStanley sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/08.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theStieglitz sewage lagoons. Record Tasmanian GeologicalSurvey 2002/09.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Groundwater quality investigations at theChapel Street and Jackson Street waste depots, Glenorchy.Record Tasmanian Geological Survey 2002/11.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Drilling investigations to identifygroundwater flow directions in the area north of theTolosa Street Reservoir, Glenorchy. Record TasmanianGeological Survey 2002/12.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Geotechnical investigations at the DorsetCouncil clay quarry, Jensens Road, North Scottsdale.Record Tasmanian Geological Survey 2002/13.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Drilling and related geotechnicalinvestigations of the Jetsonville aquifer at the Scottsdalewaste depot. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey 2002/14.

EZZY, A. R. 2002. Hydrogeological investigations at theMcRobies Gully waste depot, South Hobart. RecordTasmanian Geological Survey 2002/16.


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