deoxyribonucleic acid. from dna to you! ingredients: deoxyribose (sugar) phosphate group nitrogen...
Post on 15-Jan-2016
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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From DNA to you!
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Ingredients:
• Deoxyribose (sugar)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen base
Location: nucleus of the cellOccupation: carries heredity information
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Nitrogen bases
4 possible:
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• Adenine always pairs with Thymine
• Cytosine always pairs with Guanine
A*T and C*G
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Nucleotides combine & form long chains.
* Chains are joined by HYDROGEN bonds between the bases.
Let’s look at the structure of DNA…
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All organisms contain DNA, made of nucleotides, with A-T-C and G…
SO HOW CAN ORGANISMS BE SO DIFFERENT?
* The order of the nucleotides in the DNA strands is different.
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The sequence of nitrogen bases is a code for the making of proteins.
This is the GENETIC CODE - proteins are built from amino acids.
The code works in sets of 3.
3 nitrogen bases = 1 amino acid = codon
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Before we can make a protein, we have to make RNA.
DNA is involved in 3 processes:
1. 2. 3.
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The genetic code is universal.
This means the codons represent the same amino acid in all organisms!
There are 20 different amino acids.
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Gregor Mendel
*The father of genetics
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Mendel was the first to carry out studies of heredity.
Heredity --> passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring
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Genetics - branch of biology that studies heredity.
Characteristics that are inherited are called traits.
Mendel predicted how traits are transferred from one generation to the next --> using pea plants.
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He crossed plants with different traits.
Example: A tall plant X short plantGreen seeded plant X Yellow seeded
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Genes are the basic unit of inheritance. -> located on our chromosomes.
• One gene is inherited from the female parent and one from the male.
How genes work…
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If one trait is masked or covered up by the other, the trait that hides the other is dominant.
(capital letters: A, B, R, Y)
The trait that is covered up or hidden is recessive.
(lower case letters: a, b, r, y)
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If both traits are dominant (CAPITAL), the organism is homozygous dominant.
If both traits are recessive (lower case), the organism is homozygous recessive.
These organisms are purebred.
Homozygous means “SAME”
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If one trait is dominant and one is recessive, the organism is heterozygous. (capital & lower case)
These organisms are hybrids.
Heterozygous means “different”!
Heterozygous individuals are also called
carriers.--> They “carry” the recessive gene.
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Genes exist in alternative forms.
--> These different gene forms are called alleles.
* Allele refers to the “letters.”
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* Used to determine the probability (or ratio) of expected offspring
Genotype: organism’s gene combination
Phenotype: organism’s physical appearance, the way it looks