density neutron crossover
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 13 –Gas Bearing
Formation Interpretation
Lecture notes for PET 370
Spring 2011
Prepared by: Thomas W. Engler, Ph.D., P.E.
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
• Effect of gas on neutron log response
– lower hydrogen content than calibrated value, thus higher count rateresulting in low a.
– Shale effect is opposite to the gas effect, makes detection extremelydifficult
• Effect of gas on density log response
– presence of gas reduces bulk density, resulting in a high apparent porosity.
– shale effect can increase or decrease bulk density, dependent on shale’s
bulk density.
• Effect of gas on sonic log response
– increase in sonic log porosity in poorly-consolidated sands.
– not quantitative or predictable
Impact
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
• Log response is function of different depths of investigation of the FDC –
CNL tools and the degree of invasion.
Background
2 4 6 8 10
Distance from borehole wall, in
G e o m e t r i c
f a c t o r
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8FDC
CNL
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation Example
Density – neutron logillustrating Type I gas effect
(Hilchie, 1978)
- deep invasion, or
- Extremely shallow invasion
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation Example
Density – neutron log illustrating
the effect of shallow to moderate
invasion. (Type II)
(Bassiouni, 1994)
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation Example
Density – neutron log illustrating
a gas-bearing shaly sand. (Type III)
(Hilchie, 1978)
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation False Gas Effect
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
• Assume invasion extends beyond the density tool,
where
rg is “apparent gas density” seen by the density log
In terms of porosity, Eq (1) can be written as
where
* gas density is f(P,T,g)* Mud filtrate density is f(salinity)
Where n is fractional salinity (Cppmx10-6)
Porosity Determination
n73.01mf r
]g)xoS1(mf xoS[ma)1( b rrrr
]g)D)(xoS1(xoS[D
mf ma
gmag)D(
rr
rr
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
•Consider the simple case of:
1. fresh mud rmf = 1, Hmf = 1
2. Low pressure rg 0, Hg 0
solve for porosity,
solve for flushed zone saturation,
Case I: Fresh mud, low pressure reservoir
ma
ND
ma
1ma=
or ,ma
N)
bma(
=
r
r
r
rrr
NxoS
(9)
(10)
(11)
Porosity Determination
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
Empirical derivation, applicable for any rg.
If fresh mud,
Further reduce by assuming Sxo is large, such that ,12(1-Sxo) 0,
1/2
2
2 N
2D=
General case
2)]xoS1(n5.1[2)]xoS1(12.1[2
2 N
2D=2
2)]xoS1(12.1[2
2 N
2D=2
(12)
(13)
(14)
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
• properly calibrated neutron log will respond to hydrogen in water andhydrocarbons.
• Due to low H2 content of gas,
the neutron log responds to
the water fraction, only.
• Difference between two
formations is the “Excavation”of 15% by volume of matrix
material and replaced by gas.
• Magnitude of excavation effect
dependent on hydrocarbon
saturation and fluid HI.
Excavation Effect
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
Example
Swh = Sxo = 0.5, fresh mud, Hgas = 0
Measured Neutron porosity =
24%
Excavation effect, Nex
= 6%
Corrected neutron porosity =
24 + 6 = 30%
Excavation Effect
Typical excavation effect curve:
Dolomite, = 30%, Hgas = 0
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
On density logs:
Or
On neutron logs:
Gas effect on crossplot
Nex)gHmf H)(xoS1( Ng
)Dg1)(xoS1(Dg
)gmf )(xoS1(g rrr
(19)
(20)
(21)
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation Flowchart
INPUT DATA{rma, N, rb or D,
Cppm, P,T,g}
INITIAL GUESS Sxo
{crossplot} {Eq.11}
GAS DENSITY
{EOS}Hydrogen IndicesHmf {Eq.6} Hg {Eq.7}
r g or Dg{Eq 18} {Eq. 19}
SwH {Eq.17}
Excavation Effect{Eq.15}
Ng {Eq.20}
Update and Sxo
< TOL?
STOP
END
Y
N
n
xoS
nd
;2
Mineral Fractions
rmaa
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
13.1 A clean sandstone, suspected to be gas bearing, had the following
recorded log readings: a lithology-correct N = 5% and a r b = 2.00gm/cc. Assuming the gas is low density and the mud is fresh mud,
determine the true porosity and the flushed zone saturation.
Exercises
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
13.2 Repeat Ex. 13.1 but include the excavation effect. Compare with
the answers to Example 13.1.
Exercises
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
13.3 A clean, gas-bearing sandstone exhibited neutron and density
porosity readings of 10 and 20 %, respectively. Assume a freshmud filtrate. Investigate the effect of gas density on the resulting
true porosity and flushed zone saturation by considering two
separate cases: (1) with a gas density assumed to be zero, and (2) a
gas density = 0.25 gm/cc. Ignore excavation effect.
Exercises
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Gas-Bearing Formation Interpretation
13.4 In Example 13.3, consider the porosity readings are on a limestone
matrix . Determine the true porosity and flushed zone saturation.What is the effect in change of matrix type?
Exercises