den islam intern report

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

Practicum Report on

A study on HVAC system in Beximco

Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Prepared By

Den IslamID # 09107034

Program: BSME

Submission Date: August, 10, 2012

The Coordinator

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology4, Embankment Drive Road, Uttara Model Town,Sector 10, Bangladesh.

Subject: Request for the Report

Subject: Request for the Report.

Dear Sir,With due respect, I would like to submit this report as partial fulfillment of the BSME degree, the topic of A

study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. It was superlative opportunity for me to work on

this topic to actualize my theoretical knowledge in the practical area and to have an enormous experience onthe Refrigeration System.Now I am looking forward for your kind assessment regarding this report.

I would be very kind of you, if you please take the trouble of going through the report and evaluate my

performance regarding this report.

Sincerely Yours,

..

Den Islam

ID # 09107034Program# BSME

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLThe CoordinatorDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology4, Embankment Drive Road, Uttara Model Town,Sector 10, Bangladesh.

Subject: Letter of Transmittal

Dear Sir,This is a great opportunity & immense for me to submit this report l on the topic of A study onHVACsystem in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. I have prepared this report as partial fulfillment of the BSMEdegree .I have tried my level best to prepare this report to the required standard. It was certainly a great opportunity for

me to work on this paper to actualize my academic knowledge in the practical arena.

I express my heart full gratitude to you to go through this report and make your valuable comments. It would

be very kind of you, if you please evaluate my performance regarding this report.

Thank youSincerely Yours,

..

Den Islam

ID # 09107034

Program# BSME

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Acknowledgement

This report which is entitled as A study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is talking

about the basic process Air-conditioning and Refrigeration System and application of this system for a

Pharmaceuticals Industry.

In the process of conducting this re[port , I would like to express my gratitude and respect to some respectable

person for their enormous help and giant support.

First of all I would like to thank to Mr. Yusuf Hossain, DGM, Engineering in Beximco Pharmaceuticals who

helped us a lot by his brilliant guidelines to make this report, without which it was not possible to conduct it.

I also thankful to Engr. Abdul Wadud, Course Coordinator, Department of Mechanical Engineering and al

the teachers of the Department of Mechanical engineering for providing their brilliant guidelines regarding this

subject matter.

Finally I wish to acknowledge those who directly or indirectly helped me in connection with this work.

12th April,2011

Uttara, DhakaAuthor

---------------------

Den Islam

ID # 09107034

Student Declaration

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I hereby declare that the presented report titled A study onHVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals

Ltd. is uniquely prepared by me as a work report part on my Practicum. I did it with the help and assistance of

Engineering Department in Beximco Pharmaceuticals LTD.

I also confirm that, the report is only prepared for my academic requirement as a partial fulfillment of BSME

degree and not for any other purpose. It might not be used with the interest of opposite party of the

organization.

Author

..Den Islam

Program : BSME

Executive Summary

The term HVAC system is broadly used as Heating Ventilating & Air conditioning System. Basically it is

nothing but simply a conditioning system of air referring to any process or system that controls the

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLtemperature, humidity, cleanliness, and movement of indoor air. When the weather is hot, it cools the air

When the weather is cold, it warms the air. It also adds or removes moisture to and from the air as needed. By

controlling air movement, air conditioning is able to remove dust and dirt by bringing fresh air into a space and

pushing stale air out. An air conditioning system is any mechanism designed to stabilize and control the

condition of the air in a given space, most commonly in buildings, cars, and other forms of public and private

transportation.

The basic things forHVACsystem are to follow some criteria mentioning as bellow:

a) Temperature.

b) Moisture in the air (Humidity).

c) Ventilation system.

d) Filtration of Air born particles.

e) Air Movement in the occupied space.

A substance called refrigerant carries heat from one area to another. Simply compressor, condenser, expansion

valve and evaporator combined this system with a cyclic work. In BPL a Chiller is used for chilled water which

passes through the AHU (Air Handling Units), cooled air is supplied inside the factory building through duct.

Organization

Company Profile

.

.

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Name of the company : Beximco Pharmaceuticals LimitedYear of Establishment : 1976Country of Incorporation : BangladeshCommercial Production : 1980Status : Public Limited Company

Main Country of operation : BangladeshCorporate Headquarter &Registered Address : 17 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 2, Dhaka- 1205, BangladeshPhone : +880-2-8611891 (5 lines), Fax: +880-2-8613470,Email : [email protected] : www.beximcopharma.comOperational Headquarter : 19 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 7, Dhaka- 1205, BangladeshPhone : +880-2-8619151 (5 lines), +880-2-8619091 (5 lines)Fax : +880-2-8613888; Email: [email protected] : www.beximcopharma.comOverseas Offices & Associates : UK, USA, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore, Kenya, Yemen,

Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia and Sri LankaAuthorized Capital (Taka) : 2,000 millionPaid-up Capital (Taka) : 1,040.97 millionNumber of Shareholders : Around 49,000Stock Exchange Listings : Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges of Bangladesh and AIM of

London Stock ExchangeNumber of Employees : 2236

VISION

We view business as a means to the material and social wellbeing of the investors, employees and the societyat large, leading to accretion of wealth through financial and moral gains as a part of the process of the human

civilization.

MISSION

Each of Our activities must benefit and add value to the common wealth of our society.We firmly believe that,in the final analysis we are accountable to each of the constituents with whom we interact, namely: Ouremployees, Our customers, Our business associates, our fellow citizens and Our shareholders.

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OBJECTIVE

Our objectives are to conduct transparent business operation based on market mechanism within the legal &social frame work with aims to attain the mission reflected by our vision.

Functions

Manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical Finished Formulation Products, Large Volume Parenteralsand Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)

Beximco Pharmacy, are in the business which deals with human health and this makes us more responsible tokeep the highest standards of Our products.

Good products, however are only one side of its expression of commitment. They believe their responsibilitylies even more in ensuring that Our society gets benefited while we continue to grow.Beximco Pharmacy is acclaimed for outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, productdevelopment capabilities and outstanding service.

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Generator

The Board of Directors:

A S F Rahman ,ChairmanSalman F Rahman ,Vice Chairman

Iqbal Ahmed ,DirectorMohammad Abul Qasem ,Director

Osman Kaiser Chowdhury ,DirectorDr. Abdul Alim Khan ,Director

Abu Bakar Siddiqur Rahman ,DirectorThe Executive Committee

Osman Kaiser Chowdhury, Member of the Board of DirectorsChowdhury Hafizur Rahman ,Member of the Board of DirectorsNazmul Hassan ,Chief Executive OfficerAli Nawaz ,Chief Financial Officer

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLAfsar Uddin Ahmed, Director, CommercialThe Management Committee

Nazmul Hassan Chief Executive OfficerOsman Kaiser Chowdhury Member of the Board of DirectorsAli Nawaz Chief Financial OfficerAfsar Uddin Ahmed Director, Commercial

Rabbur Reza Director, MarketingLutfur Rahman Director, WorksZakaria Seraj Chowdhury Director, SalesMohd. Tahir Siddique Executive Director, Quality AssuranceA R M Zahidur Rahman General Manager, ProductionJamal Ahmed Choudhury Senior Manager, Accounts & Finance

Present programs

Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is the leading pharmaceutical company of Bangladesh. Founded in 1976Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has been producing world class pharmaceutical products following currentGood Manufacturing Practice (GMP) as required by the World Health Organization (WHO) in order toimprove health, happiness and quality of life. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has products of differen

therapeutic classes, each of which, occupies a prominent position in themarket and the heart of their customersand shareholders. Beximco PharmaceuticalsLtd. is always committed to improve the lives of people throughthe developmentand commercialization of high quality and cost-effective medicines. They strongly believethat quality makes the difference between life and death.After successful venturing in the local market, theyhave now taken the challenge to replicate the journey into the international arena. Now they are exporting toUK, USA, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore, Kenya, Yemen, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia and Sri Lanka

Future expansion programs

Increasing trends in product offerings

.reflects their relentless effort to provide better health care services to their valued customers

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R & DInventing tomorrow

B P L is a company that is continuously searching for the next treatment advancements. BPLs portfoliofeatures a range of high-quality, effective products. This product portfolio, combined with the steady stream ofpromising new products in development, is one of the many reasons BPL is among the nation's leading

pharmaceutical companies.

Future Focus

Strengthen its position in the present marketsWork is in progress to enter into regulated markets in six continents.

Research Methodology

Objective of the study

Primary objective:To fulfill the requirement of the Course ART-203Secondary Objectives:

To gain practical knowledge in HVAC system procedure and practices in industrial sector of Our country. To identify various problems in Air Coditioning System To recommend Our suggestions to overcome this problem.

Rationale of the study

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLFor BSME graduates both theory and knowledge of their application in professional area are important. Thisstudy gives us experiencing a good opportunity to bridge between theory and practices in industrial applicationat Bangladesh. We have learnt about HVAC system which we can learn in the real life path. This report helpsus to gain knowledge the application of HVAC system particularly in industrial application.

Data collection

Primary Data Sources:Personal discussion with the Engineers , Executives of Engineering department of Beximco Pharmacy.In collecting primary data we use questionnaire and verbal discussion. We concentrates only those people who

can give us information related to Our report.Secondary Sources: Annual Report. Brochures. Publications. Company Website.Data Analysis

The study has been conducted to get a picture about HVAC system , AC system and practical application ofthem Beximco Pharma. To get information we have prepared a questionnaire in such a way so thainterviewees can express their opinions, observation and knowledge on AC system, HVAC system in BeximcoPharma. Every question has some points. We put weight depending on responses. we focus both theoretical

and application of these.

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1. Job Analysis

Job analysis is used to:

1. Choose employees either from the ranks of your existing staff or from the recruitment of new staff.2. Set out the training requirements of a particular job.3. Provide information which will help in decision making about the type of equipment and materials to beemployed with the job.4. Identify and profile the experiences of employees in their work tasks (information which can be used asevidence for staffdevelopment and promotion).5. Identify areas of risk and danger at work.6. Help in setting rates of pay for job tasks.Job analysis can be carried out by direct observation of employees at work, by finding out information frominterviewing job holders, or by referring to documents such as training manuals. Information can be gleaneddirectly from the person carrying out a task and/or from their supervisory staff. Some large organizationsspecifically employ 'job analysts'. In most companies, however, job analysis is expected to be part of thegeneral skills of a training or personnel officer.2. Job Description

A job description will set out how a particular employee will fit into the organization. It will therefore need toset out:1. The title of the job2. To whom the employee is responsible3. A simple description of the role and duties of the employee within the organizationA job description could be used as a job indicator for applicants for a job. Alternatively, it could be used as aguideline for an employee and/or his or her line manager as to his or her role and responsibility within theorganization.3. Job specification

A job specification goes beyond a mere description - in addition, it highlights the mental and physical attributesrequired of the job holder. For example, a job specification for a trainee manager's post in a retail storeincluded the following:

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'Managers at all levels would be expected to show responsibility. The company is looking for people who aretough and talented. They should have a flair for business; know how to sell, and to work in a team.To do an effective HVAC system it will therefore take into consideration the following:1. Keeping the costs of selection down.2. Making sure that the skills and qualities being required has been identified.

3. Developing a process for identifying the economical solution.4. Making sure that the system selected, will fulfill the requirement of the industry

Limitation of the study

Unlike other research, this assignment is limited to the time constraints. Most of the organizations do

not agree to share their company strategy with such small days acquaintance.

Information regarding to pharmaceuticals is very confidential and because of that reason we focused on

secondary data for report preparation, though we have also used primary data which may no

pasteurized the actual one.

Although very high level officials tried to help us to prepare this report but their nature of job is such

that gives them little time to discuss.

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Questionnaire regarding Effective HVAC system:

The following information was collected through different Engineers and Staffs regarding this Job:1. What is an HVAC system?

Ans: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning--more commonly referred to as HVAC--is a common acronym

used to refer to all matters relating to heating and air conditioning. The air conditioning side of an HVACsystem uses the evaporation of refrigerant to provide cooling. Conversely, the heating side of an HVAC systemeither typically relies on a furnace or heat pump to provide heating through the same ventilation system. This isdone by warming heat exchanges that subsequently warm the air that passes through the HVAC system in ahome orbusiness. Heat pumps have been more popular in recent construction, but one will still see bothvariants and others used in new construction.

2. What are the major difference between a Heat Pump & Refrigerator?

Ans:

Heat Pump is the device where heat supplied to the engine is converted into useful work, where as

Refrigerator is the device reversed as Heat pump which either cool or maintain the temperature of a bodylower than the atmospheric temperature.3. What are the procedures of Air Refrigerator cycle ?

Ans:

Air Refrigerator work on Reversed Carnot cycle.4. Which one is recommended as Compression Cycle?

Ans:

Vapor Compression Refrigeration system is recommended for compression cycle.As it has less running cost over Air Refrigerant system, smaller in size, C.O.P is very high.5. What are the good refrigerant?

Ans:

Refrigerant having following properties are the good refrigerant:I) Low boiling point.

II) High critical Temperature

III) High Latent heat of vaporization.

IV) Non corrosive to metal.

V) Low cost.

VI) Non-toxic.

VII) Non flammable and non explosive.

6. Is What are the most common refrigerant?

Ans:

Ammonia, Carbon-di-oxide, Freon-12.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLAmong them Freon-12 is mostly useable refrigerant because of boiling point -30 C and operating pressure of itis 8 bar.7. What is Year Round Air conditioning System?

Ans:

If it consist both the winter and summer equipment in a system it is termed as year round AC system.

8. What is the Basic difference between HVAC and AC system ?Ans: HVAC recommends for air conditioning as well as human comfort , environment control and otherthings, where as AC system only refers the comfort air conditioning.9. What is central AC system?:

Ans: When the cooling load capacity is more than 25TR.10.When is De-Humidification required?

Ans: To control the Humidity up to a certain range De-humidifier is used.

Analysis and Findings

To make the HVAC system effective Electro osmosis has been proposed for dehumidification in airconditioning systems. This would allow the sensible and latent loads to be handled separately and may lead toimprovements in energy efficiency and comfort control. In electro osmosis, water is pumped through channelsor pores in solid material by the application of a voltage. A membrane composed of a desiccant material couldremove moisture from air to be conditioned. Then, Electro osmotic pumping could move the moisture acrossthe membrane and reject it on the other side.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLText of Report:

HVAC System :

Introduction

The chief requirements of an air conditioning system are:

1. It should convey specified rates of air flow to prescribed locations

2. It should be economical in combined initial cost, fan operating cost and cost of building space

3. It should not transmit or generate objectionable noise

Generally at the time of designing an air conditioning system, the required airflow rates are known from loadcalculations. The location of fans and air outlets are fixed initially. The duct layout is then made taking intoaccount the space available and ease of construction. However, for a given system, only one set results in theoptimum design.

Definition:

Air conditioning is a term referring to any process or system that controls the temperature, humiditycleanliness, and movement of indoor air. When the weather is hot, it cools the air. When the weather is cold, it

warms the air. It also adds or removes moisture to and from the air as needed. By controlling air movement, airconditioning is able to remove dust and dirt by bringing fresh air into a space and pushing stale air out. An airconditioning system is any mechanism designed to stabilize and control the condition of the air in a givenspace, most commonly in buildings, cars, and other forms of public and private transportation.

HVAC System:

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning--more commonly referred to as HVAC--is a common acronym usedto refer to all matters relating to heating and air conditioning. The air conditioning side of an HVAC systemuses the evaporation of refrigerant to provide cooling. Conversely, the heating side of an HVAC system eithertypically relies on a furnace or heat pump to provide heating through the same ventilation system. This is done

by warming heat exchanges that subsequently warm the air that passes through the HVAC system in a home orbusiness. Heat pumps have been more popular in recent construction, but one will still see both variants andothers used in new construction.

Unless you live in an amazingly temperate climate, the HVAC system in your home uses more energy anddrains more energy dollars than any other system in your home. Typically, 44 percent of your utility bill goesfor heating and cooling.

Like many other appliances, HVAC systems have improved in energy efficiency in the last decade. As a resultyou can save money and increase your comfort by properly maintaining and upgrading your HVAC equipment.

Another development of the 1990s is the whole house approach to heating and cooling. Coupled with anenergy efficient furnace, heat pump or air-conditioner, the whole house approach can have a great impact onyour energy bills. By combining proper equipment maintenance and upgrades with appropriate insulationweatherization and thermostat settings - properly regulated with a programmable thermostat, of course - youmay be able to cut your energy bills in half.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLAll major appliances including gas furnaces, boilers, air conditioners and heat pumps sold in California meetthe Title-24 energy efficiency standards. If you are thinking about purchasing a new central furnace, check theENERGY STAR database, which uses information supplied by the California Energy Commission. Itdisplays information on most energy efficient appliances in a consumer-friendly, easy-to-use fashion.

Thermal Comfort:

Thermal Comfort means that a person wearing a normal amount of clothing fills neither too cold nor too warmIt is important for both well being and productivity. It can be achieved only when the air temperature, humidityand air movement are within the specified range.

Central Air Conditioning System: Central air conditioning units are usually matched with a gas or oilfurnace to provide heat through the same set of ducts.

There are also central HVAC units called heat pumps that combine both the heating and cooling functions. Ifyou heat your home with electricity, a heat pump system is the most efficient unit to use in moderate climates.It can provide up to three times more heating than the equivalent amount of electrical energy it consumes. A

heat pump can trim the amount of electricity you use for heating as much as 30 percent to 40 percent.

Even though air conditioners and heat pumps require the use of some different components, they both operateon the same basic principles.

Objectives Discuss the use of ventilated air for Air cooling of buildings and Air cooling of occupants

Make a comparison between natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation

List the general guidelines for natural ventilation Discuss briefly forced ventilation using electric fans

Discuss interior air movement using interior fans, unit ventilators, whole house fans and solar chimneys

Discuss the benefits of mechanical ventilation using fans

Background

Residential and commercial space-cooling demands are increasing steadily throughout the world as what oncewas considered a luxury is now seemingly a necessity. Air-conditioning manufacturers have played a big partin making units more affordable by increasing their efficiency and improving components and technologyThe competitiveness of the industry has increased with demand, and there are many companies providing air

conditioning units and systems.

Air conditioning systems vary considerably in size and derive their energy from many different sources.

Popularity of residential air conditioners has increased dramatically with the advent of central air, a strategy

that utilizes the ducting in a home for both heating and cooling. Commercial air conditioners, almos

mandatory in new construction, have changed a lot in the past few years as energy costs rise and power sources18
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLchange and improve. The use of natural gas-powered industrial chillers has grown considerably, and they are

used for commercial air conditioning in many application

Working Procedure:

Heat pumps and most central air conditioners are called "split systems" because there is an outdoor unit (calleda condenser) and an indoor unit (an evaporator coil). The job of the heat pump or air conditioner is to transportheat from one of these units to the other. In the summer, for example, the system extracts heat from indoor airand transfers it outside, leaving cooled indoor air to be recalculated through your ducts by a fan.

A substance called a refrigerant carries the heat from one area to another. Basically, here's how it works:

The compressor in your outdoor unit will change the gaseous refrigerant into a high temperature, high-pressuregas. As that gas flows through the outdoor coil, it loses heat. That makes the refrigerant condense into a hightemperature, high pressure liquid that flows through copper tubing into the evaporator coil located in your fancoil unit or attached to your furnace.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLAt that point, the liquid refrigerant is allowed to expand, turning the liquid refrigerant into a low temperaturelow pressure gas. The gas then absorbs heat from the air circulating in your home's ductwork, leaving it full ofcooler air to be distributed throughout the house. Meanwhile, the low temperature, low pressure refrigerant gasreturns to the compressor to begin the cycle all over again.

While your air conditioner or heat pump cools the air, it also dehumidifies it. That's because warm air passing

over the indoor evaporator coil cannot hold as much moisture as it carried at a higher temperature, before itwas cooled. The extra moisture condenses on the outside of the coils and is carried away through a drain. Theprocess is similar to what happens on a hot, humid day, when condensed moisture beads up on the outside of aglass of cold lemonade.

The same process works in reverse in a heat pump during the winter. The heat pump takes heat out of theoutside air - or out of the ground, if you have ageothermal heat pump- and it moves that heat inside, where itis transferred from the evaporator coil to the air circulating through your home.

That's not a typographical error, by the way- the heat pump moves heat from outside to warm your home, evenon a cold day. That's because "cold" is a relative term. Air as cold as 30 degrees still contains a great deal of

heat - the temperature at which air no longer carries any heat is well below -200 degrees Fahrenheit. A heatpump's heat exchanger can squeeze heat out of cold air, then transfer that heat into your home with the help oa fan which circulates the warm air through your ducts.

Heat pumps are often installed with back-up electric resistance heat or a furnace to handle heating requirementswhen more heat is needed than the heat pump can efficiently extract from the air.

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Basic Working Procedure of Cooling cycle:

1. The compressor takes the low pressure refrigerant and compresses it, increasing both the temperature

and the pressure. The actual temperature and pressure depend on the refrigerant being used.

2. The condenser blows outside air over the refrigerant vapor, turning it into a liquid, typically about 25 F

above the outside air temperature. Hence the hot air blowing out of the condenser.

3. The expansion valve changes the refrigerant from a high pressure liquid to a low pressure liquid,

dramatically lowering the temperature as well.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL4. The evaporator allows the warm room air to blow over the coils with cold refrigerant liquid,

transferring heat to change the cold liquid to a warmer gas. Refrigerants are selected by their ability to

absorb significant amounts of heat as they change state from a liquid to a gas.

e. Classification

of Air-

conditioning

System

1. According tothe season of the

yeara)

Winter airconditioningsystem

b)

Summer air conditioning system, andc) Year-round air conditioning system, and

2. According to the arrangement of equipmenta) Unitary air conditioning system, andb) Central air conditioning system

f. Limitation

1. The central plant is located in unoccupied areas, hence facilitating operating and maintenance, noise

control and choice of suitable equipment.

2. No piping, electrical wiring and filters are located inside the conditioned space.

3. Seasonal changeover is simple and readily adaptable to climatic control.

4. Gives a wide choice of suability, flexibility, and humidity control under all operating conditions.

5. Heat recovery system may be readily incorporated.

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Scope of work:

The scope of work under the assignment shall include the following:1. Collect information on assessment methodology and implementation

2. Collect participants profile

3. Collect modules and handouts

4. Observe sample

5. Carry out any other necessary activities relating to the task

Methodology:

For the purpose of assessing quality and effective of the assignment the approach adopted will include thefollowings: Review and relevance of field work

Ensure appropriate survey materials

The methodology will be fully developed with availability of more information as well as theoretical

exploration.

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Fig: Indoor and outdoor unit.

Work Plan:

Course work:

Gathering knowledge from course work on different heat & mass related fields.Field work:

Applying the acquired knowledge through multiple surveys Refrigeration system.

Chillers:

The above systems are all considered Direct Expansion (DX) systems because the units provide for directexpansion of the refrigerant in the air cooling coils. Chillers, on the other hand, make cold water that getsdistributed by pipes to air cooling coils. Chiller systems also require boilers to make hot water for the heatingcycle. A two pipe system either cools or heats and a system changeover must occur to go from cooling toheating. In the cooling cycle, the one pipe supplies the cold water while the other pipe returns the warmedwater (warmed by passing through the cooling coils with air blowing over the coils). A four pipe system

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLdoesn't need a system changeover, as each cooling coil unit has both a hot water supply and return and a coldwater supply and return piped to it. The energy efficiency of these systems and the excellent control options arethe biggest benefits, while initial cost and maintenance complexity are the drawbacks.

Humidity :

Humidity is an important thing for HVAC system. Relative humidity should be as 50% -60% is preferable.

Ventilation:

Ventilation is the movement of air and its contained pollutants to outdoors and flow of fresh air. The flow offresh air dilutes the concentration of pollutant. It is ideal way of keeping indoor air cleaning.

Dehumidification:

It is the process of moister removal process from air.

Two type of its are :-

i) Absorption Type, ii) Refrigerant Type

Bibliography:

Internet.

Training of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Limited.

Own real working experiences.

www.beximcopharma.comwww.msencarta.comBeximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Annual Report 2006

Brochure of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.De Cenzo & Robbins, Human Resource Management, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons inc.Singapore,

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Appendix

VAM Vapor absorption chiller VARS Vapor absorption refrigeration systemSVAS Simple vapor absorption systemPRV Pressure reducing valvePVAS Practical vapor absorption system

C.O.P Coefficient of performance

IVARS Ideal vapor absorption refrigeration system

DER Domestic Electrolux refrigerator

LBARS Lithium bromide absorption refrigeration systemVARM Vapor absorption refrigeration machine

MAC Modern absorption chiller

.C Degrees CelsiusKm Kilometer> Greater then< Less then% PercentMW Mega WattKWh Kilo Watt HourGWh Giga Watt Hour

Mt metric tons

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Chapter One

Introduction1.1 Origin of the report:

This report has been prepared as an integral part of the internship program for the Bachelor of Mechanical

Engineering Program at the Department of Mechanical Engineering (BSME), International University of

Business Agriculture and Technology. During internship at Beximco Pharmaceuticals LTD. I was there as an

In Plant Trainee and I decided to do my report on HVAC system. Our honorable Course Coordinator of

Mechanical Engineering Department provided his kind consent to academically supervise the internship

program.

1.2 Objectives

Introduction of HVAC system and its application.

Introduction of AHU( Air Handling Units).

Discuss the use of ventilated air for Air cooling of buildings and Air cooling of occupants

Make a comparison between natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation

Design HVAC for a small unit.

Broad Objectives: The broad objective of this study mainly understands HVAC system in Mechanica

Engineering and maintaining it properly.

Specific Objectives: In order to the broad objectives we have to find out the followingobjectives. They

are as follows:

Operation of HVAC system.

Operation of Chiller, Air Handling Unit.

Study about Air-conditioning System.

Maintenance Chiller, Air Handling Unit etc.

Study on Ducting system.27


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1.3 Scope

This report will cover the practical knowledge about Air-conditioning System, Chiller, Air Handling Unit

Ducting System, O & M Activities, Quality Management system and a broad knowledge of different kinds of

Mechanical maintenance. Managing the O & M activities of Utility to maintain its require standard and user

perception toward it is the main scope of discussion in this report. All the improved Process that can be used in

HVAC system for proper tracking improvement and decreasing extra cost require for operation of technical

activities are also discuss here.

1.4 Background

The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system of any building is like the respiratory system of a

human being. It controls the movement, quality and temperature of air to ventilate, warm and cool the

organism. Energy is consumed by the parts of the system that heat and cool the air and movement of air with

fans requires energy. Air or water is heated or cooled using direct contact with heat or refrigerants and pushed

through pathways (ducts or tubes), escaping through outlets or vents until it travels throughout the structure

The air or water then returns to its origin to be heated or cooled again. Well-engineered ventilation patterns aid

circulation, introduce fresh air and controls the buildup of carbon dioxide (a byproduct of human respiration),

carbon monoxide (from combustion sources) and miscellaneous toxic gases from building materials and

household activities. Well-designed HVAC systems, passive filters, insulation and gravity make the system

more effective and efficient. New conservation practices and systems using alternative energies are being

designed to improve efficiency.

Surprisingly, air conditioning and refrigeration are also based on the basic concepts of heat. Even though it all

means cooling and comfort to you, its still about heat. One of the most basic facts of heat is that it moves from

hot to cold. Just like if you were to dip a dry cloth into a cup of water, the water would move rapidly from the

cup into the cloth, heat moves from hot to cold.

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Air conditioning systems vary considerably in size and derive their energy from many different sources.

Popularity of residential air conditioners has increased dramatically with the advent of central air, a strategy

that utilizes the ducting in a home for both heating and cooling. Commercial air conditioners, almos

mandatory in new construction, have changed a lot in the past few years as energy costs rise and power sources

change and improve. The use of natural gas-powered industrial chillers has grown considerably, and they are

used for commercial air conditioning in many applications

BPL has started its Journey since 1976 and from than it is one of the most renowned Pharmaceuticals in our

country. Earlier it was very small in size but for time being it is now large in its size as well as introduces lot of

modern machineries for their production.

BPL uses following machineries for their HVAC system:

Chiller : 100 Ton & 60 Ton

Air Handling Unit : 20000 m3/hr

1.5 Methodology

A qualitative research method has been used to carry out this study of practicum in Beximco PharmacuticalLtd. They introduced a very modern technology in their plant. They are using 2 Nos Chiller of whose capacity

are 100 Ton & 60 Ton (Dunham Bush, Malaysia). This type of chiller has some system protection controls

will automatically act to insure system reliability like as : Low suction pressure, High discharge pressure

,Freeze protection, Low differential pressure, Low oil level, Compressor run error . Dunham-Bush water-cooled

screw chillers have best part-load performance characteristics in the industry when measured in accordance with ARI Standard

550/590-2003. In most cases, actual building system loads are significantly less than full load design conditions, therefore

chillers operate at part load most of the time. Dunham-Bush water-cooled screw chillers combine the efficient operation of

multiple compressors with controller control to yield the best total energy efficiency and significant operating saving under any

load.

When specifying air conditioning equipment, it is important to consider the system load characteristics for the

building application. In a typical city, the air conditioning load will vary according to changes in the ambient

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLtemperature. Weather data compiled over many years will predict the number of hours that equipment will

operate at various loads.

The information of this report has been collected from the following sources:

1. Operators Log Sheet.

2. Machine catalog

3. Plant Operation Manual

4. Plant Maintenance Manual

5. Check sheet of Machines.

6. Plant Management Manual

1.6 Limitations

This report has been prepared as a partial fulfillment of BSME degree during Internship at BPL about HVAC

system. An HVAC system provides adequate indoor air quality by: conditioning the air in the occupied space

of a building in order to provide for the comfort of its occupants; diluting and removing contaminants from

indoor air through ventilation; and providing proper buildingpressurization

I was monitored by some o expert Engineer of BPL who is doing there from long time. Actually I got a guide

line from them and did my study by myself. They have helped me but couldnt get me any scope for thinking

anything by myself. I have studied about Air-conditioning and Refrigeration but HVAC system was new one

for me. BPL is a big company and I didnt get enough scope for taking any decision regarding this matter.

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Organization of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Company Profile

Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd (BPL) is a leading manufacturer of pharmaceutical formulations and Active

Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in Bangladesh. The company is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals in

the country and its state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities are certified by global regulatory bodies of

Australia, Gulf nations, Brazil, among others. The company is consistently building upon its portfolio and

currently producing more than 400 products in different dosage forms covering broader therapeutic categories

which include antibiotics, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, antireretrovirals, anti asthma inhalers etc,amongmany others.

With decades of contract manufacturing experience with global MNCs, skilled manpower and proven

formulation capabilities, the company has been building a visible and growing presence across the continents

offering high quality generics at the most affordable cost.

Ensuring access to quality medicines is the powerful aspiration that motivates more than 3000 employees of

the organization, and each of them is guided by the same moral and social responsibilities the company values

most.

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Key Company Information

Year of Establishment :: 1976

Country of Incorporation :: Bangladesh

Commercial Production:: 1980

Status :: Public Limited Company

Business Lines :: Manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical FinishedFormulation Products, Large Volume Parenterals and ActivePharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)

Main Country of operation :: Bangladesh

Corporate Headquarter &Registered Address

::17 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 2, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh

Phone : +880-2-8611891 (5 lines)

Fax : +880-2-8613470Email : [email protected]

Operational Headquarter ::19 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 7, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh

Phone : +880-2-8619151 (5 lines), +880-2-8619091 (5 lines)

Fax : +880-2-8613888

Email : [email protected]

Website : www.beximcopharma.com

Overseas Offices &Associates

::Australia, Bhutan, Cambodia, Chile, Ghana, Hong Kong,Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,

Pakistan, Philippines,Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnamand Yemen

Authorized Capital (Taka) :: 9,100 million

Paid-up Capital (Taka) :: 1,824 million

Number of Shareholders ::Around 68,000

Stock Exchange Listings:: Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges of Bangladesh and AIM

of London Stock Exchange

Number of Employees :: 2,511

TIDM: (Tradable InstrumentDisplay Mnemonic)

:: BXP

Date shares were admittedto trading

:: Dhaka Stock Exchange : 3 July, 1985Chittagong StockExchange

: 11June, 1995

AIM ( AlternativeInvestment Market)

:21October,2005

ISIN :: US0885792061

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLNumber of Employees : 2236

Board Details

Ahmed Sohail Fasiur Rahman

Chairman

Ahmed Salman Fazlur Rahman

Vice Chairman

Ahsanul Karim

Director

Faheemul Huq

Director

Abu Bakar Siddiqur Rahman

Director

Dr. Abdul Alim Khan

Director

Dr. Farida Huq

Director

Osman Kaiser Chowdhury

Director

Mohammad Abul Qasem

Director

Iqbal Ahmed

Director

Nazmul Hassan

Managing Director

Corporate Governance & Committees

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The Company has a three-tier management structure, comprising the Board of Directors, the Executive Committee

and the Management Committee. There is also an Audit Committee, constituted in 2006.

The Board is the highest level of authority within the Company comprising mainly non-executive directors, none of

whom receive directors' remuneration from it. The Board meets with the Executive Committee, comprising six

executive directors, twice a year to conduct a full review of the Company's operations.

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee meets on a quarterly basis and its scope of work includes: business review; budget

approval; and senior management appraisal.

Executive committee comprises of five members : Mr. O.K. Chowdhury, Nazmul Hassan, Alli Nawaz and Afsar

Uddin Ahmed.

Mr. O.K. Chowdhury, who are members of the board, are also members of the Executive Committee.

Nazmul Hassan

Managing Director

Rabbur Reza

Chief Operating Officer

Ali Nawaz

Chief Financial Officer

Management Committee

The Management Committee comprises operational heads and representatives of the Board and Executive

Committee and is chaired by the Chief Executive Officer. The Management Committee meets on a monthly basis,

is responsible for implementing the decisions of the Executive Committee and supervising the day to day affairs of

the Company and reports to the Executive Committee at least on a quarterly basis

Mr. O.K. Chowdhury, Mr. N. Hassan, Mr. A.U. Ahmed and Mr. A. Nawaz, whose profiles have been outlined

previously, are also members of the Management Committee. Other members of the management committee are:

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLRabbur Reza

Chief Operating Officer

Lutfur Rahman

Director, Manufacturing

Md. Zakaria Seraj Chowdhury

Director, International Marketing

Abdur Rouf Mohammad Zahidur Rahman

Executive Director, Manufacturing

Mohammad Tahir Siddique

Executive Director, Quality Assurance

Shamim Momtaz

Executive Director, Manufacturing

Jamal Ahmed Choudhury

Executive Director, Accounts & Finance

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee consists of three non-executive directors. Mr. Mohammad Abul Qasem is currently the

chairman of the audit committee while Dr. Abdul Alim Khan and advocate Ahsanul Karim are the members.

The Committee assists the Board of Directors of the Company in ensuring that its financial statements reflect

true and fair view of its state of affairs and in ensuring a good monitoring and internal control systems within

the business. The Audit Committee shall be responsible to the Board of Directors

VISION

We view business as a means to the material and social wellbeing of the investors, employees and the society

at large, leading to accretion of wealth through financial and moral gains as a part of the process of the human

civilization.

MISSION

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLEach of Our activities must benefit and add value to the common wealth of our society. We firmly believe that,

in the final analysis we are accountable to each of the constituents with whom we interact, namely: Our

employees, Our customers, Our business associates, our fellow citizens and Our shareholders.

OBJECTIVE

Our objectives are to conduct transparent business operation based on market mechanism within the legal &

social frame work with aims to attain the mission reflected by our vision.

Functions

Manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical Finished Formulation Products, Large Volume Parenterals

and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)

Beximco Pharmacy, are in the business which deals with human health and this makes us more responsible to

keep the highest standards of Our products.

Good products, however are only one side of its expression of commitment. They believe their responsibility

lies even more in ensuring that Our society gets benefited while we continue to grow.

Beximco Pharmacy is acclaimed for outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product

development capabilities and outstanding service.

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Present programs

Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is the leading pharmaceutical company of Bangladesh. Founded in 1976

Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has been producing world class pharmaceutical products following current

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) as required by the World Health Organization (WHO) in order to

improve health, happiness and quality of life. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has products of differen

therapeutic classes, each of which, occupies a prominent position in themarket and the heart of their customers

and shareholders. Beximco PharmaceuticalsLtd. is always committed to improve the lives of people through

the developmentand commercialization of high quality and cost-effective medicines. They strongly believe

that quality makes the difference between life and death.After successful venturing in the local market, they

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLhave now taken the challenge to replicate the journey into the international arena. Now they are exporting to

UK, USA, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore, Kenya, Yemen, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia and Sri Lanka

Strength:

Diversification

The strength of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. lies in its diversified products and dosage forms.BPL has been

producing solid products like tablets and capsules and liquid products like syrup, suspension and solution, as

well as semisolid products like cream and ointment. It is the pioneer company to manufacture and market

nasal sprays, inhalation aerosols and suppositories in Bangladesh. In 2001, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

stepped into a new path--bringing Small Volume Parenteral (SVP) or injectable dosage form. Arixon is its firs

small volume injectable product It is a preparation of Ceftriaxone, which is considered as a breakthrough

antibiotic in the history of medicine, . In 2002, Arixon is predicted to be one of our leading brands interms ofsales revenue. The company has lot of diversified products like, Napa: Neoceptin R: Neofloxin: Tycil :

Aristovit M etc.

Achievement of National Export Trophy

First export market operation with finished pharmaceutical products1994-95 : Achievement of National Export

Trophy (Gold) as the first pharmaceutical company of the country.

R & D

B P L is a company that is continuously searching for the next treatment advancements. BPLs portfolio

features a range of high-quality, effective products. This product portfolio, combined with the steady stream of

promising new products in development, is one of the many reasons BPL is among the nation's leading

pharmaceutical companies.We have introduced 26 new products in 2001. Around 70 new products are in our

development pipeline. They will obviously enrich our portfolio toeloypment of the employees so that they can

cope with the rapidly changing business

environment. Innovation is a major priority that we want to promote. Accordingly, training programs are

regularly undertaken for the staff to seek opportunities for skills

improvement.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLOpportunities:

BPL always tried to add new products of different therapeutic classes in its portfolio and these products are

highly appreciated by the health professionals. Most important of them are Triocim, Arixon, Prosan, Recox,

Atova etc. Introduction of these new products enriched its product portfolio and is contributing to enhance its

sales.Apart from all these, we have intensified and consolidated our marketing efforts in other overseas

markets, like Myanmar, Kenya, Yemen and Vietnam. To capitalize immense opportunities in these overseas

markets, we are bringing in more new and exciting brands in these markets. Last year, BPLdonated one

Medical Information K i o s k to the Myanmar Medical Association of Mandalay which gainedenormous

attention and acceptance in theminds of the medical community ofM y a n m a r. In Kenya, number of

salespeople has been increased to best exploititshuge market potentials. All these effortsare already bringing in

desired results.Entering into new horizons andestablishing new overseas markets willremain our top mostpriority in 2002 also.Russia, Ukraine, Sri Lanka, Cambodia,Nepal will be on the list. We are confidentthat

ourprocess of globalization willcontinue with a more and moreaccelerated speed in the coming days.

Technology

Keeping pace with the advanced world

Technology carries the promise of tomorrow. The benefits of technology belong to all of us benefits that create

new opportunities and open doors to a better life. For example, the new inhaler plant of BPL has been designed

in a way to ensure highest-possible quality at every stage of manufacturing and quality control. World-class

facilities are being employed in each and every step including mixing, filling, testing, labeling, batch printing

and other procedures to ensure manufacturing of world class products.

Threats:

BPL has a commitment to the society to supply world class Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).

Therefore, BPL is not only engaged in formulations but also in fine chemicals business with a view to

supplying cost effective quality materials to other local companies as well as for captive consumption.

Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has been preparing itself for the post-WTO open market competition. It has all

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLthe courage to compete with world leaders in pharmaceuticals business when the tariff and non-tariff barriers

will be withdrawn the new USFDA standard plant is planned to be operational in early 2003. Once completed,

this will be one of the finest facilities to be available anywhere in the globe.

Debt Management:

Debt to total asset: It shows the extent to which the firm is using borrowed money. Here the ratio is increasing

year by year.

Time interest earned ratio: A coverage ratio computed by dividing earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) by

interest charges; measures the ability of the firm to meet its annual interest payment. From year 2003 to 2004

the ratio increases.

Profitability ratios:Profit margin on sales: Measures profitability with respect to sales generated; net income per taka of sales. Net

profit margin on sales shows a decreasing trend.

Liquidity Ratios:

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004CurrentRatio 1.1440 1.1971 1.3136 1.5721 1.4895

QuickRatio 0.4135 0.4293 0.5756 0.7110 0.6489

Current Ratio: Current ratio measures the ability to meet current debt with current asset. Current ratio hasincreased from 2002 to 2003 but in 2004 it decrease.

Quick Ratio: Quick ratio measures the ability to meet current debt with most liquid current asset Quick ratiohas increased from 2002 to 2003.

Asset management ratio:

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLYear 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Inventory Turnover 0.3393 0.3511 2.2529 1.9094 1.7226Days sales

Outstanding 279.1104 299.1648 64.1867 82.3708 89.9030Fixed Asset

turnover 0.1114 0.0878 0.5248 0.3676 0.3946Total Asset turnover 0.0736 0.0631 0.3709 0.2720 0.2806

Inventory Turnover: Inventory turnover measure how many times the inventory has been turned over (sold)

during the year; provides insight into liquid of inventory and tendency to overstock. It increased from 2000 to

2001. But from 2002 it has declining trend.

Days sales outstanding: It slightly increase from 2000 to 2001, after that it decrease which indicates

satisfactory condition.

Future expansion programsIncreasing trends in product offerings

.reflects their relentless effort to provide better health care services to their valued customers

.

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Future Focus

Strengthen its position in the present marketsWork is in progress to enter into regulated markets in six continents.

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Research & Development: key to global competence

Switzerlands Ciba Specialty Chemicals has a proprietary research collaboration agreement with Beximco. In

formulation, the company focuses on developing new formulations predominantly through reverseengineering techniques- on simplifying manufacturing processes and improving cost efficiency. Its ability to

comply with strict WHO guidelines on the manufacture of anti-retroviral drugs distinguishes it from its

competitors.

In 2008 alone, it registered 45 new products and entered 7 new markets.

The R&D team has successfully formulated different high-tech formulations like multi-layer tablets, long

acting formulations and dispersible tablets and introduced anti-retroviral drugs and anti-cancer drugs inBangladesh.

Its long experience in MDI formulations helped it successfully develop a range of CFC-free HFA MDIs.

Qualified scientists with background in pharmaceutical sciences and related fields and a strong network with

global companies and the scientific community within the same fields of specilization are the hallmarks of its

R&D team.

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Chapter Three

Fundamentals of HVAC System

Fig: Sample HVAC system

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL3.1 Definition

An HVAC system provides adequate indoor air quality by: conditioning the air in the occupied space of a

building in order to provide for the comfort of its occupants; diluting and removing contaminants from indoor

air through ventilation; and providing proper buildingpressurization .

The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system of any building is like the respiratory system of a

human being. It controls the movement, quality and temperature of air to ventilate, warm and cool the

organism. Energy is consumed by the parts of the system that heat and cool the air and movement of air with

fans requires energy. Air or water is heated or cooled using direct contact with heat or refrigerants and pushed

through pathways (ducts or tubes), escaping through outlets or vents until it travels throughout the structure.

The air or water then returns to its origin to be heated or cooled again. Well-engineered ventilation patterns aid

circulation, introduce fresh air and controls the buildup of carbon dioxide (a byproduct of human respiration),

carbon monoxide (from combustion sources) and miscellaneous toxic gases from building materials and

household activities. Well-designed HVAC systems, passive filters, insulation and gravity make the system

more effective and efficient. New conservation practices and systems using alternative energies are being

designed to improve efficiency.

3.2 Heating:

There are different types of standard heating systems. Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat

private houses and public buildings. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat watersteam, or air, all in a central location such as a furnace room in a home or a mechanical room in a largebuilding. The system also contains either ductwork, for forced air systems, or piping to distribute a heated fluidand radiators to transfer this heat to the air. The term radiator in this context is misleading since most heattransfer from the heat exchanger is by convection, not radiation. The radiators may be mounted on walls orburied in the floor to give under-floor heat.

In boiler fed or radiant heating systems, all but the simplest systems have a pump to circulate the water andensure an equal supply of heat to all the radiators. The heated water can also be fed through another(secondary) heat exchanger inside a storage cylinder to provide hot running water.

Forced air systems send heated air through ductwork. During warm weather the same ductwork can be used forair conditioning. The forced air can also be filtered or put through air cleaners.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLHeating can also be provided from electric, or resistance heating using a filament that becomes hot whenelectricity is caused to pass through it. This type of heat can be found in electric baseboard heaters, portableelectric heaters, and as backup or supplemental heating for heat pump (or reverse heating) system.

The heating elements (radiators or vents) should be located in the coldest part of the room, typically next to thewindows to minimize condensation and offset the convective air current formed in the room due to the air next

to the window becoming negatively buoyant due to the cold glass. Devices that direct vents away fromwindows to prevent "wasted" heat defeat this design intent. Cold air drafts can contribute significantly tosubjectively feeling colder than the average room temperature. Therefore, it is important to control the air leaksfrom outside in addition to proper design of the heating system.

The invention of central heating is often credited to the ancient Romans, who installed a system of air ductscalled "hypocaust" in the walls and floors of public baths and private villas.

3.3 Design consideration Of a HVAC system:

For a normal centralized HVAC system, it includes five heat exchange loops:

Indoor air loop (supply/return air fans, ducts, AHUs, VAV boxes)

Chilled water loop (AHUs, pipes, pumps, valves)

Refrigerant loop (chillers)

Condenser water loop (pumps, pipes, cooling towers)

Outdoor air loop (fans, cooling towers

3.4 Steps consideration Of a HVAC system:

Figure out the room loads and airflow for the property. It will need this information in order to figure

out the overall size of the system need.

Consider factors such as insulation, the number of windows and climate, and adjust your system size

estimate accordingly.

Take a look at how the property is laid out to get an idea of where registers are located, how long the

ducts already in place are, whether there are any obstructions like firewalls or if there are any rooms

that may need special considerations (e.g., a basement or attic).

Create a floor plan for the system that allows for easy access to filters, short duct distances, an airtight

air handler box and the use of minimal materials.

Size the duct system.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL Size the HVAC equipment.

Itemize the materials needed for everything in the HVAC. Consider cost of the materials in addition to

their efficiency and safety.

Create a schematic of your design either by hand or by using design software.

Fig: Schematic Diagram of HVAC system

3.4 Classification of Air-conditioning System

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL1. According to the purpose

a) Comfort air conditioning system, and

b) Industrial Air Conditioning System

2. According to the season of the year

a) Winter air conditioning system

b) Summer air conditioning system, and

c) Year-round air conditioning system, and

3. According to the arrangement of equipment

a) Unitary air conditioning system, and

b) Central air conditioning system

3.5 Working Principle of Air-conditioning System

The compressor is the heart of the system; it keeps the refrigerant flowing through the system at specific rates

of flow, and at specific pressures It takes refrigerant vapor in from the low pressure side of the circuit, and

discharges it at a much higher pressure into the high side of the circuit. The rate of flow through the system

will depend on the size of the unit, and the operating pressures will depend on the refrigerant being used and

the desired evaporator temperature the red dots inside the piping represent discharge vapor.The solid red color

represents high pressure liquid refrigerant Most air cooled air conditioning and refrigeration systems are

designed so that the refrigerant will condense at a temperature about 25 to 3 degrees above outside ambient air

temperature.

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Fig 2: Air Conditioning Circuit and Cycle Diagram.

5. The compressor takes the low pressure refrigerant and compresses it, increasing both the temperature

and the pressure. The actual temperature and pressure depend on the refrigerant being used.

6. The condenser blows outside air over the refrigerant vapor, turning it into a liquid, typically about 25 Fabove the outside air temperature. Hence the hot air blowing out of the condenser.

7. The expansion valve changes the refrigerant from a high pressure liquid to a low pressure liquid,

dramatically lowering the temperature as well.

8. The evaporator allows the warm room air to blow over the coils with cold refrigerant liquid,

transferring heat to change the cold liquid to a warmer gas. Refrigerants are selected by their ability to

absorb significant amounts of heat as they change state from a liquid to a gas.

3.6 Refrigeration Compressor

The compressors are one of the most important parts of the refrigeration cycle. The compressor compresses the

refrigerant, which flows to the condenser, where it gets cooled. It then moves to the expansion valve, and the

evaporator and it is finally sucked by the compressor again. For the proper functioning of the refrigeration

cycle, the refrigerant must be compressed to the pressure corresponding to the saturation temperature higher

than the temperature of the naturally available air or water. It is the crucial function that is performed by the

compressor. Compression of the refrigerant to the suitable pressure ensures its proper condensation and

circulation throughout the cycle. The capacity of the refrigeration orair conditioning depends entirely on the

capacity of the compressor.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL3.7 Types of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Compressors:

There are various types of compressors used in the refrigeration and air conditioning machines, these are:reciprocating, rotary, screw, centrifugal and scroll. All these have been described below briefly:

1) Reciprocating Compressors:

The reciprocating compressors are one of the most widely used types of the refrigerating compressors. Theyhave piston and cylinder arrangement like the automotive engine. The reciprocating motion of the piston due toexternal power compresses the refrigerant inside the cylinder. There are three types of reciprocatingcompressors: hermetically sealed semi-hermetically sealed and open type. The open of reciprocatingcompressors can be of single cylinder type or multi-cylinder type

Fig: Reciprocating Compressors

2) Screw Compressors:

The screw compressors comprise of the pair of meshing screws between which the refrigerant gets compressedThey can produce high pressure for small quantity of gas. They consume less power than the reciprocatingcompressors and are being used widely. It can be used with refrigerants like R12, R22, and others.

Fig: Screw Compressors

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3) Rotary Compressors:

The rotary compressors have two rotating elements, like gears, between which the refrigerant is compressed.These compressors can pump the refrigerant to lower or moderate condensing pressures. Since they can handlesmall volume of the gas and produce lesser pressure, they are used in fewer applications.

Fig: Rotary Compressors

4) Centrifugal Compressor:

The centrifugal compressors comprise of the impeller or the blower that can handle large quantities of gas butat relatively lower condensing pressure. It is suitable for working with refrigerants like R-11, R-113 etc.

5) Scroll Compressors:

The scroll compressor comprises of two interleaved scrolls of which one is fixed and the other orbitseccentrically without rotating. During its motion small gaps are created between the scrolls where the

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLrefrigerant gets compressed. The scrolls can have different shapes like involutes, Archimedean spiral or hybridcurve. In another arrangement both the scrolls may be rotating eccentrically to produce the compression.

Fig: Scroll Compressors

3.8 Differences between Refrigerating Compressors and other Compressors:

Though the refrigerant used in the refrigeration and the air conditioning systems is also a gas, the refrigeration

compressors are different from the compressors used for compressing other gases and air. Let us see these

differences:

1) Other gas and air compressors are independent entities: The compressors used for compressing the othergases and air are independent entities. This means they merely compress the gas or air and supply it for the

suitable applications. They have no direct connection with any other type of machine, though lots of machines

and equipments depend on the compressed air or gas. The refrigeration and the air conditioning compressors

are a part of the complete vapor compression cycle that comprises of additional components like the condenser

expansion valve and the evaporator. If the compressor is removed from this cycle, the refrigeration process will

cease to exist.

2) Main function of the compressor: The main function of the other compressors is to merely compress the

gas or air. The refrigerant compressor compresses the refrigerant to the pressure corresponding to the saturation

pressure higher than the temperature of the naturally available air or water. This enables the cooling of the

refrigerant in the condenser by the available atmospheric air or water.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLFurther, the refrigerant compressor also circulates the refrigerant through the whole cycle. The refrigerant after

leaving the compressor is forced to the condenser, the expansion valve, and the evaporator and then it is sucked

by the compressor for compression and recirculation though the whole cycle.

3) Capacity Determination: The capacity of the refrigerating compressor determines the capacity of thewhole refrigerating or air conditioning plant. The capacity of the air or gas compressor doesn't determine the

capacity of the other plants. For instance, though the pneumatic tool depends on the compressed air for its

operation, it has its own capacity.

4) Relation to the other equipments: The refrigerating compressor is integral part of the cycle that includes

other components of the cycle like condenser, expansion valve, and the evaporator. The working and proper

functioning of each of these components depend on the working of other components. If the refrigeration

compressor breaks down the whole system will collapse. There is no such dependency in case of the other

compressors. If the air or gas compressor breaks down, the standby compressor can be started easily.

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Chapter Four

Ventilation System

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL4.1 Definition of Ventilation:

Ventilation is the process of bringing clean, fresh (outdoor) air into the house and removing stale indoor air

from the house. This is done by clean infiltration, natural ventilation, and mechanical ventilation. Insufficient

ventilation is one of the main causes of poor indoor air quality, because the lack of clean, outdoor air can resultin the build up of pollutants, irritants, and odors that may adversely affect the indoor environment. Without

ventilation, the pollutants and odors cannot be flushed out of the home.

4.2 Infiltration:

This is when outdoor air gets into the house through openings, cracks in the walls and floors, and around

windows and doors. This type of airflow may not provide enough ventilation, can make a house feel too hot or

too cold, and can increase energy bills. If air is being exhausted out of the home or being burned up bycombustion appliances (such as gas burning stoves and fireplaces) and the windows are closed, then infiltration

is the only way that makeup aircan get into the house. Often it gets into the house by being sucked in because

the house is undernegative pressure. There are two major problems with a home under negative pressure:

4.3 Makeup air is from soil gas: In this case, the makeup air is sucked into the house from the ground. If the

ground contains radon or is contaminated because of chemicals from an unknown hazardous waste site (like

Love Canal) or is near a leaking underground storage tank, these toxic contaminants can be drawn into the air

inside. Additional moisture can also be brought into the house this way, which can lead to the growth ofmold

and dust mites.

4.4 Back drafting: Since air will enter through the path of least resistance, it is possible for air to enter a home

by coming in through the chimney. This can cause combustion products such as deadly carbon monoxide to

build up inside the home.

4.5 Natural ventilation: This is when air moves into the house through open doors or windows. Though

natural ventilation can improve indoor air quality, it has several limitations. These are:

o It is an inefficient means to dilute contaminants in a home because the air is not uniformly distributed.

o The flow cannot be controlled.

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLo Increased ventilation from outside can increasepollen and mold spore levels, if outdoor counts are

elevated, and moisture.

o If there is not much wind outside and not much temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, there

will not be enough ventilation in the home when windows are opened.

o If there are high winds outside or big temperature differences between indoors and outdoors, there will be

too much ventilation that can make humidity levels too low inside. This kind of ventilation in the winter

also wastes energy by heating outdoor air.

o If the outside air is humid, it can make the indoor air humid, which can create a favorable environment for

dust mites and mold.

4.6 Mechanical ventilation:Heating and air-conditioning systems with fans are used to bring fresh outdoor air

inside, circulate the air through the house, and exhaust stale indoor air outside. Individual fans can also help to

add or remove air. For example, properly installed and operated exhaust fans can remove stale, moist air from

bathrooms and kitchens. However, there needs to be a way that fresh air can be brought in to make up for the

air being vented out. Many homes actively exhaust air but rely on natural ventilation to bring air into the home.

A man who had severe asthma installed a powerful exhaust fan in his home to try to get rid of any moisture.

However, he did not include any makeup air for the air being exhausted and found that the moisture problem

did not improve and his asthma symptoms got worse. To find out why the exhaust fan was not getting rid of the

moisture, he brought in somebody to figure out what was wrong. They found that since there was no makeup

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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPLair being provided, humid air from outside was being drawn in through the walls of the home. The fan had

been so powerful that this air went through the vinyl siding on the outside of his house, through polystyrene

insulation under the siding, through gaps in the plywood under the insulation that was contaminated with mold

from the moisture, through gaps in the sprayed-in cellulose wall insulation, and finally into the living space

through the electrical outlets!2

When there is little infiltration, natural ventilation, or mechanical ventilation, the air exchange rate (fresh air

coming in and stale air going out) is low and pollutant levels can increase. The American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recommends a minimum ventilation rate of 0.35

ACH (air changes per hour) for new homes. This air exchange rate measures how many times all of the air

inside the house is replaced with fresh outside air.

If there are not enough air exchanges in the home, then pollutants can build up inside. This can make the

ind

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