Democracy: ATHENS

Daily ResponseDaily Response

1.1. What is democracy?What is democracy?

2.2. What is good about it?What is good about it?

3.3. What could be bad about it?What could be bad about it?

4.4. Do you think it’s the best Do you think it’s the best form of govt? Why or why form of govt? Why or why not?not?

Democracy: ATHENS

The Foundation is laid The Foundation is laid ……

Democracy: ATHENSDemocracy: ATHENS

I. Beginning: NO DemocracyA. 700 BCE: KING ruledB. 600 BCE: OLIGARCHY ruledC. 594 BCE: Solon ruled (reformed, but

arist=power)II. Democracy (“Rule of the Ppl”)A. 461-429: Pericles1. Assembly: All male citizens over 18- Passed laws, elected officials, war & For.

Pol.2. Opened offices to lower-class citizens3. Govt: ran by 10 officials (“generals”,

elected)

Democracy: ATHENSDemocracy: ATHENSB. Direct Democracy (“rule of the many”)1. State ruled by citizens

- Who rules in a monarchy? In an aristocracy?In an oligarchy?

2. Rule is based on citizenship- What is rule based on in a monarchy? In an aristocracy? In an oligarchy?

3. Majority rule decides vote- How do rulers often claim their rule in a monarchy? In an aristocracy?

THINK & DISCUSS: THINK & DISCUSS: OstracismOstracism

• Def: A method of temporary banishment (10 yrs) by popular vote of a person considered harmful to the city.- Had to receive 6,000 votes (~ /43,000) ppl)

• Purpose: Protect against overly ambitious politicians

Q: Do you agree with this? Why or why not? Do you think this is fair in govt or in high school? Does this practice occur informally? Ex’s?

Q: How does “ostracism” relate to democracy?

Respond: Is There an Ideal?

• Do you believe there are ideal forms of anything?- For instance, can we all decide on what is the ideal form/definition of beauty? Of a good government? Of intelligence? Of success?-Or, are ideals of these things

subjective?

Greek Philosophy:

What is Real?

Socrates:

“The unexamined life is not worth living”

Q: Agree? What does he mean? Examples?

SocratesEvaluate This Statement:

“Real understanding must come from within and cannot come by being imparted by someone else. Only understanding that comes from within can lead to true insight.”

Examples: Relationships, doing what you love to do, college

Socratic Method• Question and

answer format to lead people to see things for themselves by using their own reason

• Underlying Belief: ALL individuals possess the ability to reason

Taught ppl to think for themselves … ran into trouble … sentenced ppl to death

PlatoPlato• Pupil of SocratesPupil of Socrates• Major Work: Major Work: The The

RepublicRepublic- Distrusted Distrusted

democracydemocracy- Ppl need a just, Ppl need a just,

rational staterational state

Q: Why do you think he Q: Why do you think he mistrusted mistrusted democracy?democracy?

Q: How could/can Q: How could/can democracy be unjust?democracy be unjust?

Plato’s Ideal State:Plato’s Ideal State:How does it differ from How does it differ from

ours??ours??Main IdeaMain Idea: Sought IDEAL : Sought IDEAL form of govtform of govt

• TALENT determines TALENT determines each person’s proper each person’s proper role in society.role in society.

• EDUCATION EDUCATION → → good good citizencitizen

1.1. TOP = Philosopher-TOP = Philosopher-KingsKings(Driven by: (Driven by: WISDOMWISDOM))

2. 2. MIDDLE = Warriors who MIDDLE = Warriors who protect societyprotect society(Driven by: (Driven by: COURAGE)COURAGE)

3. 3. BOTTOM = MassesBOTTOM = Masses(Driven by: (Driven by: DESIRE)DESIRE)

Philosopher- KingsPhilosopher- Kings

WarriorsWarriors

MassesMasses

Why NO Democracy for Why NO Democracy for Plato?Plato?

• Feared mob ruleFeared mob rule

Q: What’s mob rule?Q: What’s mob rule?

Q: How could democracy lead to Q: How could democracy lead to mob rule?mob rule?

Plato, Plato, The RepublicThe Republic

I.I. 3 Classes That Make Up An 3 Classes That Make Up An Ideal SocietyIdeal Society

II.II. Education of LeadersEducation of Leaders

A.A. Two AreasTwo Areas

1.1. Music (all the arts)Music (all the arts)

2.2. Gymnastics (athletics)Gymnastics (athletics)

B. B. Delicate balance betw. 2 Delicate balance betw. 2

Plato, Plato, The RepublicThe RepublicIII.III. Appearance vs. Reality: Theory of Appearance vs. Reality: Theory of

FormsForms

A.A. What is NOT realityWhat is NOT reality

1.1. AppearancesAppearances

B.B. What IS reality = FormsWhat IS reality = Forms

1. 1. The The idealsideals that lie behind are the that lie behind are the truthtruth

IV.IV. Knowledge Through ReasonKnowledge Through Reason

A.A. Reason Reason Truth TruthB.B. Only “through reason & w/o any help from Only “through reason & w/o any help from

the senses [can an individual arrive] at the the senses [can an individual arrive] at the very end of the world of thought.”very end of the world of thought.”

C.C. What is reason?What is reason?

Plato, Plato, The RepublicThe RepublicV.V. The Problem with ArtThe Problem with Art

1. 1. Caution: guard ideal city against the Caution: guard ideal city against the arts of “the imitators”arts of “the imitators”

- Those who write poetry- Those who write poetry- “[Poets] do not lay hold of the truth”- “[Poets] do not lay hold of the truth”

- They “nourish [the passions] by watering - They “nourish [the passions] by watering what ought to dry up, and makes them rulers what ought to dry up, and makes them rulers in us.” Q: Why beware of poets??in us.” Q: Why beware of poets??

AristotleAristotleNo Ideal State: Look At No Ideal State: Look At

Existing GovtsExisting Govts• 3 forms of good government3 forms of good government

1.1. MonarchyMonarchy

2.2. AristocracyAristocracy

3.3. Constitutional governmentConstitutional government

**FAVORED: Constitutional **FAVORED: Constitutional GovernmentGovernment

How Do Humans Reach How Do Humans Reach Their Highest Their Highest

Potential?Potential?• Organized society and govtOrganized society and govt

Q: Ok … so what does that look Q: Ok … so what does that look like? Ex’s?like? Ex’s?

Think: Which Whom Do You Think: Which Whom Do You Concur?Concur?

• PlatoPlato: Govt should be ruled by a : Govt should be ruled by a philosopher-king, chosen to rule for his philosopher-king, chosen to rule for his intelligence. (IDEAL)intelligence. (IDEAL)

• AristotleAristotle: NEED organized society & govt; : NEED organized society & govt; society where ALL citizens are educated society where ALL citizens are educated & king rules fairly through the guidance & king rules fairly through the guidance of philosophers. (NO 1 IDEAL)of philosophers. (NO 1 IDEAL)

**Do you believe in a perfect ideal? Or are **Do you believe in a perfect ideal? Or are things we see, for example beautiful things we see, for example beautiful people, examples of beauty, and there is people, examples of beauty, and there is no one true “beautiful” ideal?? Is there no one true “beautiful” ideal?? Is there one type of ideal govt? Why or why not?one type of ideal govt? Why or why not?

Primary Source Analysis

Ancient Greece

Application of Application of The The Republic:Republic:

Utopia High Utopia High SchoolSchool• Now it’s your chance to adopt,

modify, or reject Plato’s views by describing another, smaller society … a Republic Sequel

What does “utopia” mean?

Utopia High School: Utopia High School: The IdealThe Ideal

• Brainstorm ONE of the following w/ your group:1. Categories of ppl @ UHS (teachers, students, etc.)2. School schedule3. Curriculum (what will you learn about?)4. Extracurricular activities (club, sports, etc.)5. Facilities (libraries, labs, etc.)6. Admission requirements7. Causes for expulsion8. Dress Code9. Rules/Policies• List 3-5 points (details) along w/ a defense List 3-5 points (details) along w/ a defense

(rationale)(rationale)• Choose one member of your group to orally Choose one member of your group to orally

present the details & rationale to our class (others present the details & rationale to our class (others take notes)take notes)

Utopia High School: Utopia High School: The IdealThe Ideal

• Are any of the proposals in conflict with one another

• How do we resolve conflicts?

Democracy: RomeDemocracy: RomeI.I. Beginning: King ruled stateBeginning: King ruled state

A. A. Elected by tribal chieftansElected by tribal chieftans

B. B. Served as high priest & chief magistrate Served as high priest & chief magistrate (**theocracy)(**theocracy)

C. C. Chose group of nobles (Senate) to Chose group of nobles (Senate) to adviseadvise

II.II. 509 BCE: Senate (nobles) deposed 509 BCE: Senate (nobles) deposed TarquinTarquin

A.A. Tarquin: tyrant, fascesTarquin: tyrant, fasces

B.B. RepublicRepublic is formed is formed

C.C. Power: in hands of patriciansPower: in hands of patricians– Q: Who are Q: Who are patricianspatricians? Who are ? Who are plebeiansplebeians??

Democracy: RomeDemocracy: RomeMore on … More on … FacsesFacses• FascesFasces

– An axe w/ a bundle of An axe w/ a bundle of rods, bound by a red rods, bound by a red strapstrap

– Carried ahead of Carried ahead of magistratesmagistrates

– Symbolizes civic Symbolizes civic authority & magistrates’ authority & magistrates’ higher authorityhigher authority

– Q: What is “civic” Q: What is “civic” authority?authority?

– **Power of punishment**Power of punishment

• Used by Tarquin & NazisUsed by Tarquin & Nazis

Democracy: RomeDemocracy: RomeFascesFasces• TarquinTarquin

– Began tradition of lowering fasces when Began tradition of lowering fasces when consuls came into assemblies as a sign consuls came into assemblies as a sign that they derived their power from the pplthat they derived their power from the ppl

• NazisNazis– Fasces = root of term “fascism” (Fasces = root of term “fascism” (Q: What Q: What

is “fascism”?is “fascism”?))– Symbol on the Nazi stampSymbol on the Nazi stamp– Symbolic of the power of life & deathSymbolic of the power of life & death– Symbolic of military & civic authoritySymbolic of military & civic authority

Democracy: RomeDemocracy: Rome

III. III. Republic OrganizationRepublic Organization

A.A. Governed: 2 chief magistrates (consuls) & Governed: 2 chief magistrates (consuls) & SenateSenate

B.B. Consuls: served 1 yrConsuls: served 1 yr

C.C. In war: Dictator (absolute ruler) could rule in In war: Dictator (absolute ruler) could rule in place of consuls (only 6 mo.)place of consuls (only 6 mo.)

D.D. Senate=300 appt’d for life by consulsSenate=300 appt’d for life by consuls

1.1. Only Only patricianspatricians could be consuls or senators could be consuls or senators

2.2. Proposed laws & nominated consulsProposed laws & nominated consuls

E. E. Plebeians: had own Plebeians: had own AssemblyAssembly that passed that passed laws for their class only (not very imp. @ 1st) laws for their class only (not very imp. @ 1st)

Democracy: RomeDemocracy: Rome

““CSPD” in ReviewCSPD” in Review

1.1. ConsulsConsuls

2.2. SenateSenate

3.3. People (Assembly)People (Assembly)

4.4. Dictator (occasionally … when??)Dictator (occasionally … when??)

In all … a Balanced In all … a Balanced GovernmentGovernment

But … who’s still left out??But … who’s still left out??

The Constitution & The Ku The Constitution & The Ku Klux KlanKlux Klan

FoundationsFoundations

1.1. Civil LibertiesCivil Liberties = Fundamental indiv. rights (1st = Fundamental indiv. rights (1st amendement)amendement)

• Ex’s: Freedom to … think, assemble, speak, organize, Ex’s: Freedom to … think, assemble, speak, organize, worship, petition, life, liberty, pursuit of happinessworship, petition, life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

• Don’t ChangeDon’t Change (conceptual rights) (conceptual rights)

2.2. Civil RightsCivil Rights = Broader; guarantee: civil liberties, due = Broader; guarantee: civil liberties, due process, equal protection of the laws, freedom from process, equal protection of the laws, freedom from discriminationdiscrimination

• Ex’s: Affirmative Action, Americans w/ Disabilities Act, Ex’s: Affirmative Action, Americans w/ Disabilities Act, Vermont’s Civil Union statute, education, rights to use Vermont’s Civil Union statute, education, rights to use facilitiesfacilities

• Can ChangeCan Change!!!!

AnalysisAnalysis• How do civil liberties differ from civil rights?How do civil liberties differ from civil rights?

The Constitution & The Ku The Constitution & The Ku Klux KlanKlux Klan

Respond to the Following:Respond to the Following:

You are the mayor of a small Midwestern town. The Ku Klux Klan wants to hold a parade in the town next week. Based on the ideas of civil rights and civil liberties, explain your decision on whether or not to allow the parade to be held. What other ideas might you use to support your decision?