dementia. definition dementia is a syndrome manifested by several cognitive deficits that include...
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DementiaDementia
Definition Definition Dementia is a syndrome manifested by
several cognitive deficits that include memory impairment involving at least one of the following: aphasia(language disturbance), agnosia(inability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function), apraxia(failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function) that interferes with social, occupational, or interpersonal skills.
Additional featuresAdditional featuresEmotional labilityImpairment of intellect Mood, personality, judgment, and
social behavior-Thought abnormalitiesUrinary and fecal incontenenceDisorientation Neurological signs +/-
D= Drugs, Delirium
E= Emotions (such as depression) and Endocrine Disorders
M=Metabolic Disturbances
E= Eye and Ear Impairments
N=Nutritional Disorders
T= Tumors, Toxicity, Trauma to Head
I= Infectious Disorders
A= Alcohol, Arteriosclerosis
Possible Etiologies of Possible Etiologies of DementiaDementia Degenerative dementias
Alzheimer's disease Frontotemporal dementias (e.g., Pick's disease) Parkinson's disease Lewy body dementia Idiopathic cerebral ferrocalcinosis (Fahr's disease) Miscellaneous Huntington's disease Wilson's disease Psychiatric Pseudodementia of depression Cognitive decline in late-life schizophreniaPhysiologic Normal pressure hydrocephalusMetabolic Vitamin deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12, folate) Endocrinopathies (e.g., hypothyroidism) Chronic metabolic disturbances (e.g., uremia)
Contd…Contd…
Tumor Primary or metastatic (e.g., meningioma or metastatic breast or lung cancer)Traumatic Dementia pugilistica, posttraumatic dementia Subdural hematomaInfection Prion diseases (e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) SyphilisCardiac, vascular, and anoxia Infarction (single or multiple) Binswanger's disease (subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy) Hemodynamic insufficiency (e.g., hypoperfusion or hypoxia)Demyelinating diseases Multiple sclerosisDrugs and toxins Alcohol Irradiation Pseudodementia due to medications (e.g., anticholinergics) Carbon monoxide
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSISAccording to the ICD-10 the following features are required for the diagnosis:-1)evidence of decline in both memory and thinking,sufficient enough to impair personal activities of daily living.2)Memory impairment typically affects the registration,storage and retrieval of new information(recent memory)but previously learned material(remote memory) may also be lost,particularly in later stages.
3)Thinking is impaired,the 3)Thinking is impaired,the flow of ideas is reduced,and flow of ideas is reduced,and the reasoning capacity is also the reasoning capacity is also impaired.impaired.4)Presence of clear 4)Presence of clear consciousness.consciousness.(Consciousness can be (Consciousness can be impaired if delirium is also impaired if delirium is also present).present).5) Duration of atleast 6 5) Duration of atleast 6 months.months.
Features Cortical dementia Subcortical dementia
1.Site of lesion Cortex(Frontal and temporo-parieto-occipital association areas and hippocampus)
Subcortical grey matter(thalamus,basal ganglia,brain stem)
2.Examples Alzheimer’s diseasePick’s disease
Huntington’ choreaParkinson’s disease
3.Severity Severe Mild to moderate `
4.Motor system Usually normal Flexed\Extended psture,Tremors,chorea
5.Other features ,depression uncommon.Severe aphasia,amnesia,agnosia,
Delusions,depression rarely mania
Types of Dementia Associated Types of Dementia Associated pathological findingspathological findings
Alzheimer’s disease
Vascular dementia
Lewy body
dementia
Generalised atrophy of the brain. Widening of the sulci and ventricles. Extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Reduced levels of neurotransmitters,
Multiple white matter infarcts. Cystic necrosis of infarcted areas, reactive gliosis, patches of demyelisation of white matter.
Lewy bodies (eosinophilic intracellular structures) in cortical and subcortical neurones.
Dementia of the Alzheimer's Dementia of the Alzheimer's TypeType AD is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain with an average
duration of 8–10 years between onset and death, AD has an insidious onset, most commonly after the age of 60 years,
AD is divided into three stages based on functional and cognitive capacity :
Early AD MMSE is equal to or greater than 18, moderate AD MMSE is between 12 and 18, and severe AD MMSE is less than 12. On average the MMSE score declines by 3 points per year.
Short-term memory loss is the earliest manifestation ,with mild aphasia and impaired visuospatial ability, which evolve into fluent aphasia and constructional apraxia.
Other cognitive functions such as calculations, reasoning, judgment, and executive functioning also become impaired.
Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine are the drugs presently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of AD
Compare Compare central sulcuscentral sulcus of of Alzheimer’s patient with normal Alzheimer’s patient with normal 81 year old woman81 year old woman
Normal vs AD BrainNormal vs AD Brain
Normal brain Alzheimer’s brain
Vascular DementiaVascular Dementia Vascular dementia accounts for approximately 15% of all
dementias.
Vascular dementia was classically characterized by an abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration of dementia and have risk factors such as hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes, and strokes.
Alcohol-Related DementiaAlcohol-Related DementiaChronic alcohol use has long
been considered an etiology of dementia.
Wernicke's encephalopathy, and Korsakoff's syndrome may be the de facto etiology for alcohol-related dementia
Dementia due to Parkinson's DiseaseDementia due to Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease (PD)-induced dementia accounts for 5–10% of all dementias.
Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive neurologic condition associated with dopamine deficiency and characterized by the triad of resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity.
Its onset is usually in middle to late life. Approximately 40–50% of patients with PD develop dementia.
Dementia due to Lewy Body DiseaseDementia due to Lewy Body Disease
It has a more rapid onset with a fluctuating course.
Visual hallucinations, parkinsonian symptoms, and susceptibility to delirium are common early in the course.
Pt are sensitive to extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medications.
Histopathologic feature of LBD is the presence of Lewy inclusion bodies in the cerebral cortex.
Frontal Lobe DementiasFrontal Lobe DementiasPick's disease and other forms of fronto-
temporal dementia have impaired executive functioning and personality and behavioral changes, including disinhibition, affective blunting, and deterioration of social skills.
In Pick's disease, there is profound atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal lobes, with characteristic Pick inclusion bodies found on autopsy.
It typically presents between the ages of 50 and 60 years
Difference between Dementia and Pseudodementia
Dementia pseudodementia (Depressive)
1.Patient rarely complains of the cognitive impairment.
1.Patient usually always complaints about the impairment.
2.Patient emphasizes achievements.
2.Patient emphasizes disability.
3.Patient appears unconcerned. 3.Patient communicates distress.
4.Patient makes mistake on examination.
4.Don’t know answer are frequent.
5.Recent memory impairment found on examination.
5.Recent memory impairment rarely found on examination.
6.Consistently poor performance on similar tests.
6.Marked variability in performance on similar tests.
7. History of depression uncommon.
7.Past history of maniac\depressive episodes may be present.
Basic Investigations Basic Investigations CBCUrinalysisBlood glucoseElectrolytesRFT, TFT,Arterial PO2/PCO2Chest x-ray,EEG,LP, CT/MRI,Drug level
Treatment Treatment Rx the underlying causeSupportive careBenzodiazepines
(lorazepam,oxazepam) for anxietyCitolapram , sertraline for depressionAntipsychotics
(haloperidole,risperidone)ChlorpromazineDonepezil or rivastigmine in AD