dement and kleitman
TRANSCRIPT
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AS level PsychologyThe Core studiesThe Biological Approach
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Sleep and Dream states
• Consciousness
• What is consciousness?
– Consciousness is what goes on between your ears when you are awake?
– DREAMING is a state of consciousness
– Altered states of consciousness
– Sleep, drugs, meditation, hypnosis?
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Sleep and wakefulness
• Seem different but have a lot in common
– In sleep
– we may ‘talk’
– we may ‘walk’
– we have memories
– we can even plan things
– Sleep patterns vary - average = 7/8 hours per night
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Sleep
• Disruption of sleep leads to fatigue
• What goes on in the brain of a sleeper?
• Brain activity can be recorded by an EEG (ElectroEncephaloGram)
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Sleep and dream states
• Every 24 hours we sleep
• we spend 30% of our lives asleep
• sleep is an active NOT a passive behaviour
• Dement and Kleitman (1950s)
• the five stages of sleep
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Sleep and dream states
• National Initiatives
– UfI
– NGFL
• Sector Developments
– Connectivity
– Local initiatives
– Inclusivity and widening participation
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The brain and its states...
• Waking EEGs -
• Desynchronised brain waves
• not all chanting together
• brain waves while awake
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The stages of sleep
• Before sleep
• just as we fall asleep
• synchronised alpha waves
• heart rate slows, temperature falls
• muscle tension reduces
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The stages of sleep
• Stage 1 sleep - alpha waves reduced
• less desynchronised brain activity
• Stage 2 sleep - synchronised brain activity
• larger and slower waves
• bursts of sharp ‘spikes’
• (sleep spindles)
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The stages of sleep
• Stage 3 sleep - slow delta waves
• less sleep spindles
• heart and breathing rate continue to fall
• Stage 4 sleep - only delta waves
• arousal threshold high (people are hard to wake up)
• 4 stages of Slow Wave Sleep
• all synchronised slow wave activity
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REM sleep
• REM sleep - after about 90 minutes EEG shows SHIFT into fast desynchronised brain activity
• heart rate increases
• skeletal muscles relaxed (paralysis)
• Rapid Eye Movements occur (REM)
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REM sleep
• REM sleep - 15 minutes in REM sleep then back through stage 2 3 and 4
• this cycle repeats every 90 minutes
• 5 or 6 cycles per night
• towards morning more REM sleep
• we dream in REM sleep, thus dream more in early morning
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The brain and its states...
• EEG recording of brain activity
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What is sleep FOR?
• The evolutionary theory
• all species sleep, thus sleep MUST have a valuable function (survival of the species)
• Do animals need sleep?
• Rats deprived of sleep die after 21 days
• Jouvet - cats & the flower pot technique
• (these animals may have died of stress)
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Human sleep deprivation?
• REM sleep seems important:
• The Randy Gardner study
• volunteers who are gradually deprived of sleep
• (sleep reduced from 8 hours to 2 hours)
• pack REM sleep into the time they CAN sleep
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Do we only DREAM in REM sleep?
• How can we find out?
• Plan a research project!
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Dement and Kleitman
• Developed a rigorous and objective test of the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming
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A sleep laboratory volunteer
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Dement and Kleitman
• Three ways to collect data
• First DV
• Dream recall during REM and NREM sleep
• they woke people up and asked them if they had dreamed
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Dement and Kleitman
• Three ways to collect data
• 2nd DV
• Subjective estimate of the duration of dreams CORRELATED to the duration of REM before awakened
• they asked people to say how long their dreams had lasted
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Dement and Kleitman
• Three ways to collect data
• 3rd DV- patterns of eye movements were related to the reported dream content
• to test whether the movement represented specific expression of the visual dream experience
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Dement and Kleitman
• Third DV - the criteria
• FOUR eye movement patterns
• 1 mainly vertical
• 2 mainly horizontal
• 3 vertical & horizontal
• 4 little or none
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Dement and Kleitman
• Have we all got that?
• 3 ways to collect the data (DVs)
• self report of dreaming
• self report of length of dream - correlated to length of EEG REM
• correlation of eye movement to reported dream content
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Dement and Kleitman
• 9 participants (7 male & 2 female)
• only 5 studied intensively
• method - a lab experiment
• The procedure - Ps asked to refrain from alcohol & caffeine
• Report at bed time to sleep lab
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Dement and Kleitman
• Ps go to bed in quiet room
• electrodes stuck next to eyes to record eye movements
• electrodes stuck to scalp to record brain waves (EEG)
• all attached by single wire to EEG (lead wire at top of bed)
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Dement and Kleitman
• Now - Ps awakened through the night to test their dream recall
• 21 awakenings in first 2 hrs of sleep
• 29 awakenings in 2nd 2 hrs of sleep
• 28 awakenings in 3rd 2 hrs of sleep
• 22 awakenings in 4th 2 hrs of sleep
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Dement and Kleitman
• They were woken by a bell placed next to the bed
• when woken the Ps spoke into a recording device near the bed
• FIRST - they said whether they had been dreaming
• NEXT they said what they were dreaming about (if they could)
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Dement and Kleitman
• CONTROL
• No communication between experimenter and sleeper until after they told of their dream content
• in case the experimenter ‘suggested the content’
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Dement and Kleitman
• CONTROL
• They were NOT told whether they had been woken in REM sleep or in NREM sleep
• Woken in BOTH REM and NREM
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• dream reports (DV1)
• REM SLEEP
• 192 awakenings
• 152 dream reports
• 39 no dream reports
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• dream reports (DV1)
• NREM SLEEP
• 160 awakenings
• 11 dream reports
• 149 no dream reports
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• dream reports (DV1)
• HIGH incidence of dream recall after REM
• LOW incidence of dream recall after NREM
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• length of dream correlated to length of REM (DV2)
• How was this done??
• Ps awakened randomly after 5 or 15 minutes of REM and asked to guess how long they had been dreaming
• (5 or 15 minutes)
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• 5 minutes REM SLEEP
• 45 reports were right
• 6 reports were wrong
• 15 minutes REM sleep
• 47 reports were right
• 13 reports were wrong
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• length of dream correlated to length of REM (DV2)
• all Ps guessed accurately except one P who could only remember the ends of dreams
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• relationship between the type of eye movement to CONTENT of dream
• (DV3)
• Ps woken when TYPE of eye movement was regular (vertical etc)
• 21 wakings - reports always looking at people or objects near to them
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Dement and Kleitman
• FINDINGS: (DV3)
• One P woken when TYPE of eye movement was regular (horizontal etc)
• Reported watching people throwing tomatoes
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Dement and Kleitman
• SUMMARY & conclusions
• regularly occurring REMs every night
• ALL Ps recalled dreaming in REM
• lack of dream recall + light brain waves suggest NO dreaming in NREM
• Objective measurement of dreaming MAY be achieved by recording REMS while people sleep
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Dement and Kleitman
• Evaluation
• REM sleep is important
• the brain needs to sleep to organise itself
• evidence
• babies sleep longer than old people
• REM is longer after complex tasks
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Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS
• Does it matter that only 2 Ps were female?
• Why were Ps asked to refrain from alcohol / caffeine?
• Why was it important that the Ps did not know whether they were in REM or NREM?
• Does the size of the sample matter?
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Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS
• Why might the sleep patterns be different when the Ps sleep in their own beds?
• Why might some of the Ps have recalled dreams when they were woken in NREM
• To whom can we generalise the findings?
• Was the study ethical?
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Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS
• What was the IV?
• What were the three DVs?
• What is the MAIN disadvantage of correlational analysis?
• Have D & K established that dreaming ONLY occurs in REM sleep?
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Dement and Kleitman
• You must read this study up
• Read a chapter on Sleep research
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Dement and Kleitman
• Try recalling your own dreams
• Keep a dream diary
• Do you dream more after you have been studying hard?