grammar translation An approach to second language teaching characterized by the explicit teaching of grammar rules and the use of translation exercises. audio-lingual Stimulus, response, reinforcement. Everyone learns the same thing at the same time, in the same way (Early ESL Level 1) (Skinner-Behaviorist) communicative approach Student centered, language is learned for communication, teacher's role is to provide a context for authentic communication. Teaching materials used with this approach teach the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions, such as requesting, describing. Emphasis is on the processes of communication. task-based learning An approach in which learners do a task, using such language as they can naturally, possibly having previously seen or heard the task performed previously by native speakers. Language focus can be made, before or after, though this is not always felt to be essential. total physical response A way of teaching in which the teacher presents language items as instructions and the students have to do exactly what the teacher tells them. OR A language teaching method in which items are presented in the foreign language as orders, commands and instructions. the direct method A method of foreign language teaching which has the following features: only the target language should be used in class and there is a firm emphasis on speaking. the silent way A method of FL teaching which makes use of gesture, mime, visual aids and in particular Cuisenaire Rods that the teacher uses to help the learners to talk. the lexical approach An aspect of communicative language teaching which focuses more on language as lexical units rather than grammatical structures. community language learning It uses techniques developed in group counselling. The method makes use of group learning. Learners say things they want to talk about, in their native language, the teacher translates the learner's sentences into the foreign language, and the learner then repeats this to other members of the group. humanistic approaches Methods in which the following principles are considered important: the development of human values, active learner involvement in learning and in the way learning takes place the natural approach A term for an approach proposed by Terrell and Krashen which emphasizes the informal acquisition of language rules, tolerance of learners' errors and natural communication suggestopaedia A method of FL teaching developed by the Bulgarian, Lozanov. It makes use of dialogues, situations, and translation to present and practise language, and in particular, makes use of music. principled eclecticism An approach that encourages the teacher to pick and choose judiciously from a wide range of methodologies. the listening approach A listening-based application of the ideas of Krashen to the classroom. comprehensible input way of speaking and explaining that the students can understand (modeling, visuals, hands-on activities, demonstrations, gestures,body language unnecessary teacher talk UTT quality teacher talk QTT second language acquisition SLA first language acquisition FLA test teach test (or Task Teach Task) TTT presentation practice production PPP