interactional language language in which the primary purposes are social transactional language lanuage of which the primary goal is to communicate information instrumental listening listening with a clear aim, a goal to achieve or information to discover e.g. listening to a station announcement pleasurable listening listening for our own enjoyment. e.g. the radio extensive listening listening at length with no focus on testing the listener's understanding. normaly done outside the classroom, e.g watching TV, listeinng to songs. personal to each individual intensive listening usually done in class, has a clearly defined aim. it often occurs for study purposes interactive listening listening in which the listener is also a speaker e.g. phone call, conversation... non-interactive listening the listener does not have the opportunity to speak e.g watching TV schematic knowledge knowledge that the listener already has about the world and about certain types of text. this leads to prediction and expectation, and will enable the listener to interpret and infer certain things contextual knowledge the listener has information from the context in which the listening takes place which enables him to immediatley predict what the topic is. systemic knowledge knowledge of grammar, lexis and sounds that helps us understand what is being said top-down processing the use of background knowledge in understanding the meaning of a message bottom-up processing the use of incoming data as a source of information about the meaning of a message holistic approach an approach to listening which advocates providing learners with lots of opportunities for listening, and lots of practice in the skill, in the belief that practice makes perfect. No development of sub-skilld is encouraged