concrete learning style use active and direct means of taking in and processing information. interested in information that has an immediate value. prefer verbal or visual experiences. like to be physically involved in learning analytical learning style independent. like to solve problems and enjoy tracking down ideas and developing principles on their own communicative learning style prefer a social approach to learning authority-oriented learning style like and need structure and sequential progression. relate well to a traditional classroom. like to have clear instructions and to know exactly what they are doing instrumentally motivated you have a practical goal in your language learning such as study or work integratively motivated you want to learn for reasons of personal growth or cultural enrichment extrinsic motivation you do it because of some external pressure such as reward or punishment intrinsic motivation you carry out the task for its own sake. some say it leads to better long-term learning memory strategies help learners to store and retrieve information cognitive strategies enable learners to understand and produce new language compensation strategies allow learners to communicate despite deficiencies in their language knowledge metacognitive strategies allow learners to control their own learning through organising, planning and evaluating affective strategies help learners gain control over their emotions, attitudes, motivations and values social strategies help learners interact with other people cognitive depth the more decisions learners make about an item of language, the more they have to grapple with its central meaning, and the more likely to acquire that item incedental learning learning which occurs inside the classroom but is npot planned by the teacher. this may occur when learners are reading or listening for example.