Delivering SDG 7: A new approach to designing sustainable ... · Case study: ‘Green mini-grids’ – lessons from Nepal, Kenya and Peru Consider technical, economic, social, environmental
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Delivering SDG 7: A new approach to designing sustainable energy services to maximize impact Dr Sarah Wykes, Catholic Agency For Overseas Development (CAFOD) Ben Garside, the International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED)
Dr Sarah Wykes, Catholic Agency For Overseas Development (CAFOD)
Ben Garside, the International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED)
What is modern energy access? • Adequate amount
• Available when needed
• Good quality
• Reliable
• Convenient
• Affordable
• Legal
• Healthy & Safe
= Reduce poverty & contribute to human well-being
SDG7 – ensure universal access to ‘affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy’ by 2030
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Very briefly as am sure we all share this perspective on the need for a more end-user focussed definition and metrics for energy access. The context for our work on designing energy services as development practitioners supporting partner work in different socio-cultural contexts is to approach energy services as an enabler of wider development activities and outcomes that require holistic support, not as an end in itself. It is one input whose usefulness is determined by whether, combined with other inputs and activities, it can meet the needs of end-users living in a specific context.
Case study: ‘Green mini-grids’ – lessons from Nepal, Kenya and Peru
Consider technical, economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions; aim to improve overall development prospects
Generate a sense of local responsibility for electricity system and upkeep; separate project management from ownership, with checks and balances
Tailor system to local needs, desires and cultural specificities, esp. choice of management model
Future-proof systems by including demand growth margins in the original project design; risk analysis
Try to influence the enabling environment (e.g. raise awareness of technologies, train technicians, improve access to finance, engage in policy dialogue)
Engage private sector in partnerships , hybrid models
Reference: Yadoo (2012)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This approach is not intended to substitute but to build on existing research and practitioner experience from many organisations working in the field, including IIED, PA, CAFOD and others.
Solar water heaters & lighting Efficient cookstoves
Improved educational performance by students Teacher retention.
Health 48 clinics 19 clinics
Solar refrigeration & lighting Solar water purification
Increased vaccinations of children Increased attendance of patients
Youth groups 8 ICT centres
Solar powered Access to job/education opportunities Improved communications
Livelihoods Women’s groups (1,300+ members)
61 solar water pumps & 56 greenhouses Supporting services
Improved food security Additional income generation. Increased skills & empowerment for women.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Also builds on CAFOD and partners field experience especially CBGE – explain Focus of donors is on outputs but from partner perspective we are interested in outcomes. How do we ensure the programme will have sustainable development impact? Delivering a sustainable energy service is only one aspect of this – particularly as to relates to community services like health and productive uses like additional income generation from growing greenhouse crops. What emerged clearly was the need for a holistic design approach and the importance of additional supporting services.
CAFOD & IIED Energy Delivery Models (EDM) approach to designing energy services for
people living in poverty (2013)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
It is not intended to replace other approaches but to be a useful additional tool Hope is that it can adapted by users to different ways of working, to different contexts and combined with methodologies that groups are currently using for development programming (e.g. RRA and stakeholder mapping). However, the aim was to take the existing learning, especially on the importance of getting local buy-in and customising service delivery to different end-user needs and socio-cultural contexts and apply it in a practical way in designing services. Summary: to develop a systematic, participatory problem-solving approach to designing services.
What is a pro-poor energy delivery model?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Designing an energy service, main focus is on the energy delivery infrastructure, the supporting services for this (maintenance and repair) and how these are going to be financed. In some cases, supporting services are neglected. SEHEN case in Indonesia - SEHEN is a small solar home system (15 Wp – watt peak capacity) with three lamps (@3Watt LED) whose brightness level can be adjusted (10%, 50% and 100%). For it to be sustainable and deliver real development impact, important to start with what value is it supposed to deliver to particular end-users or identify what end-user needs it is supposed to meet. This requires understanding and addressing not just the energy gaps but other gaps preventing needs being met. Other supporting services needed to address the end-user needs identified). Case of Kenya CBGE – see from the Boafeo case. Also need to look at whether it is sustainable not only financially but also socially and environmentally. Need to systematically analyse these other aspects as they are just as important for sustainability. Preferences for, and experience of, different kind of ownership models. Who are the stakeholders who can help or hinder delivery of the service? Who will benefit, who could lose out from the solution proposed? Current energy suppliers. In case of Boafeo, coffee middlemen Boafeo – elders – village government vs. customary leadership structures. These softer aspects of the enabling environment – preferences, ways of doing things & whole network of social and cultural relationships & practices - not just law & regulations often determining for success or failure. Willingness to pay vs. ability to pay. Anagi cookstove. SHS in Boafeo.
The EDM Approach
Starts from the energy needs/wants of the end- users in relation to wider development needs (demand-led or “bottom up”). Builds awareness of the local context & tailors
energy services to be appropriate. Pays attention to socio-cultural (“soft”) factors as well as formal enabling environment. Analyses systematically what is needed for long-
term social, financial, and environmental sustainability of the energy service. A participatory process, with guidelines adaptable
to local context & expertise.
6 Step Design Process 1. IDENTIFY THE
STARTING POINT
Identify the entry point and approach for delivery of an energy service to a particular group of people (potential end-users). Which organisation or group is initiating the process and what do they want to achieve? Carry out initial data-gathering.
2. BE INCLUSIVE Map out all the relevant stakeholders who will participate in the design process and engage with them, building their awareness of the process and its aims.
3. BUILD UNDERSTANDING
Explore the target end-users’ needs and wants, and their context, in more depth. Understand their priorities and the energy and non-energy ‘gaps’ to be filled. Brainstorm potential solutions and identify the ‘value-added’ of an energy service. Develop a value proposition.
4. DESIGN AND TEST Explore in depth potential solutions (energy delivery models) using the EDM tools. Understand who will do what, and the various outputs and activities needed. Test out the value proposition/ different solutions by challenging your assumptions and gathering further data.
5. OPTIMISE AND REVIEW
Think through the financial, social and environmental risks and how to mitigate them. Ensure that the project is sustainable and all the supporting services required are in place. Finalize the EDM.
6. PREPARE TO IMPLEMENT
Develop an implementation and a monitoring and evaluation plan. Once financing and other support is in place, move to the start-up phase, beginning with piloting.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Systematic approach Iterative. Always interrogating assumptions and state of knowledge. Coffee VP Boafeo. VP as straw man – needs to be tested out and solutions revised in the light of new data/information. Assumption was that the farmers could make more income from accessing international markets. Assumption that Thinking through the risks and have a risk mitigation plan. What if PLN puts a line into the village and no-one wants to pay for the SHS anymore? Mitigation – villagers know that PLN supply is unreliable and poor quality. Also mistrust of PLN due to SEHEN experience. Need to do awareness raising on benefits new SHS etc. .
EDM Flow Chart
Energy Delivery Model Map
Energy Delivery Model Canvas
Presenter
Presentation Notes
. Tools to help work through the different aspects of the delivery model systematically.
Nigeria: review of an existing solar lantern distribution model
Learning on improving process
• Need for more effective ways to reach end users e.g. word-of-mouth marketing, pidgin slogans on the radio, informal networks of communication, women acting as advertiser ‘champions’
• Need for seizing opportunities to introduce products, and flexible repayment plans for periods when income is high – for example during harvest.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
1. NGO-led but transitioning to the ‘investor-based’ structure. EDM analysis showed NGO essential role for starting up to initially manage stock, build on ‘networks of trust’ in the community, and support the community-based entrepreneur
SE Asia Regional Pilot – 2015-17
• Baseline research on energy poverty/access in Indonesia, Cambodia & Myanmar. MS workshops to discuss findings (April-May 2016)
• Indonesia - introductory 3 day workshop on EDM approach with CBOs, CSOs, Energy Patriots, Ministries of Energy & Planning, Businesses.
Myanmar EDM Workshop May 2016
SE Asia Regional Pilot – 2015-17
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Boafeo village is located in a remote, mountainous area in Ende, East Nusa Tenggara in the East of Indonesia, about 55km from the regional capital of Ende.. (NTT) Province has the highest levels of energy poverty in Indonesia, and there is the opportunity to align the project with national and local government initiatives aimed at increasing energy access. The electrification rate in NTT Province is only 58.64 per cent and electricity use in 2015 was at the very low level of around 90 kWh per capita, compared to the average national rate of around 630 kWh. Most of Indonesia’s 2,519 villages without access to electricity are located in this region Boafeo is poorly connected by road to Ende. Sixty per cent of the road infrastructure between Ende and the village is an unpaved gravel road 92.5% of the villagers are subsistence farmers, growing cassava, corn, dry rice paddy and banana for their own use. They also have chickens, pigs and, in some households has cows and horses. Their rice production is usually quite poor and not enough for domestic consumption so they buy additional rice in Ende market.. Boafeo people also grow coffee and candlenuts as their main cash crops, and additionally some farmers grow cocoa, cloves and vanilla. Currently the volume of coffee production is low but the farmers want to increase production. Coffee is harvested once a year (generally June to September/October). It is usually sold in the form of green beans to middlemen in the village or Ende. The average income of villagers is about Rp. 1,000,000 (76 USD) per month. Electricity access in Boafeo - a mix of energy sources for lighting, such as diesel-powered generators, SHSs and occasionally kerosene lamps and candles. The village has no access to grid electricity from the state electricity company PLN: the nearest grid connection is about 25km away. In 2013, PLN distributed about 60 units of SEHEN SHS to Boafeo. SEHEN is a small solar home system (15 Wp) with three lamps (@3Watt LED) whose brightness level can be adjusted (10%, 50% and 100%). The villagers were initially very enthusiastic about the SEHEN programme as PLN promised them: ‘If someday the grid reaches Boafeo, villagers who have made this down payment no longer need to pay the initial connection fee”. However, the SEHEN programme was not run well as no maintenance and repair was provided by PLN. Most of the systems are now broken or do not function optimally and the villages do not maintain them well. A few households have a diesel-powered generator that runs five to six hours a day, providing lighting and power for satellite TV. According to their owners, the generators consume 4–5 litres of diesel per day, at a cost of Rp. 8,000/litre (USD 0.61/litre) for diesel oil, so the villagers can only afford to run them for three to four days a week. Most houses use kerosene lamps and candles for lighting. The daily consumption of kerosene is 1 to 1.5 litres, for one or two small lamps, at a cost of Rp. 5,000/litre (USD 0.38/litre) for kerosene. There is a shop in the village which sells groceries, kerosene and diesel and which is run by two to three people
Boafeo EDM Design
Process
Boafeo EDM Timeline
Baseline research on needs & gathering basic socio-economic data using RRA (HH survey, SS
Additional data-gathering & analysis on 3 draft VPs - PFS for micro-hydro, Coffee value chain analysis, analysis of primary school education needs and gaps, HH lighting survey, research on electrification plans for Ende region (February-May 2017)
3 workshops – partner CBO & community (December 2016, January &
June 2017)
Problem
Solution
Stakeholders
Resources/Inputs
Increase quantity of current production From 300kg to 600kg/ha
GAP Training
More time on coffee crop maintenance
Reduce time on candle nut collection
Improve agricultural
inputs
VECO, PAPATAKI Farmers
Fertilizer 2.5 M + pesticide Every year
New trees > 20 years 10 M
(one-off cost)
Estimated labour time Net : Time saving 3
hours / day Netcost : 1.5 / tree 18 M /ha (12 trees)
SOLUTION 1 Additional income from coffee farming
Problem Current solutions do not provide good quality, sufficient power for HH
lighting needs
Solution
Stakeholders
120 SHS with 7-8 LED
lamps, small fan & phone
charging
30 KWH microhyidro power HH needs +
extra power for productive uses or
community services
Option 1 Option 2
Train 3 technicians
Set-up ownership structure
Contract operating technician
Identify expert
technical support
Resources
HH (customers) SHS Suppliers Village Government Min of energy (District) Local banks (Funders ?)
Plus - PLN CSR, international funders (donors)
Equipment per HH: $600 (system ) or $ 12.5/ pcm for 4 years Maintenance fund (5% total) : $ 8,5/pcm Total = $ 21/ pm for 4 years (14% pcm income)
Better quality household lighting
MH Full Feasibility Study: $30K MH System: $250,000 for system plus transport & installation etc. costs. Total cost = U$300,000 Maintenance fund at 5% cost.
EDM Practitioners
Workshop July 2017
Practitioners Workshop July 2017
“This workshop is very useful in designing a program using bottom-up approach. This model suggests to donors and implementers that the interventions must suit the beneficiaries’ needs.”
“Donors should learn this EDM approach so they can understand the importance of bottom-up approach”
“EDM training is fantastic in giving systematic planning on community based projects.”
“I have found the EDM process to be a really thorough approach to community, bottom-up planning that allows planners and communities to prototype activity ideas before selecting the most appropriate ones.”
“Using EDM lays the foundations of sustainability.”
Presenter
Presentation Notes
When and who. Worked through the real life case study of Boafeo EDM. Feedback – useful tool with wider application to development planning & problem solving (e.g. resilience example). Importance of holistic approach chimed with experiences of practitioners e.g. Enerbi said most of the issues they had to do with projects not working to do with socio-cultural issues e.g. lack of community buy-in or clear ownership model. Some saw could be used as quality control or review tool for their current projects
Boafeo EDM – Lessons Learned?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Value of investing time and resource in a participatory planning process in terms of building community understanding and buy-in. Learning by doing. Understanding of what can and can’t be delivered and much more proactive approach by community to finding their own solutions = integration into Village Dev Fund and committing Village Funds to fund part of the 3 solutions. Wider value & application of problem solving approach – Village Head said could be used for their Village Development Planning and said ‘changed the way of thinking of the village’. Could be a way of scaling up to look at synergies with different kinds of levels of planning processes – local and regional govt. Feedback from Indonesian Min of Planning reps. About need for different tools for off-grid/last mile energy delivery. Described as way of ensuring project quality. Challenges – resource & time intensive. However, have to put against the costs of project failure or sub-optimal performance e.g. costs of SEHEN scheme failing (financial and social trust). Need partner to have sufficient HR capacity, e.g. facilitation skills & project management. Long-term commitment by partner to accompany projects. Scaling-up – build capacity in strategic partners that work across a whole region or nationally.
