delft university of technology exploration of hybrid
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Delft University of Technology
Exploration of Hybrid Electric Propulsion in Regional Aircraft
Veldhuis, Leo; Voskuijl, Mark
Publication date2016Document VersionFinal published versionCitation (APA)Veldhuis, L., & Voskuijl, M. (2016). Exploration of Hybrid Electric Propulsion in Regional Aircraft. TheElectric and Hybrid Aerospace Technology Symposium 2016, Cologe (Koln), Germany.
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1 Challenge the future
Exploration of Hybrid Electric Propulsion in Regional Aircraft November, 2016
L.L.M. Veldhuis, TU Delft
M. Voskuijl, TU Delft (Presenter)
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2 Challenge the future
Contents
Feasibility of hybrid-electric aircraft
3 Recent studies (S1,S2,S3)
Project NOVAIR
DUUC initiative
Conclusions
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3 Challenge the future
Technology advancement
source: Airbus
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4 Challenge the future
S1: Analysis & design of a hybrid electric regional aircraft
Objective
Assess the potential fuel consumption reduction of hybrid-electric
regional aircraft, compared to a reference aircraft by 2035
Fuel is replaced partly by batteries as energy source
Explore design space
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5 Challenge the future
S1: Reference Aircraft
Comparison between reference aircraft design and ATR-72-600:
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6 Challenge the future
S1: Reference Aircraft
Reference aircraft design
Comparison between reference aircraft design and ATR-72-600:
Parameter ATR-72-600 Reference aircraft Difference
MTOM [kg] 22800 22340 - 2.0 %
Mission fuel mass [kg] 2000 2050 + 2.5 %
Empty mass [kg] 13010 12780 - 1.8 %
Wing span [m] 27.05 26.5 - 2.0 %
Wing area [m2] 61 58.54 - 4.2 %
Fuselage length [m] 27.17 27 - 0.6 %
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7 Challenge the future
S1: Aircraft hybrid electric propulsion integration
Inverter
Batteries
Gas turbine
Electric motor
Wiring
Traditional HEPS based AC layout
Electrical motors coupled in
parallel
All additional systems and wiring
taken into account
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8 Challenge the future
S1: Parallel hybrid electric propulsion system architecture
+ -
TurboshaftEngine
Inverter Electric motor
Pbat Pbat,offtake
Pbat – Pbat,offtakebat
Pa (=TV)
Wiring
inv wiring
Pinv Pwiring
em
Pbr,electric
Pbr,gasturbinePbr,total
+
+Pfuel
Fuel
Batteries
gas
Propellers
prop
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9 Challenge the future
S1: New Brequet Range Equation
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = η𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑆𝐹𝐶∗
𝐶𝐿
𝐶𝐷
∗ ln 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑
Instead of traditional Brequet range equation: Adapted version for hybrid electric propulsion: Where:
ηel = total electrical efficiency from battery to electric motor output ecombined = combined specific energy of battery and fuel: S = power split HE = degree of hybridization of energy:
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =1
𝑆𝜂𝑒𝑙
+ (1 − 𝑆) ∗ 𝑆𝐹𝐶 ∗ 𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
∗𝐶𝐿
𝐶𝐷∗ 𝜂𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 ∗
1
𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑∗ 𝑙𝑛
𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 ∗ 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 + 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦
𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦
𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 =𝐻𝐸 ∗ 𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 + (1 − 𝐻𝐸) ∗ 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 ∗ 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑡
𝐻𝐸 =𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡=
𝑆
𝑆 + (1 − 𝑆) ∗ 𝑆𝐹𝐶 ∗ 𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 ∗ 𝜂𝑒𝑙
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10 Challenge the future
S1: Feasible design space hybrid electric regional aircraft
Conventional 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 Full electric0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Power split, S [-]
Range [
km
]
ATR-72-600
Hybrid Electric Design
Feasible design limit (Hbat
= 1000 [Wh/kg])
Not feasibleFeasible
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11 Challenge the future
S1: AC comparison
Comparison reference and hybrid-electric aircraft design
Parameter
Reference aircraft Hybrid-electric aircraft Difference
MTOM [kg] 22340 25470 + 14 %
Mission fuel mass [kg] 2050 1470 - 28 %
Battery mass [kg] 0 2948 n/a
Battery energy density [Wh/kg] n/a 1000 n/a
Empty mass [kg] 12780 13552 + 6 %
Total energy stored in batteries
and fuel [MWh]
26.19 21.73 - 17 %
Wing span [m] 26.5 28.8 + 8.7 %
Wing area [m2] 58.54 69.1 + 18 %
Fuselage length 27 27 0 %
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12 Challenge the future
S1: Conclusion
•Significant fuel saving can be achieved (up to 30 %)
•Analysis only for regional aircraft
•Results depend heavily on technological progress
•Chosen operating mode has influence on final design
•Promising results, future research recommended
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13 Challenge the future
S2: Integrated performance analysis applied on short-range
aircraft
series HEPS
parallel HEPS
Advantages: • Operates at optimal RPM • Higher effective BPR • Design freedom in positioning of
engine and fan Disadvantages: • Heavy • Less efficient
Advantages: • Independent operation between
engine and electrical system • Independent design of power
share between both subsystems Disadvantages: • See advantages series
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14 Challenge the future
S2: Simulation model: A320 with integrated HEPS
engine model
aircraft model
power management module
electrical module
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15 Challenge the future
S2: Impact of range on fuel burn
0 2000 4000
time in [sec]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
fuel b
urn
in
[kg
]
Airbus A320
Airbus A320 with HEPS
0 5000 10000
time in [sec]
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
fuel b
urn
in
[kg
]
Airbus A320
Airbus A320 with HEPS
0 5000 10000
time in [sec]
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
fuel b
urn
in
[kg
]
Airbus A320
Airbus A320 with HEPS
1000km 2000km 3000km
HEPS is beneficial for short ranges
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16 Challenge the future
S2: Technology development of electric components
source: Airbus (2015)
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17 Challenge the future
S2: Effect of technology development on fuel burn
Based on 2030+ technology maturity level HEPS become beneficial
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18 Challenge the future
S2:Effect of hybridisation on fuel burn
Take-off power split increases fuel burn (maturity 2030+)
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19 Challenge the future
S2: Energy consumption
From an energy consumption perspective, HEPS are only slightly beneficial with technology development predicted by 2030+
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20 Challenge the future
S2: Fuel burn vs. Energy consumption
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21 Challenge the future
S2: Effect of engine sizing on performance
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22 Challenge the future
S2: Optimised HEPS overall efficiency
Climb powersplit of 14%
Turboshaft engine down scaled to
80%
Significant efficiency increment during
taxi-out, take-off and climb and
efficiency also increases during cruise
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23 Challenge the future
S2: Fuel burn and energy consumption of optimised HEPS
Fuel burn saving: 11% Energy consumption saving: 6%
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24 Challenge the future
S2: Emissions
Fuel burn dependent emissions can be reduced with 11% Engine dependent emissions can be reduced with 3% of
which NOx with 1%
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25 Challenge the future
S2: Conclusions
Investigation on HEPS as ‘retro-fit’ in A320
Applied HEPS is beneficial for short ranges
The application of HEPS in mid/long-term is heavily dependent on the technology maturity level of electric components (specific energy/power)
Fuel burn can be reduced, but total energy consumption increases
The parallel HEPS architecture allows a better sized engine, which is more efficient
‘Optimal’ power management control strategy (with power split of 14%) including 80% scaled engine yields in fuel burn reduction of 11% and total energy saving of 6% for a 1000km flight mission
CO2 and NOx emissions can be reduced with 11% and 1% respectively (during taxi-phase zero CO2 emission).
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26 Challenge the future
S3: Well (source) to propeller efficiency
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27 Challenge the future
S3: Series Hybrid Electric Aircraft
REF 4.
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28 Challenge the future
Results
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29 Challenge the future
S3: Conclusions
From an environmental perspective it is not a good idea to develop
a Series Hybrid Electric Aircraft (SHEA)
The well-to-propeller efficiency of a conventional aircraft is 14.3 with
R2 = 0.75
The well-to-propeller efficiency of a SHEA is 14.4 with R2 = 0.7
(natural gas)
The well-to-propeller efficiency of a SHEA is 15.4 with R2 = 0.7
(renewables)
From literature study it is known:
• Design cost will go up
• Maintenance cost will go up
• Sustainability battery technology uncertain
Parameters that maximise the viability of Hybrid Electric Aircraft are:
• Increasing the bus-voltage
• Renewable energy as source
• Not using distributed propulsion as the benefits are not proven
• New technologies 29
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30 Challenge the future
CS2 project: NOVAIR
Novel Aircraft Configurations and Scaled Flight Testing Instrumentationn
Call For Core Partners
Start: December 2016
Partners:
• NLR
• TU Delft
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31 Challenge the future
CleanSky 2 project: NOVAIR (start December 2016)
The development logic of NOVAIR
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32 Challenge the future
CS2 project: NOVAIR
Top-level approach to the assessment of radical hybrid-electric aircraft configurations
N=2 N=2+ N=0+
N=SExamplesofHEPbasedN-designs
=Electricdrive(s)
=Electricalpowergeneration&control
=BoundaryLayerIngestion
Point-baseddesigns
Distributeddesigns
N=S
BLI BLI
BLI
BLI
BLI
BLI
BLI
BLI
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33 Challenge the future
Delft University Unconventional
Concept (DUUC) TUD: Pioneering Innovations Project
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34 Challenge the future
Delft University Unconventional
Concept (DUUC)
First Flight 10 August 2016
DUUC-0.1 flight from Woensdrecht AFB
Towards Scaled Flight Testing of Unconventional AC
Propulsive empennage concept Increased propulsive
efficiency Safe propeller operation Enhanced upset recovery Noise shielding Increased cabin comfort Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
TUD: Pioneering Innovations Project
Model ATR72-600 Model DUUC
Preliminary design and analysis ongoing
First data set expected by end 2016
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35 Challenge the future
Concluding remarks
Results on overall benefits of a hybrid electric propulsion system (HEPS) in regional aircraft seem inconclusive
Next step in power density of subsystem and their efficiency is crucial before application can be considered
Benefits of HEPS is mostly associated with opportunities for distributed propulsion
NOVAIR and the Delft University DUUC project will contribute to this analysis in the coming years