dehydration pp

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DEHYDRATION

PRESENTED BY:

POTREENA A. RAJAHBUAYAN



DEHYDRATION

Dehydration is the excessive loss of waterfrom body tissues accompanied by animbalance in essential electrolytes, such as

sodium, potassium, and chloride.

It occurs when the amount of water leavingthe body is greater than the amount beingtaken in. The body is very dynamic andalways changing.



Total body water also varies in relation toage, gender, and amount of body fat. Adultmales have approximately 60% water

content, adult females have 50%, infantshave an estimated 77%, and the elderlyhave 46% to 52%. An increase in body fatcauses a decrease in the percent fluid

content because fat does not containsignificant amounts of water.



THREE MAIN TYPES OF DEHYDRATION BASED

ON

TYPE

OF

FLUID

LOSS

: Hypotonic or hyponatremic – primarily a loss of

electrolytes, particularly sodium.

Hypertonic or hypernatremic – primarily a lossof water.

Isotonic or isonatremic – equal loss of waterand electrolytes.



THREE TYPES OF DEHYDRATION BASED ON SEVERITY:

Mild – when the body has lost about 2% ofit’s total fluid.

Moderate – when the total fluid loss reaches5%.

Severe – when the body reaches 10% fluidloss, considered a emergency



CAUSES:

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Sweat

Diabetes

Inability to drink fluids

Burns



SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:Dry Mouth

The eyes stop making tears

Sweating may stop

Muscle Cramps

Nausea & Vomiting

Heart Palpitations

Light headedness (especially when standing)

WeaknessDecreased urine output



COMPLICATIONS:

Kidney failure

Coma

ShockHeat-related illnesses and associated

complications

Electrolyte abnormalities



Body weight Daily fluidrequirements(approximate

10 pounds 15 ounces

20 pounds 30 ounces

30 pounds 40 ounces40 pounds 45 ounces

50 pounds 50 ounces

75 pounds 55 ounces100 pounds 50 ounces

150 pounds 65 ounces

200 pounds 70 ounces



THE HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER'S EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT WILL ASSESS THE LEVEL OF DEHYDRATION. INITIAL EVALUATIONS MAY INCLUDE:

Mental status tests to evaluate whether the patient is awake,alert, and oriented. Infants and children may appear listlessand have whiny cries and decreased muscle tone.

Vital signs may include postural readings (blood pressure

and pulse rate are taken lying down and standing).

Temperature may be measured to assess fever.

Skin may be checked to see if sweat is present and to assessthe degree of elasticity (turgor)

The mouth can become dry and the health care practitionermay look or feel the tongue for fluid.



Infants may have additional evaluations performed, includingchecking for a soft spot on the skull (sunken fontanel).

Pediatric patients are often weighed during routine child visits, thusa body weight measurement may be helpful in assessing how muchwater has been lost with the acute illness.

Laboratory testing

The purpose of blood tests is to assess potential electrolytesabnormalities (including sodium, potassium, and chloride levels)associated with the dehydration.

Urinalysis may be ordered to determine urine concentration, themore concentrated the urine, the more dehydrated the patient.



TREATMENT: Drinking fluids is usually enough for

mild dehydration. It is better to drinksmall amounts of fluid often instead

of trying to force large amounts of fluid

at one time.

Electrolyte solutions or freezer pops are very effective.

Intravenous fluids and a hospital stay may be needed for

moderate to severe dehydration. The health careprovider will try to identify and then treat the cause of thedehydration.



Eat nutritious foods and vegetables such as : bananas

and orange.

Do not drink coffee, colas,

or other drinks that contain

caffeine. They increase urine output and make youdehydrate faster.

Provide frequent, oral care.

Wear cotton made shirts to prevent sweating.



Loperamide (Imodium) may be considered to control

diarrhea. If the affected individual has a fever, or ifthere is blood in the diarrhea, medical advice shouldbe obtained before administering medications tocontrol diarrhea.

Acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used tocontrol fever.

Avoid alcohol consumption, especially when it is veryhot, because alcohol increases water loss andimpairs your ability to recognize early signsassociated with dehydration.



PROGNOSIS:

Rapid recognition and treatment ofdehydration will result in a successfuloutcome. In the absence of complications,

fluid balance is usually restored. If nottreated quickly, severe dehydration canresult in cardiovascular collapse, seizures,permanent brain damage, or death.



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dehydration pp

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