definitions of compute1 fileno.1

8/8/2019 Definitions of Compute1 FILENO.1

1/6

[email protected]

Sanam420

Definitions of ComputerThe term computer can logically be applied to any type of calculating

device. In the simplest way we can say that any device which can compute is a

computer. The computer is defined in many different words; a few definitions are

listed below:

Computer is a machine that accepts input data, processes it and gives

output.

A computer is a device capable of accepting data, applying described

processes to data and supplying results of these processes.

Computer is an automatic electronic calculating device which can

process given data in the pre-defined manner and produces desired results. An electronic computational device having internal storage, a stored

program of instructions and capability for modification of the set of

instructions at any time, is knows as Computer.

Computer is an automatic electronic device. It can receive data from

many input devices. Computer processes this inputted data with the help of

a stored program at high speed and accuracy. After the desired processing

of data, results may be received on different output devices.

Advantages of Computer(a)Speed

(b)Accuracy

(c)Diligence

(d)Run for Long Period

(e)Variety of Tasks

(f)Automatic Operation

(g)Decision Making Capability

Limitations of Computer(a)Inflexible

(b)Need Details

(c)Expensive Equipment and Maintenance

(d)More Technical Staff

(e)Loss of Data

Hardware

Computer Machinery is referred to as hardware and is made up of electronic

devices and circuits


2/6

Refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display

screens, keyboards, printer, boards, and chips.

In general hardware is categorized with regard to the four basic operations it

performs.

1- Processing and Motherboard

2- Input Hardware

3- Output Hardware

4- Storage Devices and Memory

Microprocessor

The processor is the chip which is the brains of the computer. It is also know

as the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Processors have their name because they

process data and instructions. The processor is the most important part of a computer.

A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic

instructions that drives a computer.

MotherboardThe main circuit board of a Computer. The motherboard contains the

connectors for attaching additional boards. ...This is the main circuit board of your computer. Everything plugs into this

board. It contains your PROCESSOR, RAM, and allows EXPANSION CARDS

to...

Input Devices

It accepts data and converts it into a form that is suitable for the computer to

process.e.g. Keyboard, mouse

1. Keyboard

On most computers, a keyboard is the primarytext input device. The keyboard also

contains certain standard function keys, such as the Escape key, tab and cursor

movement keys, shift and control keys, and sometimes other manufacturer-

customized keys.

2. Mouse

A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order

to point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from

that position. Today, the mouse is an integral part of the graphical user interface

(GUI) of any personal computer. The mouse apparently got its name by being aboutthe same size and color as a toy mouse.
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213125,00.htmlhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213125,00.htmlhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213125,00.html


3/6

3. Scanner

A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters,

magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come

in and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or color. Very high

resolution scanners are used for scanning for high-resolution printing, but lower

resolution scanners are adequate for capturing images for computer display.

Output Devices

Provides the user with means to view and use information produces by the computer

system.

1. Monitor

A monitor is the TV-like part of the computer that you look at to see information.

Monitors are sometimes called displays or screens. "Screen" refers to the glass front

only, while "monitor" refers to the screen, the case and everything inside the case.

Information on a monitor is displayed in pixels.

2. Printer

In computers, a printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a

computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of

paper. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more

expensive printers are used for higher-resolution color printing.

Storage DeviceIn a computer, storage is the place where data is held in an electromagnetic or

optical form for access by a computer processor. There are two general usages.

In a more formal usage, storage has been divided into: (1) Primary storage, which

holds data in memory (sometimes called random access memory or RAM) and other

"built-in" devices such as the processor's cache, and (2) Secondary storage, which

holds data on hard disks, tapes, and other devices requiring input/output operations.

HARD DISKThe hard disk is a magnetic disk inside your computer and is sometimes

known as a hard drive. The hard disk is used to store large amounts of data on a

computer. Available as a fixed disk (such as the disks used in the system units ofpersonal computers or in drives that are external to a personal computer) or a

removable cartridge.

Memory: (Primary Memory or Main Memory) Working Storage

Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions anddata that your

computer's microprocessorcan reach quickly. When your computer is in normal

operation, its memory usually contains the main parts of the operating system and

some or all of the application programs and related data that are being used. Memory

is often used as a shorter synonym for random access memory (RAM). This kind ofmemory is located on one or more microchips that are physically close to the
http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid91_gci211894,00.htmlhttp://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid91_gci211894,00.htmlhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212568,00.htmlhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212568,00.htmlhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212714,00.htmlhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci214255,00.htmlhttp://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid91_gci211894,00.htmlhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212568,00.htmlhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212714,00.htmlhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci214255,00.html


4/6

microprocessor in your computer. The more RAM you have, the less frequently the

computer has to access instructions and data from the more slowly accessed hard disk

form of storage.

It is a temporary working Storage.

It provides the workspace.

It is volatile

Software

Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is

software. The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For

example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a

problem with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It'sa software problem." Without hardware the software is useless and vice versa.

Operating System Software

Operating system software provides a "user interface" for users to manage files, start

programs, customize computer settings, and other tasks. The operating system also

provides the fundamental core computer functionality for programmers.

Intel based PCs use Microsoft Windows version 3.1 (older) or Windows 95 as the

operating system. Macintoshes use the Macintosh operating system.

Software Applications

Application software uses the operating system software and provides the real

functionality of a computer. Applications include:

Word Processing (MS Word, WordPerfect, Ami...)

Spreadsheets (Lotus 123, MS Excel...)

Database (DBase, Fox Pro, Oracle...)

Presentation (MS PowerPoint, Persuasion...)

Internet Browsers (Netscape Navigator, MS Internet Explorer)

Games

Computer Languages


5/6

A computer language is a combination of statements, functions, routines, sub-routines

and loops. A computer language is used to create/generate any software or program

for any specific purpose.

The all programs are been created by using statements, functions, loops, routines and

sub-routines by following the rules of that language. These programs are written in

Human languages (English Language) which is only understandable by a human, butthe machine of computer cant understand that human language. So, there must be

something to convert human language into machine language and to convert machine

language into human language. This is done by Translator.

Types of Languages1. High Level LanguagesThese languages are those languages which are easy to understand by a human and it

directly works on to the variables and constants for processing. i.e GW-Basic, Visual

Basic (VB), Cobol etc.

2. Low Level Languages

These languages are mostly related with the hardware side of computer. Theselanguages work on directly on to the Registers of the Memory. i.e Assembly

Language.

3. Mid Level LanguagesC Language is a computer language which can work as High level language and as

Low level language at same time, because with C language we can work on hardware

as well as on constants and variables. This language is called Mid Level Language.

Types of Translators1. Compiler

A type of translator for computer languages, which reads the complete program

together before running/executing the program and displays the total errors of thatprogram after compilation.. It creates .Obj and .Exe files as well as .Bak and the

language file by compilation. C language is a computer language which uses the

Compiler for translation

2. InterpreterA type of translator, which does not create .Obj and .Exe files after execution.

It also reads the program line by line and if finds any error at any line, then it stops

and asks to remove or ignore that error before going to next line. GW-Basic is a

computer language, which uses the Interpreter for translation.

3. AssemblerA type of translator, which works on hardware/registers directly. Assembly

language is a computer language, which uses Assembler as a translator.

What is Database?

Field: A collection of Records.

Database: A collection of interrelated files.

Eg. Files of all departments in an organization.

Types of Database


6/6

Shared Database

They are shared by users of one company or organization.

Usually found in LANs

Users are linked through terminals or WS

Stored on One Computer

Distributed Database

Stored on different computers in different locations.

Eg. Chain stores

Types of Files A file is a collection of data or information treated as a unit.

Common file types are:

1. Program Files

2. Data Files

3. ASCII Files

4. Image Files

5. Audio and Video Files

Program Files:

They contain software instructions. Source Program files contain high-level computer instruction

instructions in their original form, as written by the programmer.

Eg. Files with .com or.exe

Data Files

Also called Document files

Contain data not programs

Eg. .doc , .ppt , .xls

ASCII Files

They are text-only (No formatting, No graphics)

The characters are in ASCII code

This file is used to transfer documents between incompatibleplatforms, such as IBM and Macintosh.

Eg. .txt

Image Files

Contain files digitized graphics

Eg. .gif , .JPG

Audio and Video Files

Audio files contain digitized sound

Eg. WAV, .MID

Video Files contain digitized video

Eg. .MPG, .AVI

definitions of compute1 fileno.1

Documents