definitions and history

24
Definitions and History IDT 617 Instructional Design & Technology

Upload: amy-adcock

Post on 12-Dec-2014

290 views

Category:

Education


2 download

DESCRIPTION

 

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Definitions and history

Definitions and HistoryIDT 617

Instructional Design & Technology

Page 2: Definitions and history

A Tricky Beginning…Defining the field can be trickyIt might take an entire semester to decide

on what you think is the best definitionLet’s look at some of the definitions and

see how they relate to what instructional designers do in research and practice

Page 3: Definitions and history

Many definitions… Instructional design is the systemic and systematic application

of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems.

Instructional design is the systematic application of theory and other organized knowledge to the task of instructional design and development.

It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs.

Educational technology is the application of research, learning theory, emergent technologies, and child and adult psychology to solving instructional and performance problems.

Page 4: Definitions and history

The Final Word1994: Instructional technology is the theory and

practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.

2006: Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.

Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1994; 2006

Page 5: Definitions and history

Components of the DefinitionStudy

Research informing practice

Ethical practiceImpacts choices

Facilitating & LearningShift in ideas of

learningChanging definitions

ImprovingThe benefits of a

systematic approachSubjective measure

PerformanceUsable knowledge

Creating & UsingMaking stuffWhere the solution

meets the problemManaging

Keeping track of everything

Appropriate Technology, Processes & ResourcesThe right process or

tool for the job

Page 6: Definitions and history

At It’s Core…Instructional Design is: Student Centered

Meaningful learning environments Goal Oriented

Tangible goals that can be achieved through training Focused on Performance

Higher levels of learning than recall Focused on Measurable Outcomes

Assessments are key Empirical, Iterative and Self-correcting

Guided by theory, strong research focus Primarily a Team Effort

Complex processes require more than one person

Page 7: Definitions and history

InstructionalDesign

& Technology

Ed Psych

PerformanceSupport

K-12 & Higher Ed

LearningTechnologies

Educational Research

Our Sandboxes…

Page 8: Definitions and history

Ed Psych

Educational PsychologyCognitive

psychologyCognitive ScienceLearning Sciences

Individual differences

Learning theoriesLearning

environments

Page 9: Definitions and history

Performance SupportElectronic

Performance Support Systems (EPSS)

Knowledge Management

Change Management

Needs and Task Analyses

PerformanceSupport

Page 10: Definitions and history

Education Technology and

curriculum integration

Media literacyVirtual High SchoolsDistance LearningEducational Gaming

K-12 &Higher Ed

Page 11: Definitions and history

Computer TechnologiesInstructional

Software Development and EvaluationHypertextWeb-based

instructionEmerging

technologiesInstructional

gaming and simulation

LearningTechnologies

Page 12: Definitions and history

ResearchQuantitativeQualitativeLiterature ReviewsMeta-analysesEvaluationAction Research

EducationalResearch

Page 13: Definitions and history

Now that you have so many definitions and applications…Think about the following questions and

write your responses on the Discussion BoardWhich definition makes the most sense to

you as you begin to study the field? Where do you think the main focal point

should be? Research? Practice? Or a combination of both?

Did anything in the readings or these slides surprise you?

Page 14: Definitions and history

Comprehensive information and a good template for your Timeline

found at: http://www.slideshare.net/

benton44/history-of-instructional-design-and-technology

The History of IDT

Page 15: Definitions and history

Two tracksInstructional MediaInstructional Approaches

Page 16: Definitions and history

Instructional MediaSchools and museum materialsLantern projectorsAdoption of educational filmsTelecommunications Satellites and

educational televisionPersonal Computers

Page 17: Definitions and history

First museums delivered materials by horse-drawn cart

Excerpt from an early textbook: linking images and text

Lantern projector and film catalog

Telstar Communications Satellite (1962)Start of transatlantic TV transmission

First Apple Computer (1976) eventually leading to the personal computer

Page 18: Definitions and history

Instructional ApproachesDewey

Classroom as a laboratoryThe importance of WWIISkinner

Behavioral Learning Theory and Programmed instruction

Interest in the “Black Box” was minimalA systematic approach to instruction

Page 19: Definitions and history

Moving Towards the ID processInstructional Objectives

Robert Mager: Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction, 1962

Behavioral and Cognitive ObjectivesCriterion referenced testingGagne

Conditions of learningTaxonomy of skillsEvents of instruction

Page 20: Definitions and history

ID Models/Growth of Constructivism1970s

Number of ID Models increasedShift from behaviorism to cognitive approachFocus on constructivismGagne’s events of instruction map onto

cognitive processes•Gain Attention •Inform Learner of Objective •Recall Prior Knowledge •Present Material •Provide Guided Learning•Elicit Performance•Provide Feedback•Assess Performance •Enhance Retention and Transfer

Page 21: Definitions and history

Progress and performance1980s and 1990s

Explosion of Media and AccessComputersWWW (allowed for worldwide connections)Hypertext and Hypermedia

Performance Technologies (i.e., assessing gaps in skills)Expanded scope of instructional designers

Instructional strategies lean more towards student centered learning

Page 22: Definitions and history

Where are we now?Human Performance TechnologyTechnology Integration in K12

EnvironmentsCognitive Science & Learning SciencesConsulting with Engineering, Modeling &

Simulation ResearchersTraining for military, business and K-20

studentsDigital literacies

Page 23: Definitions and history

For the remainder of the week…Respond to questions on Discussion Board

Reply to classmate’s responses and continue the conversation

I will moderate, answer questions and keep us on track

Page 24: Definitions and history

Next weekI will review the discussion board

interactions

We will discuss ID process and the relationship of Learning Theory and Design

Timeline is due before class on Sept. 16th

Upload is available from Assignment Uploads link