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 2013 KOF Index of Globalization: Definitions and Sour ces Source: Updated in: Indices and Variables Sources Definitions A. Eco nomic Glo bal izati on i) Data on actual Flows Tr ade (per cen t of GDP ) Wo rl d Ba nk (2011 ) Tr ade is th e sum of e xp o rts and impo rt s of goo ds and se rv ic e s me as u re d as a share of gross domestic product. Data are in percent of GDP. For eig n Direc t Investmen t, stoc ks (per cent of GDP) UNCTAD (201 1) Sum of inward and out war d FDI stoc k as a perc enta ge of GDP. Po rt foli o Inve stm ent (pe rc e nt of GDP) IMF (201 1) Po rt fo li o inve st me nt is the su m of p or t fo lio inve stment as se ts st oc ks an d  portfol io investment liabilities stocks. Data are in percent of GDP. Income Pay ments to Foreig n Nationa ls (percent of GDP) World Bank (2011) Income pay ments refer to employ ee compen sation paid to nonr esident workers and investment income (payments on direct investment, portfolio investment, other investments). Income derived from the use of intangible assets is excluded. Data are in percent of GDP. ii) Data on restrictions Hid de n Impo rt Ba rr ie rs Gwa rt ne y et al. (2 01 2) Th e in de x is base d on th e Glo ba l Co mp et it iv e ne s s Re po rt’ s su rv ey que sti o n: “In your country, tariff and non-tariff barriers significantly reduce the ability of imported goods to compete in the domestic market.” The question’s wording has varied slightly over the years. Mean Ta rif f Ra te Gwa r tn e y et al. (2 01 2) As th e me an t ar if f ra te in cr ea se s , cou nt ri es are ass ig ne d lo we r ra ti n gs. The rating declines toward zero as the mean tariff rate approaches 50%. Taxes on Internatio nal Trade (percent of current revenue) World Bank (2011) Taxes on interna tional trade include import duties, export duties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchange profits, and exchange taxes. Current revenue includes all revenue from taxes and nonrepayable receipts (other than grants) from the sale of land, intangible assets, government stocks, or fixed capital assets, or from capital transfers from nongovernmental sources. It also includes fines, fees, recoveries, inheritance taxes, and nonrecurrent levies on capital. Data are for central government and in percent of all current Ca pi ta l Ac c ou n t Re st ri ct ions Gwar tney et al . (201 2) Inde x ba sed on two co mpon en ts: (i ) Be gi nn in g wi th th e yea r 20 02 , this su b- component is based on the question: “Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1) rare, limited to minority stakes, and often  prohib ited in key sectors or (2) preva lent and encoura ged”. For earlier yea rs, this sub-component was based on two questions about “Access of citizens to foreign capital markets and foreign access to domestic capital markets”. (ii) Index based on the IMF’s Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions, including 13 different types of capital controls. It is constructed by subtracting the number of restrictions from 13 and multiplying the result by 10. B. Social Globaliza tion i) Data on Personal Contact Telephone Traffic International Telecommunication Union (2011) International voice traffic is the sum of international incoming and outgoing telephone traffic (in minutes per person). When fixed and mobile traffic is not available, fixed traffic is used. Tr ans fe rs (pe rc e nt of GDP) Wo rl d Ba nk (2011 ) Su m of gr oss in fl ow s and gro ss ou tf lo ws of good s, serv ic es, in co me , or financial items without a quid pro quo. Data are in percent of GDP. Inte rn at io nal To ur ism Wo rl d Ba nk (2013 ) Su m of arr iv als and de part ur es of in t er n ati on al to ur is ts as a sh are of  popula tion. For eig n Pop ula tion (per cent of total pop ulation ) Wor ld Ban k (201 1) For eig n pop ulation is the number of for eig n or for eig n-b orn resid ents in a country. Data are in percent of total population. In te rnati onal le t te rs (p er capit a) Un iv ersal Po st al Un io n, Postal Statistics database  Number of interna tional letters sent and recieved per capita. ii) Data on Information Flows Intern et Use rs (per 10 00 pe op le) Wo rl d Ba nk (201 1) Internet us e rs a re pe op le wi th acce ss to the wo rl dwide in tern et ne twor k. Television (per 1000 people) World Bank (2007), International Telecommunication Union (2011) Share of households with a television set. Tr ade in Ne wsp ape rs (per ce nt of GDP) Un it ed Na ti on s Commodity Trade Statistics Database (2011) The sum of exports and imports in newspapers and periodicals in percent of GDP. Data are provided by the Statistical Division of the United Nations and correspond to those published in the U.N. World Trade Annual. Dreher, Axel, 2006, Does Globalization Affect Growth? Empirical Evidence from a new Index, Applied Economics  38, 10: 1091-1110. Dreher, Axel; Noel Gaston and Pim Martens, 2008,  Measuring Globalization - Gauging its Consequences , New York: Springer.

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  • 2013 KOF Index of Globalization: Definitions and Sources

    Source:

    Updatedin:

    Indices and Variables Sources Definitions

    A. Economic Globalization

    i)DataonactualFlows

    Trade(percentofGDP) WorldBank(2011) Tradeisthesumofexportsandimportsofgoodsandservicesmeasuredasashareofgrossdomesticproduct.DataareinpercentofGDP.

    ForeignDirectInvestment,stocks(percentofGDP) UNCTAD(2011) SumofinwardandoutwardFDIstockasapercentageofGDP.

    PortfolioInvestment(percentofGDP) IMF(2011) Portfolioinvestmentisthesumofportfolioinvestmentassetsstocksandportfolioinvestmentliabilitiesstocks.DataareinpercentofGDP.

    IncomePaymentstoForeignNationals(percentofGDP) WorldBank(2011) Incomepaymentsrefertoemployeecompensationpaidtononresidentworkersandinvestmentincome(paymentsondirectinvestment,portfolioinvestment,otherinvestments).Incomederivedfromtheuseofintangibleassetsisexcluded.DataareinpercentofGDP.

    ii)Dataonrestrictions

    HiddenImportBarriers Gwartneyetal.(2012) TheindexisbasedontheGlobalCompetitivenessReportssurveyquestion:Inyourcountry,tariffandnon-tariffbarrierssignificantlyreducetheabilityofimportedgoodstocompeteinthedomesticmarket.Thequestionswordinghasvariedslightlyovertheyears.

    MeanTariffRate Gwartneyetal.(2012) Asthemeantariffrateincreases,countriesareassignedlowerratings.Theratingdeclinestowardzeroasthemeantariffrateapproaches50%.

    TaxesonInternationalTrade(percentofcurrentrevenue) WorldBank(2011) Taxesoninternationaltradeincludeimportduties,exportduties,profitsofexportorimportmonopolies,exchangeprofits,andexchangetaxes.Currentrevenueincludesallrevenuefromtaxesandnonrepayablereceipts(otherthangrants)fromthesaleofland,intangibleassets,governmentstocks,orfixedcapitalassets,orfromcapitaltransfersfromnongovernmentalsources.Italsoincludesfines,fees,recoveries,inheritancetaxes,andnonrecurrentleviesoncapital.Dataareforcentralgovernmentandinpercentofallcurrentrevenue.CapitalAccountRestrictions Gwartneyetal.(2012) Indexbasedontwocomponents:(i)Beginningwiththeyear2002,thissub-componentisbasedonthequestion:Foreignownershipofcompaniesinyourcountryis(1)rare,limitedtominoritystakes,andoftenprohibitedinkeysectorsor(2)prevalentandencouraged.Forearlieryears,thissub-componentwasbasedontwoquestionsaboutAccessofcitizenstoforeigncapitalmarketsandforeignaccesstodomesticcapitalmarkets.(ii)IndexbasedontheIMFsAnnualReportonExchangeArrangementsandExchangeRestrictions,including13differenttypesofcapitalcontrols.Itisconstructedbysubtractingthenumberofrestrictionsfrom13andmultiplyingtheresultby10.

    B. Social Globalization

    i)DataonPersonalContact

    TelephoneTraffic InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(2011)

    Internationalvoicetrafficisthesumofinternationalincomingandoutgoingtelephonetraffic(inminutesperperson).Whenfixedandmobiletrafficisnotavailable,fixedtrafficisused.

    Transfers(percentofGDP) WorldBank(2011) Sumofgrossinflowsandgrossoutflowsofgoods,services,income,orfinancialitemswithoutaquidproquo.DataareinpercentofGDP.

    InternationalTourism WorldBank(2013) Sumofarrivalsanddeparturesofinternationaltouristsasashareofpopulation.

    ForeignPopulation(percentoftotalpopulation) WorldBank(2011) Foreignpopulationisthenumberofforeignorforeign-bornresidentsinacountry.Dataareinpercentoftotalpopulation.

    Internationalletters(percapita) UniversalPostalUnion,PostalStatisticsdatabase

    Numberofinternationalletterssentandrecievedpercapita.

    ii)DataonInformationFlows

    InternetUsers(per1000people) WorldBank(2011) Internetusersarepeoplewithaccesstotheworldwideinternetnetwork.

    Television(per1000people) WorldBank(2007),InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(2011)

    Shareofhouseholdswithatelevisionset.

    TradeinNewspapers(percentofGDP) UnitedNationsCommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase(2011)

    ThesumofexportsandimportsinnewspapersandperiodicalsinpercentofGDP.DataareprovidedbytheStatisticalDivisionoftheUnitedNationsandcorrespondtothosepublishedintheU.N.WorldTradeAnnual.

    Dreher,Axel,2006,DoesGlobalizationAffectGrowth?EmpiricalEvidencefromanewIndex,Applied Economics 38,10:1091-1110.

    Dreher,Axel;NoelGastonandPimMartens,2008,Measuring Globalization - Gauging its Consequences ,NewYork:Springer.

  • Indices and Variables Sources Definitions

    iii)DataonCulturalProximity

    NumberofMcDonald'sRestaurants(percapita) varioussources NumberofMcDonald'sRestaurants(percapita).

    NumberofIkea(percapita) Ikea NumberofIkea(percapita).

    Tradeinbooks(percentofGDP) UNESCO(variousyears),UnitedNationsCommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase(2011)

    ThesumofexportsandimportsinbooksandpamphletsinpercentofGDP.DataareprovidedbytheStatisticalDivisionoftheUnitedNationsandcorrespondtothosepublishedintheU.N.WorldTradeAnnual.

    C. Political Globalization

    EmbassiesinCountry EuropaWorldYearbook(variousyears)

    Absolutenumberofembassiesinacountry.

    MembershipinInternationalOrganizations CIAWorldFactbook(variousyears)

    Absolutenumberofinternationalinter-governmentalorganizations.

    ParticipationinU.N.SecurityCouncilMissions DepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations,UN

    PersonnelcontributedtoU.N.SecurityCouncilMissionspercapita.

    InternationalTreaties UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection

    Anydocumentsignedbetweentwoormorestatesandratifiedbythehighestlegislativebodyofeachcountrysince1945.Notratifiedtreaties,orsubsequentactions,andannexesarenotincluded.TreatiessignedandratifiedmustbedepositedintheOfficeofSecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNationstobeincluded.

    References

    CentralIntelligenceAgency(variousyears),WorldFactbook,https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/.

    EuropaWorldYearbook(variousyears),Routledge.

    InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(2011),WorldTelecommunication/ICTIndicatorsdatabase.

    UNCTAD(2011),UNCTADstat,http://unctadstat.unctad.org.

    UNESCO(variousyears),StatisticalYearbook.

    UniversalPostalUnion,PostalStatisticsdatabase,http://www.upu.int.

    UnitedNationsCommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase(2011),http://comtrade.un.org/.

    UnitedNationsDepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations,http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/.

    UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection,http://treaties.un.org.

    WorldBank(2007,2011,2013),WorldDevelopmentIndicators,Washington,DC.

    Gwartney,JamesD.;JoshuaC.HallandRobertLawson(2012),2012EconomicFreedomDataset,publishedinEconomicFreedomoftheWorld:2012AnnualReport,Publisher:EconomicFreedomNetwork,http://www.freetheworld.com/2012/EFWdataset2012.xls.

    InternationalMonetaryFund(2011),InternationalFinancialStatisticsIndicators,CD-Rom,December,Washington,DC.


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