definition theory define as precisely as you can the following 3 words i. triangleii. tableiii. love
TRANSCRIPT
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Definition theory
Define as precisely as you can the following 3 words
i. Triangle ii. Table iii. Love
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Problems!
• Only mathematical words can be definded precisely
• Definitions depend on using other words!
• In order to stop being trapped in an endless circle of words, language must surely connect with the world.
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Denotation theory
• A meaningful word “stands” for something, whereas a meaningless word does not
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France stands for..
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Problems
• Can you think of words which would be difficult to define by finding something they “stand for”?
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Problems
• Can you think of words which would be difficult to define by finding something they “stand for”?
• Multiplication, freedom, wisdom, holistic, humanistic
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Problems!
• Denotation theory does not work with abstract words
• Even a word like “Socrates” cannot literally be Socrates because it would become meaningless when he died.
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Image Theory
• The meaning of a word is the mental image it stands for. You know the meaning of the word when you have the relevant concept in your mind.
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• Freedom• Democracy• Red• England• New York• History • Art• Psychology
In pairs, ask each other to describe what image they have when considering the list of
words below. How different are they?
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Problems!
• We can never be sure that a person understands the meaning of a word the same as we do as they may have a different “image” in their mind
• An english football team.. Has to be..
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Meaning as know-how
• You know the meaning of a word when you know how to use it correctly
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Problematic meaning
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1. Vagueness
Without thinking too much, write down a figure for the following;
1.John lives near school. How close does he live?
2.Janet is a heavy smoker. How many cigarettes a day does she smoke?
3.Mr Smith is middle- aged. How old is he?
4.Nafisha’s mother is rich. How much money does she have in the bank?
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2) Vagueness
Fast
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Bald?
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Jokes that rely on ambiguity!!“The valuable dog was still missing, believed stolen, however the police
announced they have a lead.”
Your very last breath will be a fatal blow.
Gravity is studied a lot because it's a very attractive field.
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Read the sentences below and find and account for two meanings
Flying planes can be dangerous They saw Mrs Jones and a dog sitting
under a table. Refuse to be put in the basket. Mia wanted to hear the pop star sing very
badly. Visiting relatives can be boring. Johnny ate the bacon on the sofa. I didn’t sleep with my wife before we were
married . Did you?
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• In groups write down some ambiguous statements.
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Context helps
They saw Mrs Jones and a dog sitting under a table
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3. Secondary meaning• Connotations - web of associations
surrounding a word.
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First lady or “Presidential partner”?
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First man?
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Slender, skinny, thin
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Stubborn, steadfast, firm
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Praise, flatter, commend
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Energetic, spirited, frenzied
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Stench, smell, fragrance
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Think of as many different words as you can for;
Drunk
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Think of as many different words as you can for;
Stupid
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4) Irony
Defined as:
incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs
But what is the difference between irony and sarcasm?
"A. . . perception of inconsistency, [usually but not always humorous], in which an apparently straightforward statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance. .
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5. MetaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily
designates one thing is used to designate another.
Zaria has his head in the clouds
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Emma has put her roots down in houston
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My brother is a butcher
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My dentist is a butcher
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Explain the following;
“No man is an island” (John Donne, 1572-1631)
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Fly and swim?What is the problem here?
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Consider..
• Should we care about the meaning of words?
• Are there times when the literal meaning is important?
• Who can use the meaning of words to their advantage?
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Translation
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Activity
• Class debate
• Should we have a universal language?
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A world language?
What would be the advantages and disadvantages if everyone in the world spoke the same language?
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“Who does not know another language does not know his own” Goethe
Discuss in groups:
What can you learn about your own language by studying another? How does learning another language increase your knowledge of the world?
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Idioms
A colloquial expression that can’t be worked out from the meanings of the words
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Idioms
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Idioms
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Idioms
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Think of any more??
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