definition of art

8/3/2019 Definition of Art

1/14

Definition of ArtGuide to the Meaning & Types of Visual and Fine Arts, Aesthetics: Classification of Artworks: History & Terminology of Definitions.

Encyclopedia of Irish and World Art - HOMEPAGE - Our Definition of the Meaning of Art

Detail from The Geneva Window

(1929) by Harry Clarke.

DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS OF ARTMost dictionaries define "art" bygiving it a variety of meanings:(eg) "the expression or applicationof creative skill and imagination,often through a visual mediumlike painting, or 3-D media likesculpture." Or (eg) "Types ofcreative activity like drawingmusic, literature and dance."Or "Subjects of study mainlyconcerned with human culture

rather than with scientific ortechnical subjects."

Contents

What is Art?

Art: Multiplicity of Forms, Types and Genres Definition of Art is Limited by Era and Culture

History of the Definition of Art: A Bluffer's Guide Classical Meaning of Art

Post-Renaissance Meaning of Art Meaning of Art During the Early 20th Century

Meaning of Art Post-World War II

Postmodernism and the Meaning of Art A Working Definition of Art

Theory and Philosophy of Art: Some Issues For Discussion If We Appreciate Its Positive Impact, Do We Need to Define Art? How Does a Definition of Art Help Us?

Is Art Simply a Reflection of Our Personal Values? Who Has the Right to Define Art?

How is Art Classified? Fine Arts

Visual Arts Plastic Arts

Decorative Performance

Applied Arts versus Crafts

Impact of Renaissance More Questions About Art

Where to View Art Art in Ireland

Rape of the Sabines (1583) (detail) bythe hugely influential Florence-based
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/index.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#definitionhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#whatisarthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#formshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#culturehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#historyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#classicalhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#postrenaissancehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#twentiethcenturyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#postwarhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#postmodernisthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#definitionhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#philosophyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#needhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#helphttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#valueshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#righthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#classificationhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#finehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#visualhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#plastichttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#decorativehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#performancehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#appliedhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#craftshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#renaissancehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#questionshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#viewhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#irelandhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#definitionhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#whatisarthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#formshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#culturehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#historyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#classicalhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#postrenaissancehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#twentiethcenturyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#postwarhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#postmodernisthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#definitionhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#philosophyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#needhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#helphttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#valueshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#righthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#classificationhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#finehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#visualhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#plastichttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#decorativehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#performancehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#appliedhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#craftshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#renaissancehttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#questionshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#viewhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#irelandhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/index.htm


2/14

Mannerist sculptor, Giambologna.

MEANING OF AESTHETICSAesthetics(or esthetics) - a termderived from the Greek word" aisthesis" meaning "perception" -is the branch of philosophy thatis devoted to the study of art andbeauty. It seeks to provide answersto questions such as: What is art?What is the value of painting orsculpture? How to assess a workof art? What is the purpose of art?and so on. See also our article:Art Evaluation: How to Appreciate Art.

QUESTIONS ABOUT ARTArt QuestionsMethods, Genres, Forms.Questions About History of ArtMovements, periods, styles.Questions About Famous ArtistsIndividual painters, sculptors.

What is Art?

There is no universally accepted definition of art. Although commonly used todescribe something ofbeauty, or a skill which produces an aesthetic result

there is no clear line in principle between (say) a unique piece of handmadesculpture, and a mass-produced but visually attractive item. We might say

that art requires thought - some kind of creative impulse - but this raisesmore questions: for example, how much thought is required? If someone

flings paint at a canvas, hoping by this action to create a work of art, does thresult automatically constitute art?

Even the notion of 'beauty' raises obvious questions. If I think my kid sister'sunmade bed constitutes something 'beautiful', or aesthetically pleasing, does

that make it art? If not, does its status change if a million people happen to

agree with me, but my kid sister thinks it is just a pile of clothes?

David (c.1435-53)Donatello.

Art: Multiplicity of Forms, Types and GenresBefore trying to define art, the first thing to be aware of, is its huge scope.

Art is a global activity which encompasses a host of disciplines, as

evidenced by the range of words and phrases which have been invented todescribe its various forms. Examples of such phraseology include: "Fine Arts"

"Liberal Arts", "Visual Arts", "Decorative Arts", "Applied Arts", "Design","Crafts", "Performing Arts", and so on.

Drilling down, many specific categories are classified according tothematerials used, such as: drawing, painting, sculpture (inc. ceramic

sculpture), "glass art", "metal art", "illuminated gospel manuscripts", "aeroso

art", "fine art photography", "animation", and so on. Sub-categories include:painting in oils, watercolours, acrylics; sculpture in bronze, stone, wood,

porcelain; to name but a tiny few. Other sub-branches include

differentgenrecategories, like: narrative, portrait, genre-works, landscape,still life.

In addition, entirely new forms of art have emerged during the 20thcentury, such as: assemblage, conceptualism, collage, earthworks,installation

graffiti, and video, as well as the broad conceptualist movement whichchallenges the essential value of an objective "work of art". For more,

see: Types of Art.
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/aesthetics.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/aesthetics.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-evaluation.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-evaluation.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-questions.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-history-questions.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-artists-questions.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/assemblage-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/collage.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/installation-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-types.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/aesthetics.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-evaluation.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-questions.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-history-questions.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-artists-questions.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/assemblage-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/collage.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/installation-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-types.htm


3/14

Oscar (Olivia Brown)

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTFor a list of important dates aboutmovements, schools, famous styles,

see: History of Art Timeline.see also: Prehistoric Art Timeline.

MOST VALUABLE ARTWORKSFor information about the world'smost highly priced picturesand record auction prices, see:Top 10 Most Expensive Paintings.

NUDITY IN ARTFor a survey see:Male Nudes in Art History(Top 10)Female Nudes in Art History (Top 20)

PROBLEMS OF DEFINITIONLanguage can describe thingsor associate one predefined

term with another, but ithas great difficulty definingartistic concepts. No wonderpostmodernist artists have

been able to extend the

ambit of "art" to includedead sharks. I mean, no onereally knows the limits of

artistic activity.

DEFINITION OF BEAUTYA combination of qualitiesthat delights the aestheticsenses - that is to say, thesenses concerned with theappreciation of beauty.[Concise Oxford Dictionary]

DEFINITION OF SCULPTUREThe art of making three-dimensional representative

or abstract forms, especiallyby carving stone or wood, orby casting metal or plaster.[Concise Oxford Dictionary]

DEFINITION OF ARTISTA person who createspaintings or drawings asa profession or hobby orwho practises or performsany of the creative arts.[Concise Oxford Dictionary]

Definition of Art is Limited by Era and Culture

Another thing to be aware of, is the fact that art reflects and belongs to

theperiod and culture from which it is spawned.

After all, how can we compare prehistoric murals (eg. stone age cave

painting) or tribal art, or native Oceanic art, or primitive African art, withMichelangelo's 16th century Old Testament frescoes on the walls and ceiling o

the Sistine Chapel? Political events are the most obvious era-factors that

influence art: for example, art styles like Expressionism, Dada, and Surrealiswere products of political uncertainty and upheavals.

Cultural differences also act as natural borders. After all, Westerndraughtsmanship is light years away from Chinese calligraphy; and what

Western artform compares with Japanese origami paper art? Religion is a

major cultural variable that alters the shape of the artistic envelope. TheBaroque style was strongly influenced by the Catholic Counter-Reformation,

while Islamic art (like Orthodox Christianity), forbids certain types of artisticiconography.

In other words, whatever definition of art we arrive at, it is bound to be

limited to our era and culture. Even then, categories like Outsider art have tobe taken into consideration. See also: Primitivism/Primitive Art.

Conclusion

As you can see from the above, the world of art is a highly complex entity, no

only in terms of its multiplicity of forms and types, but also in terms of itshistorical and cultural roots. Therefore a simple definition, or even a broad
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art-timeline.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric-art-timeline.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric-art-timeline.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/most-expensive-paintings-top-10.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/most-expensive-paintings-top-10.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/male-nudes-art-history.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/male-nudes-art-history.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/female-nudes-art-history.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/tribal-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/oceanic.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/african.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/islamic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/outsider-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/primitivism.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art-timeline.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric-art-timeline.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/most-expensive-paintings-top-10.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/male-nudes-art-history.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/female-nudes-art-history.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/tribal-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/oceanic.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/african.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/islamic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/outsider-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/primitivism.htm


4/14

consensus as to what can be labelled art, is likely to prove highly elusive.

DEFINITION OF CRAFTAn activity involving skillin making things by hand.[Concise Oxford Dictionary]

[Sounds like it includes art!]

WORLD'S GREATEST ARTFor a list of masterpiecesof painting & sculpture,by famous artists, see below:Greatest Paintings EverOils, watercolours, acrylics,by the best painters.Greatest Sculptures EverTop 3-D art in marble, stone,bronze, wood, steel andother media.

History of the Definition of Art

For a guide to movements and periods, see also: History of Art.

Classical Meaning of Art

The original classical definition - derived from the Latin word "ars" (meaning"skill" or "craft") - is a useful starting point. This broad approach leads to art

being defined as: "the product of a body of knowledge, most often using a seof skills." Thus Renaissance painters and sculptors were viewed merely as

highly skilled artisans (interior-decorators?). No wonder Leonardo Da Vinciand Michelangelo went to such efforts to elevate the status of artists (and by

implication art itself) onto a more intellectual plane.

Post-Renaissance Meaning of ArtThe emergence of the great European academies of art reflected the gradualupgrading of the subject. New and enlightened branches of philosophy also

contributed to this change of image. By the mid-18th century, the meredemonstration of technical skills was insufficient to qualify as art - it now

needed an "aesthetic" component - it had to be seen as something "beautiful

At the same time, the concept of "utilitarianism" (functionality or usefulness)

was used to distinguish the more noble "fine arts" (art for art's sake), likepainting and sculpture, from the lesser forms of "applied art", such as crafts

and commercial design work, and the ornamental "decorative arts", like textidesign and interior design.

Thus, by the end of the 19th century, art was separated into at least twobroad categories: namely, fine art and the rest - a situation that reflected the

cultural snobbery and moral standards of the European establishment.Furthermore, despite some erosion of faith in the aesthetic standards of

Renaissance ideology - which remained a powerful influence throughout theworld of fine art - even painting and sculpture had to conform to certain

aesthetic rules in order to be considered "true art".

Meaning of Art During the Early 20th Century

Then came Cubism (1907-14), which rocked the fine arts establishment to itsfoundations. Not simply because Picasso introduced a non-naturalistic branch

of painting and sculpture, but because it shattered the monotheisticRenaissance approach to how art related to the world around it. Thus,

Cubism's main contribution was to act as a sort of catalyst for a host of new

movements which greatly expanded the theory and practice of art, such as:Suprematism, Constructivism, Dada, Neo-Plasticism, Surrealism and

Conceptualism, as well as various realist styles, such as Social and SocialistRealism. In practice, this proliferation of new styles and artistic techniques le

to a new broadening of the meaning and definition of art. In its escape from
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/greatest-paintings-ever.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/greatest-sculptures-ever.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/greatest-paintings-ever.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/greatest-sculptures-ever.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art.htm


5/14

its "Renaissance straitjacket", and all the associated rules concerning

"objectivity" (eg. on perspective, useable materials, content, composition, anso on), fine art now boasted a significant element of "subjectivity". Artists

suddenly found themselves with far greater freedom to create paintings andsculpture according to their own subjective values. In fact, one might say tha

from this point "art" started to become "indefinable".

The decorative and applied arts underwent a similar transformation due to th

availability of a vastly increased range of commercial products. However, theresultant increase in the number of associated design and crafts disciplines d

not have any significant impact on the definition and meaning of art as awhole.

Meaning of Art Post-World War II

The cataclysm of WWII led to the demise of Paris as the capital of world art,and its replacement by New York. This new American orientation encouraged

art to become more of a commercial product, and loosen its connection withexisting traditions of aestheticism - a trend furthered by the emergence ofAbstract Expressionism, Pop-Art, and the activities of the new breed of

celebrity artists like Andy Warhol. All of a sudden, even the most mundaneitems and concepts became elevated to the status of "art". Under the

influence of this populist approach, conceptualists introduced new artforms,like assemblage, installation, video and performance. In due course, graffiti

added its own mark, as did numerous styles of reinterpretation, like Neo-Dada, Neo-Expressionism, and Neo-Pop, to name but three. Schools and

colleges of art throughout the world dutifully preached the new polytheism,adding further fuel to the bonfire ofRenaissance art traditions.

Postmodernism and the Meaning of Art

The redefinition of art during the last three decades of the 20th century has

been lent added intellectual weight by theorists of the postmodernistmovement. According to the postmoderns, the focus has shifted from artistic

skill to the "meaning" of the work produced. In addition, "how" a work is

"experienced" by spectators has become a critical component in its aestheticvalue. The phenomenal success of contemporary artists like Damien Hirst, as

well as Gilbert and George, is clear evidence in support of this view. For more

about experimental artists, see: avant-garde art.

A Working Definition of Art

In light of this historical development in the meaning of "art", one can perhap

make a crude attempt at a "working" definition of the subject, along thefollowing lines:

Art is created when an artist creates a beautiful object, or produces astimulating experience that is considered by his audience to have artistic

merit.
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neo-expressionism.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/renaissance-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/avant-garde-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neo-expressionism.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/renaissance-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/avant-garde-art.htm


6/14

This is simply a "working" definition: broad enough to encompass most forms

of contemporary art, but narrow enough to exclude "events" whose "artistic"content falls below accepted levels. In addition, please note that the word

"artist" is included to allow for the context of the work; the word "beautiful" iincluded to reflect the need for some "aesthetic" value; while the phrase "tha

is considered by his audience to have artistic merit" is included to reflect theneed for some basic acceptance of the artist's efforts.

Theory and Philosophy of Art: Discussion Issues

Q. If We Appreciate Its Positive Impact, Do We Need to Define Art?

For centuries, if not millennia, people have been emotionally affected -

sometimes overwhelmed - by works of art: from Greek Sculpture, toByzantine architecture, the stunning creativity of Renaissance and BaroqueO

Masters like Donatello, Raphael and Rembrandt, and famous painters of the

modern era, like Van Gogh, Picasso and Auguste Rodin. Poetry, ballet andfilms can be equally uplifting. So while we may not be able to explain precisewhat art is, we cannot deny the impact it has on our lives - one reason

why public art is worth supporting.

Q. How Does a Definition of the Meaning of Art Help Us?

The very essence of creativity means it cannot be defined and pigeon-holed.Any attempt at doing so, will quickly become out-of-date and thus pointless,

even counter-productive. What happens, for instance, if an artist producessomething that by popular consensus is "art", but isn't accepted as such by

the arts establishment? It's worth remembering that we still can't define a"table" or an "elephant", but it doesn't cause us much difficulty!

Q. Is Art Simply a Reflection of Our Personal Values?

It's fair to say that someone educated in the values of Renaissance art, andwho therefore has a reasonable understanding of traditional painting, is less

likely to regard postmodernist installations as art, than a person without such

an understanding. Similarly, a person who loves TV and thinks museums aregenerally rather boring and unexciting places, is more likely to be impressed

with contemporary video art than someone else who is comfortable withtraditional museum exhibitions. Because of this, one might say that a person

attitude to art says more about his or her personal values, than the art itself.

Q. Who Has the Right to Define Art?

Since no consensus as to the meaning of art is likely to emerge anytime soonwhich set of "experts" should be allowed to take charge: Artists, sociologists,

historians, lawyers, philosophers, archeologists, anthropologists, orpsychologists? After all, the world is full of so-called "experts" - structuralists

proceduralists, functionalists, as well as the usual crop of political theorists likMarxists and so on - who can't agree on what counts as art. So who do we
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/antiquity/greek-sculpture.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/public-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/antiquity/greek-sculpture.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/public-art.htm


7/14

give the job to?

How is Art Classified?Traditional and contemporary art encompasses activities as diverse as:

Architecture, music, opera, theatre, dance, painting, sculpture, illustration,

drawing, cartoons, printmaking, ceramics, stained glass, photography,installation, video, film and cinematography, to name but a few.

All these activities are commonly referred to as "the Arts" and are commonlyclassified into several overlapping categories, such

as: fine, visual,plastic,decorative, applied, andperforming.

Disagreement persists as to the precise composition of these categories, but

here is a generally accepted classification.

1. Fine Arts

This category includes those artworks that are created primarily for aesthetic

reasons ('art for art's sake') rather than for commercial or functional use.Designed for its uplifting, life-enhancing qualities, fine art typically denotes th

traditional, Western European 'high arts', such as:

Drawing

Using charcoal, chalk, crayon, pastel or with pencil or pen and ink. Two majoapplications include: illuminated manuscripts (c.600-1200) and book

illustration.

PaintingUsing oils, watercolour, gouache, acrylics, ink and wash, or the more old-

fashioned tempera or encaustic paints. For an explanation of colourants,see:Colour in Painting and Colour Pigments, Types, History.

PrintmakingUsing simple methods like woodcuts or stencils, the more demanding

techniques ofengraving, etching and lithography, or the more modern forms

like screen-printing, foil imaging or giclee prints. For a significant applicationof printmaking, see: Poster Art.

Sculpture

In bronze, stone, marble, wood, or clay.

Another type of Western fine art, which originated in China, is calligraphy: th

highly complex form of stylized writing.

The Evolution of Fine ArtsAfter primitive forms of cave painting, figurine sculptures and other types

ofancient art, there occured the golden era of Greek art and other schools of
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/fine-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/charcoal-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/chalk-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/conte-crayon-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/pastel-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/pencil-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/pen-and-ink-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/cultural-history-of-ireland/illuminated-manuscripts.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/illustration.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/illustration.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/fine-art-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/oil-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/watercolour-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/gouache.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/acrylic-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/ink-and-wash.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/tempera.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/encaustic.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/colour-in-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/artist-paints/colour-pigments.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/woodcuts.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/engraving.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/etching.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/lithography.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/screen-printing.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/giclee-prints.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/poster-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/bronze.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/stone.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/marble.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/wood-carving.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/calligraphy.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/fine-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/charcoal-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/chalk-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/conte-crayon-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/pastel-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/pencil-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/pen-and-ink-drawings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/cultural-history-of-ireland/illuminated-manuscripts.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/illustration.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/illustration.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/fine-art-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/oil-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/watercolour-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/gouache.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/acrylic-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/ink-and-wash.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/tempera.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/encaustic.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/colour-in-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/artist-paints/colour-pigments.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/woodcuts.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/engraving.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/etching.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/lithography.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/screen-printing.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/printmaking/giclee-prints.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/poster-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/bronze.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/stone.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/marble.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/wood-carving.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/calligraphy.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art.htm


8/14

Classical Antiquity. The sacking of Rome (c.400-450) introduced the dead

period of the Dark Ages (c.450-1000), brightened only by Celtic art andUltimate La Tene Celtic designs, after which the history of art in the West is

studded with a wide variety of artistic 'styles' or 'movements' - such as:Gothic (c.1100-1300), Renaissance (c.1300-1600), Baroque (17th century),

Neo-Classicism (18th century), Romanticism (18th-19th century), Realism anImpressionism (19th century), Cubism, Expressionism, Surrealism, Abstract

Expressionism and Pop-Art (20th century).

For a brief review of modernism (c.1860-1965), see Modern art movements;

for a guide to postmodernism, (c.1965-present) see our list of themainContemporary art movements.

The Tradition

Fine art was the traditional type ofAcademic art taught at the great schools,such as the theAccademia dell'Arte del Disegno in Florence, theAccademia d

San Luca in Rome, theAcadmie des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and the RoyalAcademy in London. One of the key legacies of the academies was theirtheory oflinear perspective and their ranking of the painting genres, which

classified all works into 5 types: history, portrait, genre-scenes, landscape orstill life.

Patrons

Ever since the advent of Christianity, the largest and most significant sponso

of fine art has been the Christian Church. Not surprisingly therefore, thelargest body of painting and/or sculpture has been religious art, as has other

specific forms like icons and altarpiece art.

2. Visual Arts

This category includes all the fine arts as well as new media and contemporaforms of expression such as Assemblage, Collage, Conceptual, Installation an

Performance art, as well as Photography, and film-based forms like Video

Art and Animation, or any combination thereof. Another type ofvisual art,sometimes created on a monumental scale is the newenvironmental land art.

3. Plastic Arts

The term plastic art typically denotes three-dimensional works employingmaterials that can be moulded, shaped or manipulated (plasticized) in some

way: such as, clay, plaster, stone, metals, wood (sculpture), paper (origami)and so on. For three-dimensional artworks made from everyday materials an

"found objects", see: Junk art.

4. Decorative Arts
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/cultural-history-of-ireland/celtic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/contemporary-art-movements.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/academic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/linear-perspective.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting-genres.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/history-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/portrait-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/genre-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/genre-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/landscape-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/still-life-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/religious-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/icons.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/altarpiece.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/conceptual-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/fine-art-photography.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/video-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/video-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/animation-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/visual-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/land-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/plastic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/junk-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/cultural-history-of-ireland/celtic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/contemporary-art-movements.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/academic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/linear-perspective.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting-genres.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/history-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/portrait-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/genre-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/genre-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/landscape-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/still-life-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/religious-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/painting/icons.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/altarpiece.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/conceptual-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/fine-art-photography.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/video-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/video-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/animation-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/visual-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/land-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/plastic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/junk-art.htm


9/14

This category traditionally denotes functional but ornamental art forms, such

as works in glass, clay, wood, metal, or textile fabric. This includes all formsofmosaic art, as well as ceramics, (exemplified by Chinese Pottery and Gree

Pottery) furniture, furnishings, stained glass and tapestry art. Noted stylesofdecorative art include: Rococo, Pre-Raphaelite, Second Empire, Japonism,

Art Nouveau and Art Deco, Edwardian, and Retro.

5. Performance Arts

This type refers to public performance events. Traditional varieties include,

theatre, opera, music, and ballet. Contemporary performance art also includeany activity in which the artist's physical presence acts as the medium. Thus

encompasses, mime, face or body painting, and the like. A hyper-modern typof performance art is known as Happenings.

6. Applied Arts

This category encompasses all activities involving the application of aestheticdesigns to everyday functional objects. While fine art provides intellectual

stimulation to the viewer, applied art creates utilitarian items (a cup, a couch

or sofa, a clock, a chair or table) using aesthetic principles in their design. Thwide area includes architecture, photography, industrial design, graphic

design, fashion design, interior design, as well as all decorative arts. Notedstyles include, Bauhaus Design School, as well as Art Nouveau, and Art DecoSee also: History of Poster Art.

The 'Arts Versus Crafts' DebateAccording to the traditional theory of art, there is a basic difference betweenan 'art' and a 'craft'. Put simply, although both activities involve creative skill

the former involves a higher degree of intellectual involvement. Under thisanalysis, a basket-weaver (say) would be considered a craftsperson, while a

bag-designer would be considered an artist. In this rather artificial distinctionbetween arts and crafts, functionality is a key factor. Thus, a jeweller who

designs and makes non-functional items like rings or necklaces would beconsidered an artist, while a watchmaker would be a craftsperson; someone

who makes glass might be a craftsman, but a person who makes stained glasis an artist. The idea is that artists are somehow superior because they

'create' things of beauty, while craftsmen perform repetitive or purelyfunctional actions. There may be some truth behind this theory, but many

types of craftsmanship seem no different to genuine art. An example perhaps

is a cartoonist-animator, exployed to draw thousands of similar pictures of acartoon character like 'Charlie Brown'. True, his 'art' is purely functional andhighly commercial, but no one could deny he was an artist.

The Impact of the Renaissance on the Western Concept of Art

In general, until the early Renaissance of the 15th century, all artists were

considered tradesmen/craftsmen. Even the greatest painters like Giotto,
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/mosaic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ceramics.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/east-asian-art/chinese-pottery.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/antiquity/greek-pottery.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/antiquity/greek-pottery.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/stained-glass-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/tapestry-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/decorative-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/rococo.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/performance-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/happenings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/applied-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/bauhaus-design-school.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/art-nouveau.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/art-deco.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/poster-art-history.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/crafts-history-types.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/mosaic-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ceramics.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/east-asian-art/chinese-pottery.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/antiquity/greek-pottery.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/antiquity/greek-pottery.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/stained-glass-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/tapestry-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/decorative-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/rococo.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/performance-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/happenings.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/applied-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/bauhaus-design-school.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/art-nouveau.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/art-deco.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/poster-art-history.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/crafts-history-types.htm


10/14

Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael were seen as no more than skilled

workers, while master sculptors like Donatello were seen as mere specialiststone-cutters and bronze metalworkers. Indeed, it was Leonardo's and

Michelangelo's stated aim to raise the level of the artist to that of a professio- an ambition which was duly realized in 1561 with the founding of the first A

Academy in Florence, which was set up to train people in the profession ofdrawing (disegno).

However, although Renaissance artists succeeded in raising their craft to thelevel of a profession, they defined art as an essentially intellectual activity.

This fixed Renaissance idea of art being primarily an intellectual discipline wapassed on down the centuries and still influences present day conceptions of

the meaning of art. Despite some modifications, as exemplified by changes inart school curricula, fine art still maintains its notional superiority over crafts

such as applied and decorative arts.

Questions About Art

We may not be able to define art, but we can explore it further by asking

questions about its nature and scope. Here are some of the key questions

along with a short commentary. (See also: Colour Art Glossary)

What's the Point of Art? How to Distinguish Good Art from Bad Art?

Why Do Art Experts Make Everything Sound So Complicated? Examples of Meaningless Art Reviews: Why use this Jargon?

What's the Meaning of Abstract Art? It Looks Weird! Should Art be Subsidized?

What's the Point of Art?

Sceptics say that art is a waste of time. Even the famous poet WH Auden

confessed that no poem saved a single person from the Nazi gas-chambers.And while this may sound a rather meaningless statement, it highlights the

notion that art has a limited use in our daily life, except in the case of

attractive-looking buildings, teapots, cars or clothes.

There are two broad answers: first, applied art is a major branch of art whichcannot easily be separated from fine art, because the root of all design (whic

is the foundation of applied art) is fine art. Second, ever since HomoSapiensdeveloped the facility of contemplation, he has expressed his thought

in pictorial form. At the same time, he has continued to appreciate beauty -whether in the form of human faces or bodies, sunsets, animal-skin colours,

cathedrals or sculpture. In a nutshell, to create and to appreciate art is to behuman. That's the point.

How to Distinguish Good Art from Bad Art?

Not being able to define art doesn't mean that all artworks are good. Trouble
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/disegno.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/colour-art-glossary.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#pointhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#badhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#expertshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#reviewshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#abstracthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#subsidyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing/disegno.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/colour-art-glossary.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#pointhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#badhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#expertshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#reviewshttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#abstracthttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-definition.htm#subsidy


11/14

is, who decides where good art ends and bad begins?

This popular question may stem from our natural desire to avoid beinghoodwinked by snake-oil salesmen dressed up as 'artists', but whatever its

origin it is not a particularly important issue. In practice, professional artistsneed public acceptance. So while temporary art-fashions may occasionally

promote works of apparently dubious value, the general public (as well as theartistic community) is unlikely to stand by and allow bad art to become

commonplace.

Why Do Art Experts Make Everything Sound So Complicated?

An example of this might be the jargon-infested articles commonlyencountered in arts magazines, where nobody seems to use plain language

anymore. Other culprits include exhibition catalogues and art books.

The writers of this stuff might say that such jargon is no more than necessar

shorthand, and that it is mostly written for other 'experts'. But is this reallytrue? For example, it is almost impossible to find a book with a simple

explanation of Cubism. So how does a young student get to understand whyPicasso and Braque's revolutionery movement is so important? The same

could be said about dozens of things in the world of art. And some abstract asounds so complicated that we almost need a PhD in order to properly

'comprehend' it. (See next question for examples)

Examples of Meaningless Art Reviews: Why use this Jargon?

Modern reviewers, critics and artists frequently resort to meaninglessnonsense when trying to describe a piece of "art". Here are some examples

which have been kept anonymous to spare their authors' embarassment. Allwere taken from press releases or websites of 'respectable' bodies:

How Not to Write an Art Review!

"The title sums up the intent of the exhibition: to locate painting inthe realm of possibility and to consider the necessity ofinterrogation and experiment if painting is to continue to evolvetowards a place of limitless potential."

"...is the first exhibition to delve into such diverse themes as playand longing, the intensity of personal space, the obsessive

organic, abstract colour, inner construction, architectural spaceand time and transcendence."

"[name of artist] made a series of impeccable works interrogatingthe basic constituents of the materials of painting, titled afterAlberti's treatise Della Pittura . Each piece meticulously pursueda related though distinct line of enquiry with great ingenuity."


12/14

"Poststructuralists beginning with Jacques Derrida, who coinedthe term, argued that the existence of deconstructions impliedthat there was no intrinsic essence to a text, merely the contrastof difference. This is analogous to the idea that the difference inperception between black and white is the context."

"[name of artist]'s work is about possibilities; an attemptedmanifestation of the importance of freedom. Examining the multimeanings of seemingly ordinary objects, he engages in thetranscendence of function"

What's the Meaning of Abstract Art? It Looks Weird!

Up until the late nineteenth century, most painting and sculpture adhered totraditional principles. Typically, it was representational and naturalistic. Then

Impressionism changed everything by introducing non-natural colourschemes: a process continued by the Fauves and the Expressionists. Then

Cubism rejected the notion of depth or perspective in painting, and openedthe door to more abstract art, including movements like Futurism, De Stijl,

Dada, Constructivism, Surrealism, Neo-Plasticism, Abstract Expressionism,and Op-Art, to name but a few. In Ireland, painters like Mary Swanzy, Mainie

Jellet and Evie Hone were early pioneers of such modern art.

Because abstract art has few if any naturalistic elements, it is not as instantly

appreciable as (say) a classical portrait or landscape. And if you prefer a worof art to portray recognizable people and surroundings, then abstract art is n

likely to be for you. But, let's be honest, is this so different from recoiling atthe idea of wearing a particular colour or style of clothing? Different people

like different things, and this applies to art as much as to jobs, cars, houses,

furniture, vacations, and everything else you can think of.

Abstract, or non-naturalistic paintings tend to contain an implicit message orfollow a particular theory of art. This can make them less likeable and less

beautiful to some people, but it doesn't mean they can't be outstanding workof art.

Should Art be Subsidized?It is extremely hard for most full-time artists to earn a living from (say) their

painting or sculpture. To this, the sceptics retort: "well if no one wants to buytheir stuff, why should the tax-payer pay for it?"

One should not dismiss this concern too lightly. After all, these sceptics aren'saying that artists shouldn't practise their art, simply that an artist should

seek private sponsorship.

One answer to the question is this. First, in reality, most art colleges train

students in a range of highly commercial activities, notably in the area ofapplied art and design. So for these individuals there is no question of

subsidy. Moreover, those students who do opt for a full-time career as a
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/representational-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/abstract-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/representational-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/abstract-art.htm


13/14

painter or sculptor, are choosing a very arduous and materially unrewarding

type of life. Not least because sponsorship (in the form of public commissionsbursaries, artist-in-residences, and other grants) is actually very meagre. The

level of public subsidy of the arts in Western countries remains pretty low,compared to other equivalent areas. So even here, the amount of public

money being spent on works of art is not especially significant.

Nonetheless, public money is being spent, and here is a reason for it. Beauty

whether in the form of an attractive-looking car, a well-designed publicbuilding or square, a colourful dress, or an inspiring sculpture, is one of the

few phenomena that lifts the spirits and reminds us there is more to life thanthe price of eggs. But without art, this range of aesthetic experiences will

gradually dwindle, as beauty becomes progressively downgraded as aworthwhile goal. Literature (if not history) is full of examples of this type of

society, where functionality is everything and citizens wear the same drabclothing, dwell in the same drab apartments, and lead the same drab lives.

Online Collections of Painting and Sculpture

There are tons of paintings and sculptures online. (This website alone display

thousands of different images.) Search for the best art museumssuch as theUffizi Gallery (Florence), the Louvre (Paris), the Prado Museum (Madrid), the

Pinakothek Gallery (Munich), the Tate Gallery (Britain, Modern, Liverpool and

St Ives), the National Gallery (London), the Gemaldegalerie (Berlin),Hermitage Museum (St Petersburg), the Metropolitan and Guggenheim

Museums (New York) and the National Gallery (Washington DC), to name buta few.

Unfortunately, Irish art galleries (with the notable exception of the Crawford

Gallery in Cork) are not as visible on the Internet as they should be, but therare plenty of private art galleries in Ireland that have wonderful displays thatare available to browse.

Art in Ireland

Until the recent economic downturn, one would have said that Irishpaintingand Irish sculpture was doing well. Even though 8 out of 10 full-time

creative practitioners were earning less than 10,000, many established Irishartistswere excelling here and abroad, and works by top painters like Francis

Bacon, Jack B Yeats, William Scott, William Orpen and Louis le Brocquy were

commanding multi-million dollar prices, while contemporary Irish artists had

wide range of opportunities to excel in a variety of events - even the moreold-fashioned representational painting in Ireland was thriving. However, inthe current gloomy economic climate, it is hard to be terribly optimistic abou

the industry's prospects, at least in the short term.

Art Movements |Art Glossary| Visual Artists, GreatestSitemap: Art in Ireland |Sitemap: Irish Painters/Sculptors|Sitemap: International Art

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IRISH AND WORLD ART visual-arts-cork.com. All rights reserved.
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-museums.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-sculpture.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-movements-glossary.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-glossary-of-terms.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-glossary-of-terms.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-glossary-of-terms.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-art-in-ireland.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-irish-painters-sculptors.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-irish-painters-sculptors.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-irish-painters-sculptors.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-world-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-world-art.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-museums.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-painting.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-sculpture.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-movements-glossary.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/art-glossary-of-terms.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/artists.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-art-in-ireland.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-irish-painters-sculptors.htmhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sitemap-world-art.htm


14/14

definition of art

Documents