DEFINITION

NADER.S.AMIRISTUDENT OF GENERAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN

King andRoberts (1987)

Describes the impact of public sector entrepreneurs on policy in a state

government Public sector SE defined in terms of innovation and leadership characteristics

Waddock anPost (1991)

To define who SEs are and what they do Public sector organizations/social action (1) Ability to deal with problem complexity (2)

Credibility (3) Commitment to collective purpose

Creating or elaborating a public organization so as to alter greatly the existing pattern of allocation of scarce public resources

Campbell (1997)

Prescription for developing new social-purpose business ventures

(focus on health care industry)

•Social purpose ventures provide communities with needed products or services and generate profit to support activities that cannot generate revenue

Henton et al. (1997)

Outline the contribution of civicentrepreneurs to community growth

•Civic entrepreneurs recognizeopportunities and mobilize otherto work for the collective good

Leadbeater (1997)

Investigate the use of SE to provide services that the UK welfare state cannot or will not

•Identification of under-utilized resources which are put to use to satisfy unmet social needs

Cornwall (1998)

Describing the social impact ofentrepreneurs in low income communities

Entrepreneurs have social responsibility

Dees (1998a)

Definition of social entrepreneurship

Five key dimensions: •social mission;•pursuing new opportunities;• continuous innovation;•acting boldly;•Heightened sense oaccountability

Dees (1998b)

Outlines strategies for NFPs to obtain funding Nonprofit organizations

NFPs discovering new funding sources and strategies

Prabhu (1998)

Investigation of concept of social entrepreneurial leadership Nonprofit/social action Entrepreneurial organizations whose primary mission is social change and the development of their client group

Ryan (1999)

Looks at impact of the entry of large for-profit corporations on the operations of nonprofit organizations Nonprofit organizations Not really defined

Wallace (1999)

Examine role of social purpose enterprise in facilitating community development Nonprofit community development organizations Entrepreneurs have social responsibility to improve their communities—derives from social and political cohesion in a community

Borins (2000)

Studies two sets of entrepreneurial public leaders to assess characteristics of public entrepreneurship—are they rule-breakers or positive leaders?

Public sector organizations Measures for (1) the source of innovation

(2) the type of innovation (3) conditions leading to the innovation (4) supporters of the innovation and (5) obstacles to innovation

Leaders that innovate in public sector organizations

Thompson et al.(2000)

Review of private sector SE For profit Organizations The process of adding something new

and something different for the purpose of building social capital—focuses on actions taken by private sector actors

Canadian Centre for SociaLEntrepreneurship (2001)

General review of Social Entrepreneurship,in particular looking at the impacts of globalization and the rise of dual bottom line reporting

Nonprofit organizations and corporations (1) socially oriented private sector activity and (2)

entrepreneurial action in nonprofit enterprises Innovative dual bottom line initiatives emerging

from the private, public and voluntary sectors. The ‘dual bottom line’ refers to the emphasis placed on ensuring that investment generates both economic and social rates of return.

Hibbert et al. (2001)

Measures the attitudes of consumers to a social entrepreneurial initiative (The Big Issue—a magazine that supports the homeless)

Nonprofit/social action The use of entrepreneurial behavior for social

ends rather than for profit objectives; or an enterprise that generates profits that benefit a specific disadvantaged group

Smallbone et al. (2001)

Reviews social enterprises in the UK and makes policy prescriptions designed to support the development of SEs

For profits and NFPs Contributions of SEs: job creation,training provision, provide services that the state does not, finance source, generate social capital benefit, provide physical resources, combat exclusion

Social enterprises defined as competitive firms that are owned and trade for a social purpose (includes NFPs, worker-owned collectives, credit unions, etc.)

Cook, Dodds, and Mitchell (2002)

Attacks the idea that SE can replace welfare state initiatives as misguided and dangerous

Social enterprises Social partnerships between public,

social and business sectors designed on harness market power for the public interest

Shaw et al. (2002)

Comprehensive review of social entrepreneurs—looks at characteristics, objectives, actions, and prescriptions for encouraging them

Nonprofit organizations Primary characteristics of social entrepreneurs:

creativity, entrepreneurialism, agenda-setting, ethical

Bringing to social problems the same enterprise and imagination that business entrepreneurs bring to wealth creation

Thompson (2002)

Outline of the scope of SE—looks at who SEs are, what they do and what support is available to them

Nonprofit organization Four central themes from case studies: Job creation, effective utilization of buildings,

developing volunteer support, focus on helping people in need

The process of adding something new and something different for the purpose of building social capital

SullivanMort et al. (2003)

To develop a conceptualization of SE as a multi-dimensional construct

Nonprofit organization (1) driven by social mission (2) show a balanced

judgment (3) explore and recognize opportunities to create better social value for clients (4) innovative, proactive and risk-taking

Searching for and recognizing opportunities that lead to the establishment of new social organizations and continued innovation in existing ones

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Social entrepreneurship is the act of a social entrepreneur. A social entrepreneur is someone who recognizes a social problem and uses traditional entrepreneurial principles to organize, create, and manage a venture to make social change. Whereas business entrepreneurs typically measure performance in profit and return, social entrepreneurs often start nonprofits and citizen groups.

The phrase, "social entrepreneurship," has only come into vogue over the past 10 to 15 years, but examples of social entrepreneurship permeate history. People such as Vinoba Bhave (founder of India's Land Gift Movement), Florence Nightingale (founder of the first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices), and Margaret Sanger (founder of Planned Parenthood Federation of America) are all recognized social entrepreneurs. Another notable social entrepreneur is Muhammad Yunus, who was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Today, organizations such as Ashoka, Echoing Green, Venturesome fund and Skoll Foundation promote, fund, and advise social entrepreneurs around the planet. And a growing number of colleges and universities are establishing programs focused on educating and training social entrepreneurs. In the United States most of these programs are organized as initiatives of already established business schools.

Fast Company Magazine annually publishes a list of the 25 best social entrepreneurs which they define as organizations "using the disciplines of the corporate world to tackle daunting social problems."

Bill Drayton,

CEO, chair and founder of Ashoka "Social entrepreneurs are not content

just to give a fish or teach how to fish. They will not rest until they have revolutionized the fishing industry."

David Bornstein, author of How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas

"Social entrepreneurs identify resources where people only see problems. They view the villagers as the solution, not the passive beneficiary. They begin with the assumption of competence and unleash resources in the communities they're serving."

Pamela Hartigan and Jeroo Billimoria

A social entrepreneur identifies practical solutions to social problems by combining innovation, resourcefulness and opportunity. Committed to producing social value, these entrepreneurs identify new processes, services and products, or unique ways of combining proven practice with innovation to address complex social problems. Whether the focus of their work is on enterprise development, health, education, environment, labour conditions or human rights

Alliance

Pamela Hartigan and Jeroo Billimoria

social entrepreneurs are people who seize on the problems created by change as opportunities to transform societies.

Alliance

Social Entrepreneurship

This Social Entrepreneurship and Community Leadership course focuses on using entrepreneurial skills to craft innovative responses to social needs. Entrepreneurs are particularly good at recognizing opportunities, exploring innovative approaches, mobilizing resources, managing risks, and building viable enterprises. These skills are just as valuable in the social sector as they are in business. Despite a sustained economic boom in this country, numerous social problems remain, and some seem to be getting worse. The course will focus on introducing business leadership and entrepreneurship principles to the social sector.

What is Social Entrepreneurship?

Social Entrepreneurship is the use of business practices such as business planning, project management, marketing and sales, for advancing social causes

Social Entrepreneurship

We recognize that the first step in this process is to actively reach out to students and teach them about social entrepreneurship. So FUSION informs students about social entrepreneurship by engaging them in Academic Programming across campus. This is accomplished primarily through partnerships with academic departments including Urban Studies, Public Policy, Sociology, the School of Engineering, the Center for Social Innovation at the GSB, and other programs nationally and internationally

Future Social Innovators Network Inform. Inspire. Involve.

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