defination list
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DEFINATION LIST (AS)
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
1) Vector quantites are one which has magnitude and direction.
2) Physic! "#$tities comprises a numerical, magnitude and units.
%EASU&E%ENT TECHNIQUE
') Errors are uncertainties in measured quantities.
) Systetic errors are errors of measurements which occurs according to
some *i+ ,tter$ and always o$e si-e-.
/) &$-o errors are errors with -i**ere$t 0$it#-e and si0$s in repeated
measurement.
) Precisio$ degree of scattering of the measurements about its mean value or
the number of digits from which a value is expressed.
) Acc#rcy the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to its actual
(true) value. ..
3INE%ATICS
4) Dis,!cee$t(s) is refers to the !i$er -ist$ce of the position of the
moving object from a given reference point.
5) A6er0e s,ee-(u) refers to the total distance traveled over the total time
taken. Its a !calar quantity.
17)A6er0e 6e!ocity refers to the total displacement over the total time taken.
Its a vector quantity.
Constant-Acceleration Linear Motion
v = vο + a•t without x x = vο•t + ½•a•t² without v
v ² = vο² + 2•a• x without t
x = ½•( vο + v) •t without a
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DYNA%IC
11)Ne8to$9s *irst !8:"very body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion
in a straight line unless a net external force acts on it to change that state.
12)Ne8to$9s seco$- !8: #he rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and takes place in the direction of the
force. Fnet = Σ F Ext = m•a
1')Ne8to$9s thir- !8: $hen two bodies interact, they exert equal and opposite
forces on one another.
1)I$erti is the reluctance of a body to change its state of rest or motion.
1/)The Pri$ci,!e o* Co$ser6tio$ o* %oe$t#:#he total momentum of a
system is constant, provided no external resultant force acts on it.
Linear Momentum
momentum = p = m•v = mass • velocity
momentum is conserved in all types of collisions
1)I,#!se is define as the ch$0e i$ oe$t# .
FO&CES
1)Ce$tre o* 0r6ity of a rigid body is define as the point through which its all
weight is considered to act.
14)Co#,!e is define as the pair of equal and oppositely directed parallel forces ,
whose lines of action do not coincide.
TORQUE= F × D( perpendicular distance)
15)Pri$ci,!e o* %oe$ts, which states that when an object is in equilibrium, the
sum of the clockwise moments about any point is equal to the sum of the
anticlockwise moments about the same point.
;O&3< ENE&=Y PO;E&
27)Pri$ci,!e o* co$ser6tio$ o* E$er0y can neither be created nor destroyed
in any process. It can be transformed from one form to another, and
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transferred from one body to another, but the total amount remains constant.
21) ;or> is defined as the product of the magnitude of the force and the
component of the displacement in the direction of the force. W = F . Scosθ
22)I$ter$! e$er0y is the sum of the 3i$etic and Pote$ti! e$er0ies
associated with the random motion of the molecules and atoms within an
objects.
¿¿
E P¿
E K +∑ ¿
U =∑ ¿
∑ ¿
)
2')Po8er is defined as the rate at which work is done or rate of which energy is
transferred. P= FV =W
t
Other formulas: E K =1
2m v
2
, E p=m!
PHASES OF %ATTE&
2)De$sity of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. "= # V
2/)Press#re is defined as the force acting normally, per unit area. P= F
$=!"
DEFO&%ATION OF SOLID
2)Hoo>es !8 states that within the limit of proportionality , the extension
produced in a material is directly proportional to the load applied.
%athematically F = K% ∧ E&ER'( STORED E=1
2 K %
2
=1
2 F%
2) Stress to be applied force per unit cross§ional area. ) = F
$
24) Stri$ to be the ratio of extension to original length. *= %
+
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25) Yo#$0 %o-#!#s to be the ratio of stress to strain. E=)
* '
F +
$ %
'7) D#cti!ity ability to deform under tensile stress this is often characteri*ed by
the material+s ability to be stretched into a wire.
'1) %!!e?i!ity: a similar property, is a material+s ability to deform under
compressive stress
'2)Stre$0th of a material is its ability to withstand an applied stress without
breaking. #he applied stress may be tensile, compressive, or shear.
'') Sti**$ess the resistance of a material to changes it shape.
') E!sticity the property of material that allow it to return to its original shape
si*e after force deforming it has been removed
'/) Hr-$ess the measure of difficulty of scratching a material. -iamonds arethe hardest known material.
;AVE
')Tr$s6erse 86es the displacement of the medium is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the wave.
') Lo$0it#-i$! 86es the displacement of the medium is parallel to the
propagation of the wave.'4) Pro0ressi6e 86e wave which transfers energy from one part of a
medium to another.
'5)Perio- the time required to complete a full cycle, # in seconds/cycle.
7)Fre"#e$cy the number of cycles per second, f in 0/seconds or 1ert* (1*).
1)A,!it#-e the maximum displacement from equilibrium position.
2);6e!e$0th distance between two adjacent points on the wavefront which
are in phase .
')Po!ristio$ 2rocess by which a waves oscillations are made to occur in one
plane only perpendicular to the direction of propagationof the wave. 3nly
experienced by transverse waves.
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)Phse -i**ere$ce 2hase difference between 4 points (4 particles) along the
wave is the fraction of a cycle by which one moves behind the other.
/)I$te$sity of a wave (I) is defined as the ,o8er ,er #$it re.
= P
$ , - $
2
, - 1
d2
Other formulas: V =. 5, T =1
.
SUPE&POSITION
)Pri$ci,!e o* s#,er,ositio$ says that whenever two or more wave meets apoint.the total displacement at any point is equal to the vector sum of their
individual displacement at that point .
)Di**rctio$ #he bending of waves around corners that occurs when a portion
of a wavefront is cut off by a barrier or obstacle.
4)Cohere$t So#rces :!ources are said to be coherent if they have a constant
phase difference which necessarily implies that their frequencies must be the
same.
5)I$ter*ere$ce is the superposing of two or more waves to give a resultant
wave whose amplitude is given by the 2rinciple of superposition.
/7)Pth -i**ere$ce is defined as the differences in the distance traveled by two
waves meets a point.
/1) Di**rctio$ 0rti$0s are reali*ed as fine parallel and equally spaced
grooves or rulings on material surface. d sinθ=n 5
Other formulas:5 ¿
a%
D
ELECT&IC FIELD
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/2)E!ectric *ie!- stre$0th E at point in an electric field is defined as electric
force per unit positive charge acting by the field at that point. E= F
Q=
V
d
/')E!ectric *ie!- is defined as the region where a charge particle experiences
force due to the field.
CU&&ENT ELECT&ICITY
/)C#rre$t (I) is a measure of the rte o* *!o8 o* e!ectric chr0e Q through a
given cross section of the conductor. =Q
t
//) Pote$ti! -i**ere$ce V between two points in a circuit or across a conductor
is defined as the energy converted from electrical energy to other form of
energy when unit charge passes from one point to the other. V =W
Q
/) &esist$ce 6 of a conductor is defined as the ratio of is the potential
difference across the conductor(7) and is the current (I)flowing in it. R=V
/)E!ectrooti6e *orce(e*) of any source of electrical energy is the amount of
other form of energy converted into electrical energy per unit charge
supplied. E= R+ r ,
Other formulas: P= 2
R= V =V
2
R
D.C CI&CUIT
/4)3irchho**@s First L8 8 #he 9urrent :aw t any junction (or branch point),
the total current entering the junction is equal to the total current leaving the
junction ∑ ¿=∑ OUT
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/5) 3irchho**@s Seco$- L8 8 #he 7oltage :awIn any closed loop of a
circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops across the resistors is equal to
the algebraic sum of the e.m.f.s. ∑ em. =∑ p/tential dr/p
NUCLEA& PHYSICS7)Isoto,es are atoms with the same proton number, but different in nucleon
number.
1)&-iocti6ity is a type of process experience by unstable nuclei become
stable by emitting energetic radiations.
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