deep earth observatory and laboratory for life, fluid flow and rock processes
DESCRIPTION
Deep Earth Observatory and Laboratory for Life, Fluid Flow and Rock Processes. Geoscience Executive Summary for Working Groups on Geobiology, Geochemistry, Geohydrology, Geomechanics, and Geophysics. T. C. Onstott, Princeton U. H. F. Wang, U. of Wisconsin-Madison. Executive Summary. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Deep Earth Observatory and Laboratory for Life, Fluid Flow and Rock Processes
T. C. Onstott, Princeton U.
H. F. Wang, U. of Wisconsin-Madison
Geoscience Executive Summary for Working Groupson Geobiology, Geochemistry, Geohydrology, Geomechanics,and Geophysics
Executive Summary
• Theme: Coupled Processes in the Earth at Depth• Life at Depth• Fluid Flow and Transport at Depth• Rock Deformation at Depth• Potential for Scientific and Engineering Innovation • Education and Outreach
Executive Summary for Geobiology/Geochemistry/Geology
Kesler, Phelps,Valley, Sherwood-Lollar, Slater, Bang, Ruiz, Duke, Ridley, Campbell and Onstott
Evolution of Geochemical, Hydrological and BiologicalInterfaces in Heterogeneous Environment over Geological Time
USGS Bull. 1857-J (1991)
Time2.0 b.y. Today
Dep
th
PHOTIC-RHIZO ZONE
THERMO BIOZONE
120oC
HYDROTHERMAL ZONE
Process and Interface Evolution
• Characterization– Hydrothermal and Deformation History – Fracture formation, low temperature geochemical alteration and
biofossilization.– Present hydrogeological system and microbial biozones.– Inferred rates of evolution.
• Experimentaion– Rates - fluid mixing and mass transport– Rates microbial and nonmicrobial activity – Rates of subsurface microbial evolution in changing environment
Infrastructure (surface and subsurface labs)
• Clean lab/uncompromised sample repository
• Unique Experimental facilities
• Long term instrumentation of borehole arrays for experiments
• New scientific drilling
Courtesy: URL at Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd
Proposed New Approach:
Develop a US laboratory and observatory underground,inside the earth.
Much like surgery permits a physician to examine internal bones and organs recognized on X-rays or CAT scans, NUSL will be a fully instrumented, dedicated laboratory and observatory for scientists to examine Earth’s interior.
Coupled Processes in the Earth at Depth
NUSL offers unique opportunity to study complex geologic processes in situ with 3-D access for continuous observations and controlled experiments in an exceptionally large volume and great depth.
USGS Bull. 1857-J (1991)
Fluid Flow and Transport
Characterization of active flow system• Characterization of fracture network• Verification of well and tracer test
models• Recharge to deep groundwater system• Colloidal and bacterial transport• Paleohydrology
Rationale: fluid flow influences resource recovery, water supply, contaminant transport and remediation
How do we upscale point (space,time) measurements in a complex geologic system
to larger regional processes?
Whole earth - 107 m
Regional scale – 106 m
Whole mine experiments - 104 m
Stope, cavity scale - 102 m
Tunnel, shaft scale - 101
Borehole, “laboratory” scale - 10-1 m
Grain, sub-lab scale - 10-3 m
(a) Sampling arrangement in the Stripa 3-D experiment showing placement of plastic sheets for tracer collection.
(b) Tracer distribution in the test site. Arrows indicate positions of injection holes,solid circles indicate sheet with significant water flow, and rectangles indicate sheets where tracers were collected.
[adapted from Abelin et al., 1987]
Fractures are Key to Many Processes
• Fluid Flow• Rock Strength• Heat Flow• Chemical Transport• Ore Formation• Faults & Earthquakes• Biosphere for deep life
to colonize and pathways for nutrient transport. Mauna Loa fissure eruption, D.A. Clague
Understanding Fractures
• What is their 3-D geometry and evolution?• What processes formed fractures?• What are their fluid and mass transport
properties?• How do fractures influence occurrence and
type of microbial life? • How do they govern microbial remediation
methods?• Can we understand empirically observed
scaling effects?• Can we improve geophysical imaging of
fractures?
While fractures are discontinuities, understanding their role in geologic processes is a unifying theme.
State of Stress: How do point measurements relate to regional and global stress picture?
• Is crust at NUSL critically stressed as at sites in other stable, intraplate areas?
• Do critically-stressed faults dominate fluid flow?
• How does stress state affect stability of tunnels, shafts, wellbores, and large, room-sized excavations?
•Permeable faults/fractures are critically-stressed•High permeability maintains hydrostatic pore pressure•Hydrostatic pore pressure results in high crustal strength
Hypothesis Linking Stress State toPermeability to Crustal Strength.
Solid- & Fluid-Environment Interaction
– Models of Fracture Development– Coupled Processes
THM CB THMCB
Time (h)
0 50 100 150 200 400 600 800 1000
Fra
ctur
e ap
ertu
re (
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
800C 1200C
1200C 1500C
800C
Coupled Thermal-Hydrologic-Mechanical-Chemical-Biological Experiment Opportunities
• Imperatives– Strong scale dependence– THMCB processes incompletely understood– The role of serendipity in scientific advance
• Approach– Run-of-Mine Experiments (HCB)– Experiments Concurrent with Excavation of
the Detector Caverns (THM)– Purpose-Built Experiments (THMCB)
Large Block Tests Mine-By and Drift Structure
Tests Geophysical Monitoring
– Educational Opportunities
Potential for Scientific and Engineering Innovation
• New genetic materials and applications• Analytical technique for geomicrobiology• Natural resource recovery• Drilling and excavation technology• Novel uses of underground space• Mine safety• Subsurface imaging• Environmental remediation