dedicated roads for autonomous vehicles

MT5009:Dedicated Roads for Autonomous Vehicles

Team Members: Chang Poo Hee - Chin Mei Yin - Lin Rong Bin - Lua Xiang Lian - Tee Kim Chuan

Overview

� Introduction

�Concepts of Dedicated Road

� Technologies for Dedicated Road

� Singapore: Adoption of Autonomous Vehicles

� Entrepreneurial Opportunities

Introduction

-What are AVs? –The Need for Dedicated Roads for AVs -

Introduction

Autonomous Vehicles� Self-Driving, Driver-free Cars

� Fulfils transportation capabilities of a traditional car

AV senses environment with � Radar

� Lidar

� GPS

� Computer Vision

Ref: Self-Driving Cars: The Next Revolution by KPMG, 2012

Road CongestionHigh Mobility

CostSafety & Human

TollDemographic

TrendsRunning Out of

Space

The Need of Dedicated Road for AVs

Growing Population

More vehicles

Road Congestion

Maximize road capacity

High Vehicle Cost(US21K~US$40K)

Less Usage(Unused avg.

22Hrs/day in 5 years)

High Infra. Cost. New: US$8~12M/mileMain: US$1.25M/mile)

Low Productivity(Total Hrs spent on road 250hrs /year)

Distraction(accounted for 21%

crashes)

High economic cost US$300 Billion p.a.

Mobility challenges(older drivers & those

with disabilities)

Change in perceptionShared!!!!

Accidents & Deaths32,788 deaths, 2.2 millions injury93% human errors

Lack of parking lots / garages

Population density(1 car for 2.4 to

1 car for 1.2 people)

Introduction

Ref: http://future-observatory.blogspot.sg/2014/01/fully-self-driving-cars-expected-by.html

Where ARE we now?

Introduction

Concepts of Dedicated Roads

V2V –V2I – Platooning – SMART Traffic Management Systems

V2V : Vehicle to Vehicle

V2I : Vehicle to Infrastructure

What is V2V & V2I ?Concepts: V2V & V2I – Platooning – SMART

Communication Technologies for Car

Concepts: V2V & V2I – Platooning – SMART

Ref: http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/intelligent_transport_systems/images/The_Future_of_Mobility.pdf

Why Communicating Vehicles ?



Why Communicating Vehicles ?Concepts: V2V & V2I – Platooning – SMART

� Vehicles exchange information to determine location, speed and heading

� Forward collision warning

� Emergency electronic brake light

� Blind spot / Lane change warning

� Do not pass warning

� Intersection movement assist

� Left turn assist

� Infrastructure sends situation to vehicles to allow mapping of intersection, signal phase and signal change timing

� Curve speed warning

� Red light violation warning

� Transit pedestrian detection


Applications


� The goal of vehicle platoon control is to ensure that all the vehicles move in the same lane at the same speed with desired inter-vehicle distances.

� Types of Platooning� Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

� Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)

What is Platooning ?


Functions of Vehicle Platooning

Longitudinal Control

• Speed• Distance

Lateral Control

• Lane Tracking• Lane Changing

Maneuver Coordination

• Platoon Formation• Platoon Split


Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

Ref: http://openroadautogroup.com/blog/active-cruise-control-systems


Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)

Ref: http://openroadautogroup.com/blog/active-cruise-control-systems

� Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) uses V2V communication to provide enhanced information to the ACC controller so that vehicles can follow each other automatically with higher accuracy, faster response, shorter gaps, enhanced traffic flow stability and possibly improved safety.


Smart Traffic Management System


� Smart Traffic Management System is an intelligent transportation system that comprises of data collection and processing through DSRC for users, roads and vehicles

� Allow vehicles / infrastructure to communicate and respond

� Enhance mobility, reduce emissions and fuel consumption, improve safety and economic competitiveness

� Elimination of traffic lights via Intersection movement assist

� More funding is being dedicated to traffic management system to help address growing demand for transportation assets without making major new capital investments.

Ref: http://www.navigantresearch.com/blog/smart-transportation-systems-still-a-good-bet-in-tough-times-2



Ref: Intellimotion, Research Updates in Intelligent Transportation Systems Volume 9 No. 2 2000 Advances in Performance Measurement (Website: http://www.path.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Intellimotion%209-2%202.pdf) & A multiagent Approach to Autonomous Intersection Management. Kurt Dresner and Peter Stone, 2008

Less Traffic light delays:From 100% human to fully autonomous

� Less congestion� Denser cities & lower energy expenditures� Reduce accidents

Higher Speeds and Fuel Efficiencies:By dedicating roads to AVs

Fuel savings by vehicle spacing and platoon size of Buick LeSabres (1999 field tests), and of minivans derived from wind tunnel drag



Supporting Technologies for Dedicated Roads Concepts

Communication – Computation – Localization

Communication Technology� Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)

� Infrastructure Data Networks

Computation Technology� Video Recognition

� In-Vehicle Computing

Localization Technology� Radar

� Radio-Frequency Identification

� Magnets

Supporting Technologies for Dedicated Road Concepts

Overview

Localization(Rader, RFID &

Magnets)

Computation (Camera & In vehicle computing)

Communication (DSRC & Infrastructure data network)

Supporting Technologies for Dedicated Road Concepts

Technologies: Communication – Computation – Localization

� Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication enable autonomous driving in dedicated lanes

� V2V: vehicles communication directly with neighbouring vehicles

� V2I: two vehicles communicate indirectly by infrastructure

� Infrastructure can include buildings or roadside units (RSU) or lamp poles, traffic lights, gantries, etc.

� Communications can be done via wireless, satellite and cellular. However, focus will be made on wireless communication mode – DSRC where telematics need to be embedded in the vehicle for communication to take place

Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)

Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments (WAVE)

DSRC Performance EnvelopesIEEE802.11P ~ 5.9GHz⇒Vehicular Communication Network⇒75MHz Spectrum

Existing DSRC network ⇒12MHz Spectrum

DISADVANTAGE:No protection, allowing interference from other “Data Transfer and Internet Access Services” & only allow 1 communication zone at any point of time

ADVANTAGE:No interference from “Data Transfer and Internet Access Services” & allow overlapping communication zones

Ref: http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/vi/w5_workshops/guo_DSRC.pdf



Requirements for DSRC

� Changes will need to be made in IEEE 802.11 standards

� Give raise to IEEE 802.11p

� Support longer range of operations

� High speed of vehicles

� Extreme multipath environment

� Need for multiple overlapping ad-hoc networks to operate with extremely high quality of service

� Nature of automotive applications to be supported

Ref: http://www.academia.edu/6055445/Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Wireless_Access_for_Vehicular_Environments_WAVE



� DSRC protocols defined by IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 standards for wireless access in vehicular environments –Vehicular Communication System

� DSRC based intelligent transport system can be done with a network of Road Side Equipment (RSE) and On Board Equipment (OBE) mounted in vehicles

� A dedicated spectrum that allow vehicular communication to be done safely avoiding interruption from other traffic signals in the network

Ref: http://adrianlatorre.com/projects/pfc/img/vanet_full.jpghttp://www.atip.org/atip_content/download_root/ATIP%20Reports/1998/AP98080R.HTM



� Within 300m, 5.9GHz DSRC signal is strong

� Beyond 300m, the signal weakens and becomes unstable

� Street lights along the road could serve as RSERef: http://www.itsasiapacificforum2014.co.nz/files/5314/0192/3941/Vehicle-to-Vehicle_and_Vehicle-to-Infrastructure_Trial_with_Dedicated_Short_Range_Communication_5.9GHz_in_Singapore_by_Musthafa_Ibrahaim.pdf

Distance vs. DSRC Signal Strength Performance

RSE should be placed within a gap of 300m in order for DSRC to achieve maximum performance in V2V and V2I

RSE should be placed within a gap of 300m in order for DSRC to achieve maximum performance in V2V and V2I



Ref: http://www.pcb.its.dot.gov/eprimer/module13p.aspx

DSRC for Active Safety Applications



� DSRC – IEEE 802.11p is needed to have a cooperative, active safety system � Dedicated 5.9GHz

� Multiple overlapping of communication zones

� Longer range of communications

� Short latency

� Government to provide the roadside infrastructure

� DSRC transceiver to be embedded in vehicle

Steps to Kick Start Autonomous Vehicles in Dedicated Lanes



Potential Market Forecast of DSRC Potential Cost Forecast of DSRC

Ref: http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/gsma2025everycarconnected.pdfhttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/09-27-2012_Connected_Vehicle_Technology_-_Industry_Delphi_Study_401329_7.pdf

Global Growth Forecast for Embedded Vehicular Telematics


Cost to Install Embedded Telematics in Vehicles (including DSRC and Connected Vehicle Technology Required

17 times

65% drop


Infrastructure Data Networks

� Huge amounts of Data handling V2I communications

� High performance of networking needed


Ref: http://www.automotiveworld.com/megatrends-articles/ethernet-fast-track-connected-car/http://dupress.com/articles/from-exponential-technologies-to-exponential-innovation/http://www.bomara.com/Garrett/wp_traffic_control.htm

Networking Trends

Bandwidth Improvements Over Time

Lower Latency

Cost Decreasing

Infrastructure Data Networks


� In IJCNN 2011, German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark

� Machine can recognise traffic signs at better standards than average human!

Video Recognition

Ref: Man vs. Computer:Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms for Traffic Sign RecognitionJ. Stallkampa, M. Schlipsinga, J. Salmena, C. Igelb


� Deep Learning-Requires Very intensivemachine computation!

� In 2012, Google used Deep learning with 16,000 processors(cost US$ 1 million ) to recognise cats from YouTube Videos.

Ref: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/in-a-big-network-of-computers-evidence-of-machine-learning.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

Video Recognition


� Cost of computing is going down

� Video recognition is expected to improve its accuracy along with cheaper computing

Video Recognition


� A centralised management system

� Predicts transportation needs on various conditions� Learns from previous events that affects traffic flow

� During times of excess road demand, a routing system will divert traffic to other roads with excess capacity.

� Many developing algorithms for traffic network optimisation� such as one described in “ Fast model predictive control for urban road networks

via MILP” by S Lin

Cloud-Based Routing System

Ref:https://www.behance.net/gallery/2422404/Autonomo-2030-Concept-The-Detailshttp://www.dcsc.tudelft.nl/~bdeschutter/pub/rep/11_001.pdf


In-Vehicle Computing Platform

Ref: http://www.nexcom.com/applications/DetailByDivision/on-road-vehicle-computing-solutions

• Connected AVs will send and receive more sensor and communication data

• More data for in-vehicle computing to handle


Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer

Moore’s Law: No. of transistor in hardware ↑

Speed of Calculation ↑

Cost of Computing ↓

Rates of Improvement of Computing


Radar

long range radar

medium range radar

short range radar

adaptive cruise control (77GHz)

side impact assistance

blind spot detection

collision avoidance

auto-parking


Radar


What are the components in radar system?

Ref: http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~varshney/cornell/publications/radar%20system%20components%20and%20system%20design.pdf

Mostly Electronics!

Radar


� Higher Frequency Radar Chips(79 GHz band)

� More reliable & higher resolution

� Much smaller antenna

� Lower risk of mutual interference

� Declining costs� Reducing cost of chips

� Now cost about $100

Trends of Automotive Radar

Ref: https://itunews.itu.int/en/3935-Future-trends-for-automotive-radars-Towards-the-79GHz-band.note.aspxhttp://www.wireless-mag.com/Features/30286/advanced-radar-the-car-industry%E2%80%99s-autonomous-future.aspx

Radar


� How about

� LIDAR?

� GPS?

� We will present on other technological alternatives…

Others


Rain

Tunnel

Snow Fog

Where am I ?Where to Go?

No signals Multipath Propagation

Localization Technology in Harsher Environment


� Volvo’s project uses small magnets (40x15mm) embedded 200mm under the road surface

� Car fitted with magnetic field sensors

� Communicates to AVs where the road is and where it is going

“The magnets create an invisible 'railway' that literallypaves the way for a positioning inaccuracy of less thanone decimeter. We have tested the technology at avariety of speeds and the results so far are promising,”says Jonas Ekmark, preventive safety leader at VolvoCar Group.

Source: http://www.gizmag.com/volvo-road-magents-autonomous-cars/31172/

Magnets


Advantages

� Especially good at identifying lane division under debris (e.g. mud, snow, etc)

� Can be used for safety (e.g. lane markings) and automatic switch for activating car’ssafety system off-road

� GPS- and camera-based systems have far more potential for general-purposelocation-awareness, navigational, parking and collision-avoidance systems, but areseverely limited in poor visibility and at very close distances. Poor weather or poorlight can impinge on a camera's performance, whereas a GPS system can lose thesignal.

� Magnets are also better than reflectors or other surface-mounted vison-assistingroad decorations because they can be mounted flush or even underneath a thin layerof asphalt, and let road designers be far more precise in defining lane boundaries.

Magnets


Cost

� Vehicle Sensor rig = $109 (at production scale of 50,000 units)

� Highway infrastructure = $22,179/km

� Total Cost of Implementation is about $183 million

Volvo tested their sensor system at speeds of up to 90 mph.

Source: http://www.wired.com/2014/03/volvo-magnets-autonomous/

Magnets


Infrastructure Cost

Types of Roads Length (Km) Cost ($)

Total 3,453 76,584,087

Expressways 164 3,637,356

Arterial Roads 662 14,682,498

Collector Roads 571 12,664,209

Local Access Roads 2,055 45,577,845

Magnets


Vehicle Modification Cost

Types of Vehicles No. of Vehicles Cost

Total 969,910 $ 105,720,190

Cars (includes private and company cars)

605,149 $ 65,961,241

Rental Cars 14,862 $ 1,619,958

Taxis 28,210 $ 3,074,890

Buses 17,162 $ 1,870,658

Motorcycles & Scooters 144,110 $ 15,707,990

Goods & Other Vehicles 160,417 $ 17,485,453

Magnets


Frequency Ranges

� 1) Low-frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz)

� 2) Mid-Frequency (900KHz to 1500MHz)

� 3) High Frequency (2.4GHz to 2.5GHz)

Components

A basic RFID system consists of three components:

� Host System ( Transceiver with decoder)

� An antenna or coil (Reader)

� A transponder (RF tag)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)




http://www.ibtechnology.co.uk/rfidanswers.htm

Passive • Also called ‘pure passive’, ‘reflective’ or ‘beam powered’ • Obtains operating power from the reader • The reader sends electromagnetic waves that induce current in the tag’s antenna,

the tag reflects the RF signal transmitted and adds information by modulating the reflected signal

Semi-passive • Uses a battery to maintain memory in the tag or power the electronics that enable the tag to modulate the reflected signal

• Communicates in the same method, as the other passive tags

Active • Powered by an internal battery, used to run the microchip’s circuitry and to broadcast a signal to the reader

• Generally ensures a longer read range than passive tags • More expensive than passive tags (especial because usually are read/write) • The batteries must be replaced periodically

Operation Modes



Rates of Improvement of RFID for Tag Range VS. Chip Power Sensitivity (Year 1997 – 2011)



Cost

� RFID Tag = $0.50

� Infrastructure Cost = $2,500/km

(Assuming 5 RFID tags are required for every metre)

� RFID Reader = $100

(Based on Mid Frequency Readers)

� Total Cost of Implementation is about $106 million

Source: http:///sunxran.wordpress.com/rfid-the-future-to-behttp://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/show?85



Infrastructure Cost

Types of Road Length (Km) Cost ($)

Total 3,453 8,632,500

Expressways 164 410,000

Arterial Roads 662 1,655,000

Collector Roads 571 1,427,500

Local Access Roads 2,055 5,137,500



Vehicle Modification Cost

Types of Vehicles No. of Vehicles Cost ($)

Total 969,910 96,991,000

Cars (includes private and company cars)

605,149 60,514,900

Rental Cars 14,862 1,486,200

Taxis 28,210 2,821,000

Buses 17,162 1,716,200

Motorcycles & Scooters 144,110 14,411,000

Goods & Other Vehicles 160,417 16,041,700



MAGNETSRADIO FREQUENCY

IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

Infrastructure Cost $ 76,584,087 $ 8,632,500

Vehicle Modification Cost $ 105,720,190 $ 96,991,000

Total Implementation Cost $ 182,304,277 $ 105,623,500

Per Vehicle Cost (Total Implementation Cost/Total

No. of Vehicles)$ 187.96 $ 108.90

Magnets & RFID

Cost


At current state of technology,

� The reliability and accuracy of technologies such as LIDAR and GPS are subject to certain conditions such as weather, GPS coverage, etc

With the implementation of localization technologies such as Magnets and RFID,

� The local infrastructure will be ready for a fully AV system with higher reliability and accuracy.

� There is a potential to replace the need for expensive equipment such as LIDAR and GPS for localization due to the lower implementation cost per vehicle. With the removal of localization equipment from AVs, the price of AVs will drop significantly.

� The overall cost of implementation of AVs will also decrease.


Magnets & RFID

Source [1] http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/157099-2014-lexus-is-hands-on-review-500-adaptive-cruise-handling-to-match-the-bmw-3-series

COMPONENTS ESTIMATED COST

Communications Technologies

Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) $500

Computation Technologies

In-Vehicle Computing Platform1 $2,000

LocalizationTechnologies

Radar $100

Magnets $109

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) $100


Equipment Costs for Vehicles

Conclusion


Conclusion

� The local infrastructure will be ready for a fully AV system with higher reliability and accuracy.

� Shift of implementation costs from consumers • Portion of the implementation costs will be infrastructure costs which will likely to be borne by the

government. This will lower the cost of AVs to the consumers.

� Lower implementation costs of AVs due to replacement technologies• Replacement of expensive equipment costs due to LIDAR and GPS

� With higher reliability and accuracy of AVs and lower cost of AVs, the adoption of AVs will likely increase at a faster rate.

� Potentially, less vehicles may be required on the road.

Singapore: Adoption of Autonomous Vehicles

Political

Economic

SocialTechnological

Legal

Environmental


PESTLE Analysis

� CARTS (Committee on Autonomous RoadTransport for Singapore)� provide thought leadership and guidance on the research, development and deployment of AV

technology and AV-enabled mobility concepts for the city-state, and study the associatedopportunities and challenges.

� Singapore Autonomous Vehicle Initiative (SAVI)� Autonomous Vehicles: The research partnership will look at the feasibility of having AV (e.g.

driverless buses) for a mass transport service that operates on fixed routes and scheduledtimings.This can alleviate Singapore’s heavy reliance on manpower.

� Autonomous mobility system: Another area of exploration is a new mobility system forintra-town travel in future residential developments using a network of customised anddemand-responsive shared vehicles. This can potentially serve as a convenient first mile/last miletransport mode within a residential town, and can pave the way for towns which are lessoriented towards car-based mobility.

� Automated road system: The collaboration will also aim to prepare technical and statutoryrequirements for the mass adoption of driverless vehicles in Singapore, and explore applicationswhich can enhance traffic management.

Political


Benefits� Reduce crashes, energy consumption and pollution

� Reduce the costs of congestion

� Occupants of vehicles could undertake other activities

� Increased throughput on roads due to more efficient vehicle operation and reduced delaysfrom accidents

� Freeing up of land space due to parking space leading to greater development

� Over time, as the frequency of crashes is reduced, vehicles can be made lighter, increasing fueleconomy even more

Challenges� Jobs displacement for many occupations such as taxi, truck and bus drivers

� Decline in insurance companies, body shops, medical services, etc, due to reduction inaccidents

� Increase in overallVehicle MilesTravelled (VMT) due to decreased cost of driving

Economic


Ref: Singapore Traffic Police

Singapore Road Accident Rate

Economic


Ref: Singapore Land Transport Authority

Singapore Motor Vehicle Population 2013

62%

1%3%

2%

15%

17%

MOTOR VEHICLE POPULATION BY TYPE OF VEHICLE 2013

Cars (includes private andcompany cars) (605,149)

Rental Cars (14,862)

Taxis (28,210)

Buses (17,162)

Motorcycles & Scooters(144,110)

Economic


Benefits� Increase mobility for those who are currently unable or unwilling to drive

� Independence, reduction in social isolation, and access to essential services

� Commuters more willing to travel longer distances to and from work.

� Car-sharing to potentially increase interaction

Challenges� People may not be willing to accept driverless vehicles (i.e. previous experiences of LRT breakdowns)

Social


Ref: Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predications, 4 Jun 2014By Todd Litman, Victoria Transport Policy Institute

Vehicle Technology Deployment Summary

Social


Ref: Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predications, 4 Jun 2014By Todd Litman, Victoria Transport Policy Institute

Autonomous Vehicle Sales, Fleet and Travel Projections

Social


Benefits� As the frequency of crashes is reduced, cars and trucks could be made much lighter and

hence many of the issues limiting the use of electric and other alternative vehicles arereduced

� Decreased number of crashes and associated lower insurance costs that thesetechnologies are expected to bring about will encourage drivers and automobile-insurance companies to adopt these technologies.

Challenges� Manufacturers’ product liability may increase leading to delays in the adoption of AVs

� Concerns may slow the introduction of technologies likely to increase that liability, evenif they are socially desirable.

Technological


- NAIVA(autonomous electric shuttle), partnership between NTU, JTC and Induct Technologies

- Supported by the Singapore Economic DevelopmentBoard (EDB)

Shared Computer OperatedTransport (SCOT)- Collaboration between Singapore-MITAlliance for Research and Technology(SMART) and NUS- Funded by the Singapore NationalResearch Foundation (NRF) throughSMART at the Campus for ResearchExcellence And Technological Enterprise(CREATE)

Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicle (AUGV)- Developed by ST Kinetics

Technological


� Challenges

� Standards and Regulations for Autonomous VehicleTechnologies� Currently no standards or regulations in Singapore onAVs

� Liabilities of drivers and insurance� Potential increase in manufacturers; product liability which could lead to delays

in adoption

� Warnings and consumer education will play a crucial role in managingmanufacturer liability but concerns may slow the introduction of technologieslikely to increase that liability, even if they are socially desirable

Legal


Benefits� Over time, as the frequency of crashes is reduced, cars and trucks could be made

much lighter. This would increase fuel economy even more.

� AVs might reduce pollution by enabling the use of alternative fuels. The light vehicle body may enable the use of electric and other alternative vehicles

� The use of AVs would allow a viable system with fewer refueling stations than would otherwise be required.

� A platoon of closely spaced AVs that stops or slows down less often resembles a train, enabling lower peak speeds (improving fuel economy) but higher effective speeds (improving travel time).

Challenges� On the other hand, decreases in the cost of driving, and additions to the pool of

vehicle users (e.g., elderly, disabled, and those under 16) are likely to result in an increase in overall VMT. While it seems likely that the decline in fuel consumption and emissions would outweigh any such increase, it is uncertain.

Environmental


Entrepreneurial Opportunities

• ↑ Demand for Communicating Vehicles

• AV Testing & Servicing Industry

1) Auto OEMs & Suppliers

• ↑ Demand within Automotive Semiconductor industry: sensors, display, data storage, communications.

2) Components Manufacturers

• OEM Design for AVs• Dedicated Road System, e.g. Smart Traffic Light on roads

• Big Data within V2X : Cloud system, real-time traffic monitoring.

3) Software Vendors/

Data Mgnt & Analyst Companies


• Must have: Full coverage of all highways & road in dedicated roads

• ↑ network usage ; with “freed drive �me”- Infotainment sys.

4) Telecommunication Service Providers

• In-Vehicle TV Subscription Services

• Outdoor Advertising on Dedicated Road

5) Media Advertisers

• Fleet mgnt svs for delivery trucks e.g. UPS, FedEx• Car Rental Svs; Car Sharing; Auto-Taxi Scheme

6) Transportation Svs Companies: Cargo & Passengers Svs


12 Nov 2014

Appendix

Intersection Movement Assist

� The future with no traffic lights

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pbAI40dK0A#action=share

Trend of Wi-Fi Technology

General increasing trend of wireless network

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11

Plot of signal attenuation at sea level and 20°C vs frequency

Ref: http://electronicdesign.com/communications/millimeter-waves-will-expand-wireless-future

Radar


shows how oxygen (at 60 GHz) and water at the other peaks in the atmosphere significantly increase signal attenuation.

Ref: http://radar-detectors-review.toptenreviews.com/

Radar


Types of Roads Description

ExpresswaysRefer to roads that provide planned long-distance mobility from one part of the island to another without the interruption of traffic lights.

Arterial RoadsRefer to roads connecting an expressway with roads surrounding or passing through estate developments. They also improve traffic circulation between adjacent towns.

Collector RoadsRefer to roads forming links between local roads and arterial roads and providing links to building or land developments.

Local Access RoadsRefer to roads that provide direct access to buildings and other developments and that only connect with collector roads.

SINGAPORE: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Source: LTA


5%

19%

17%59%

Expressways (164 km)

Arterial Roads (662 km)

Collector Roads (571 km)

Local Access Roads (2,055 km)

Source: Land Transport Authority

SINGAPORE PUBLIC ROADS 2013

Source: LTA


dedicated roads for autonomous vehicles

Business