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THE BOOKOF)EGORATIVEFURNITUREmi^

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ALBERT R. MANNLIBRARY

New York State CollegesOF

Agriculture and Home Economics

ATCornell University


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Cornell University LibraryNK 2270.F6" The book of decorative furniture, its for

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THE BOOK OFDECORATIVE FURNITURE


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THE BOOK OFDECORATIVEFURNITUREITS FORM, COLOUR, & HISTORY

BYEDWIN FOLEYFELLOW OF THE INSTITUTE OF DESIGNERS

Author of "Some Old Woodwork," "Our Household Gods: their Design and Designers,'' &c. &c.With One Hundred Reproductions in Full-Colour Facsimile of Drawings bythe Author, and One Thousand Text Illustrations ; Correlated Charts ofBritish Woodwork Styles and Contemporaries ; Decorative Furnishing

Accessories ; Principal Trees ; &c. &c.

IN TWO VOLUMESVOLUME LNEW YORK

P. PUTNAM'S SONS1911


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PREFACE

A SURVEY of the world's beautiful woodwork is before us. Myfirst desire is, as artist, to express gratitude to owners, inthis country and abroad, for their assent to the illustrationof their choicest heirlooms ; and, as author, to add thanks for infor-mation often from family chronicles and necessitating* considerableresearchrelative to these examples, which has materially increasedthe interest of the colour plates.

Quite one of the most delightful features in the preparation ofThe Book of Decorative Furniture has been the opportunity of meetingconservators of old work, and of gauging the wealth of fine furnitureremaining in this country. Though it should be superfluous, one mustnot omit to point out that the consent of owners to the publication ofexamples from their private collections is an act of courtesy to thepublic, and does not indicate that the collection is open to publicinspection.

In expressing obligations, home and foreign state authorities areincluded. Without the exceptional facilities accorded, certain importantand previously little-known specimens must have been omitted. Whilst,with diffidence, deliberately dissenting at times from a few acceptedconclusions, I have been greatly helped by some of the worksold andnewupon various aspects of decorative woodwork history. I trustmy obligations have been fully acknowledged in the classified Biblio-graphy forming part of this publication ; but when one has beenstudying a subject for a considerable time, it is obviously impossibleto trace the possible source of every detail or idea. If, therefore, every


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ii DECORATIVE FURNITUREsuch source is not included, this general acknowledgment will, I hope,be accepted in lieu thereof.The term Furniture, originally implying a store or supply of any-thing (as is obvious if its origin is the old High German Frummen,to accomplish) is here employed in its more restricted popular senseto signify movable articles, almost invariably of wood, used in thehome for personal rest, work, and pleasure, or for the storing of house-hold requisites and ornaments. In many cases, however, for the betterpresentation of a style, I have not scrupled to include typical examplesof fixed woodwork, such as panellings and chimney-pieces among theillustrations.

Chronological sequence has been adhered to in the arrangementof the plates and matter ; with the obvious exceptions of the chapterson the evolution and history of particular pieces or phases in furniturehistory, which, since they cover many periods, are equally in or outof order wherever inserted.

Catholicity of taste has been aimed at in the selection of theexamples for the colour plates ; with an equal breadth of outlookand sympathy of interpretation even when treating of periods towardswhich one suspects oneself temperamentally antagonistic.An endeavour has been made to show each example with con-temporary accessories and environment. When of equal beauty,preference has been given to less -known specimens, or those notpreviously illustrated in colour ; though this has involved the elimina-tion of deservedly favourite pieces, the result, it is believed, has beento add to the value and interest.

Loving labour has been expended upon the colour illustrations,in the hope of achieving the happy mean between an insistence upondetail, so exacting as to destroy the real appearance of the example,and an impressionist sketch expressing details so vaguely as to bevoid of informative value.

I have been led to compile the charts of styles and accessories


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PREFACE 111owing largely to the great difficulty experienced in obtaining promptlythe information these charts embody. So far as I am aware, noattempt has been made hitherto to present such a mass of informa-tion upon decorative woodwork styles in systematised form, and,though the artistic temperament is usually in sympathy with theChelsea Sage's ironic statement that "scarcely a fragment of man'sbody, soul, and possessions but has been probed and distilled," thevalue of this scaffolding of historic facts will, I venture to believe, beimmediately recognised.

Traditions cluster round old woodwork, as round old buildingsbut, granting that "the Golden Guess is Morning Star to the fullround of Truth," its value to the would-be stater of facts is problem-atical. Romance and fact have their jocular habit of personatingeach other. To hold the balance between the lover of romance andthe scientific appraiser of certainties is a task seldom performed tosatisfaction ; for to exclude everything unattested by affidavit ofactual eye-witnesses were as faulty as to include every "fairy tale"or local legend, such as that attached to the seventeenth-centurychair preserved in Lutterworth Church, Leicestershire, in whichWyclif is actually stated to have died in 1384

!

Neither can one imitate to advantage the frank dogmatism ofthe inscription upon another old chair, that ascribed to William Penn(the founder of Pennsylvania), and treasured by the HistoricalSociety of Pennsylvania.

I know not where, I know not when,But in this chair sat William Penn.

Whilst one cannot vouch the truth of every piece of alleged history,only such have been included as appear to the author's non-legalmind to present a strong prima facie case ; the crucible of probabilityhas, it is hoped, served us well.

Study of a subject so many -faceted as that of Decorative


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iv DECORATIVE FURNITUREFurniture should at least yield knowledge of ignorance upon thatsubject ; no claim is therefore made to having explored every crannyor examined every flower in the prolific field. One realises alsothat words are too usually but the froth of thought, justified onlyby the hope of recondensation in the reader's mind into the essentialmental elixir : a concluding aphorism to assist the continuance of SirJoshua Reynolds' dislike of " talking artists."

EDWIN FOLEY


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"No furniture so charming as Books," says Sydney Smith:if this Book but approach, in beauty and interest, theFurniture illustrated, it will have amply justified the aimsof its projectors.

THE VISTATHERE are two ways of knowing a piece of furniture. One,utilitarian, prosaic, superficial, and withal dreary, as a meredetail, tool, or item of existencea table at which to eat, a

chair to sit upon, "only this and nothing more." The other way isto know it as a whole, not only its purpose, but its evolution, history,and romance ; the origin of this piece of ornament, the reason of thatpreviously unconsidered shape, its beauties as well as its defects. Thelatter is the vitalising, interesting method, and my aim and hopewill be to infuse its spirit into our book of furniture modes ; by itsaid we see that the furniture of bygone days often significantlymirrors the political, social, and ethical ideas of its time.

There are pieces of furniture so fine as to convey a sense ofalmost human personality. Some remind one of Haydn's simplemelodies, some of the bravuras of the old Italian school, whilst theaustere formal beauty of fugues or church music, seems to emanatefrom others.

How often in a room does one feel that some fine piece of oldwork stands solitary and disdainful of its modern companions ; or, ifthe odds be with the old nobility of woodwork, that a coalition hasbeen formed by them, to overawe an incongruous novelty of present-day woodwork thrust among them.


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vi DECORATIVE FURNITUREEvery change in the forms of woodwork, from the crude stool

of the semi-barbarian to the stately throne of a Lorenzo il Magnifico,from the rough dug-out trunk to the Boule Goffret de Manage, hasbeen dictated by some requirement of use or beauty.

Furniture, then, has its story for us. If we will but learn itslanguage, and care to decipher its message, we may at least catchsomewhat of the spirit which inspired Balzac when he gailydecorated the walls of his garret with charcoal inscriptions, "Rose-wood panelling and Commode " here, " Gobelins Tapestry and VenetianMirror" there, and a "Picture by Raffaelle" in the place of honourover the fireless grate

!

The story of the genesis and development of Decorative Furniturewill be unfolded with sufficient fulness, aided by the diagram of BritishWoodwork Styles, the auxiliary chart of Accessories and Decoration,and the time-table of Architectural Periods, to make evident that,though decorative styles arise and sink like bubbles on the waters,each has its characteristic note and leaves some legacy to progress. Thesignificance of the art relations between races, their cross-fertilisations,attractions, and repulsions will also be suggested, and an attempt bemade to trace the manner in which national temperaments haveexpressed themselves in form and colour, so that in their furniturethe Italians have usually been architectural and refined, the Spaniardsgrandiose, the French picturesque and colour - loving, the Dutchcumbrous and stolid, and the English, homely, useful, and varied;whilst the rugged virility of the German, until tamed by professorand drill sergeant, has been as noticeable as the manner in which thestereotyped habit of thought induced by the ancestor-worship of theCelestial, has stamped itself on his household appointments.The Book of Decoratwe Furniture aims in particular at depictingthe essential characteristics of:

1. British Domestic Woodwork, from the period of the introduc-tion of the printing-press into England and the building up of the


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THE VISTA viiEnglish home-life, to the commencement of the nineteenth century.It embraces, therefore, the woodwork eras of Oak, Walnut, andMahogany, the late Gothic, Tudor, Stuart, Queen Anne, Williamand Mary, and Georgian periods, giving due prominence to the pro-ductions of the great eighteenth-century designers, Chippendale, Adam,Hepplewhite, Sheraton, and their contemporaries. Many of theexamples are chosen from collections of colonial furniture inAmerica.

2. French Woodwork, of the same period, with special preferenceto the masterpieces of the famous ehenistes and ciseleurs, who producedthe sumptuous m.odes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

3. Italian, Flemish, German, Spanish, and Oriental InteriorWoodwork.


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CONTENTSPEEFACE ... . .THE VISTACHART OF BEITISH WOODWORKSTYLES WITH FRENCH ANDOTHER CONTINENTAL CORRELA-TIONS.DECORATIVE FURNITURE FROMTHE EARLIEST TIMES TO 1475

Prehistoric ....Egypt, Babylon, and Assyria .Egyptian Decorative WoodworkBabylonian and Assyrian FurnitureAssyrian Tables and Couches .Hebrew WoodworkersGrecian Art in WoodworkEtruscan and Roman FurnitureByzantine and RomanesqueAsiatic Arts ....

DECORATIVE FURNITURE INBRITAIN PRIOR TO 1475Roman ....Saxon and Norman .Saxon Homes and FurnitureThe Gothic Styles .Our Colour-Loving AncestorsClose op the Middle Ages

A TIME-TABLE OF ARCHITECTURALSTYLESTHE LATE GOTHIC PERIOD INBRITISH DECORATIVE FURNI-TURE, 1475-1509

Politics affecting FurnitureMediaeval and Tudor WoodworkersThe Guild of TapisersChurch Influence upon Decorative

Furniture ....Old Manuscript Illustrations .The Gothic Woodworker's Kit.Linenpold and Pahchemin Patterns

page


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X CONTENTSThe Tudor Renaissance, etc.continued

Wainscoting ....Methods op Tudor Craftsmen .Polishing ....The Metal Worker .Woods and Forests .Tudor Houses ....

CONTINENTAL CONTEMPORAEIESOF THE LATE GOTHIC AND TUDOEPERIODS.THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALYTO 1603The Passing of the GothicThe Cinquecento in Decorative WoodworkFlorence the FontThe Rival CitiesThe City op Pearl and GoldFireplacesSeigneurial SeatsRenaissance TablesCabinetsCassoniFrames

PAGE106107107107108109

BellowsThe Stimulus of the RenaissanceTHE RENAISSANCE IN FRANCETO 1589Charles the Eighth .Francis the FirstThe Loire ChIteauxBenvenuto Cellini .Henri Deux . . _Schools of Decorative FurnitureEarly French Decorative Furniturehuches and huohiersThe ChairThe Sellette, or EscabeauBedsteads .FireplacesTables ....Woods ....Painting and GildingTHE RENAISSANCE IN SPAINAND PORTUGAL TO 1603Moorish Influence .The HapsburgsPlateresque RenaissanceChestsBedsVargueno Cabinets .

113115116118121121122123123124124125126126129

137138139139140141142145146147148149149150150153

157157161162163163164


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CONTENTS XI

IN

The Stuart Pebiod, etc.continued"Gate-Leg" Tables ." Thousand-Legged " TablesTea and Coffee TablesCupboardsDressers ....Chests ....Stuart Decorative DetailsInlaying ...."Otstering""The Indian Taste"

THE LATER RENAISSANCEFRANCE, 1589-1643 .Henri iv. and Louis xiii. .The Bed . . . . .Upholstery . . . .

FIRST CHAPTER ON COLONIALFURNITURE IN AMERICA,1607-1783

Some Relevant Dates in ColonialFurniture History

The Early English Settlements inVirginia and New England .

Early Southern SettlementsThe "Mayflower" and New Eng-land ......Maryland. .....Pennsylvania .....Houses in Early New England

French and Spanish SettlementsThe Dutch Settlements upon the

HudsonNew Amsterdam (1613-1664), New York (1664^1776)The West India Company

Captain Kidd .Chests ....Old English Court CupboardsSettles and BenchesSeats ....Chairs ....LATE AND ZOPF RENAISSANCE INGERMANY FROM 1603 .

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE DE-CORATIVE FURNITURE FROM1603

ITALIAN DECORATIVE FURNITUREFROM 1603 ....DECORATIVE FURNITURE OF THENETHERLANDS HOLLANDAND FLANDERS, FROM 1603 .

page222222223224226226228235236236

239241247247

253254255256256257257258258

259260264265266269270271

277

285

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pageLac. Oriental and European . . 297Crispin van den Passe . . .299THE LOUIS XIV. PERIOD OF FRENCHDECORATIVE FURNITURE 1643-

1715 305Versailles . . . . .306The Royal Workshops . . .308Bernini . . . . . .311Colbert . . . . . .311Le Bbun . . . . . .311The le Pautres and Bkrain . .312Elements op the Style . . 312La Chinoiserih . . . .313BOULLE ...... 314 Le Pere . . . .314Ebony and Toetoiseshell . . .315BouLLE Furniture Prices . . .317Wood Inlays ..... 318Beds 319Louis xiv.'s State Bedroom . . 320Audiences in Bed . . . .320Other Fcjrniture . . . .323Torcheres . . . . .324Mirrors 325The Galerie des Glaces . . .325Le Roi Soleil..... 326The Style . .' . . .327The Jones and Wallace Collections 328

BRITISH HOMES OF OTHER DAYS . 333The House, the Hall, and the

Hearth 333The Norman Keep . . 334"The Marsh" 335Mobile Household Gods . . .336The Wars op the Roses . . .337The Elizabethan Manor House . 337The Great Hall . . . .338The Hearth ..... 339The "Ingleneuk" . . . .341The Curfew ..... 342Coal versus Wood . . . .343Hearth Tax 344The English Dining-Room. . . 344

FINDS, FRAUDS, FACTS, ANDFANCIES IN OLD FURNITURE

:

A CHAPTER ON COLLECTING . 349The Collecting Proclivity . . 350Collecting by Deputy . . .350Collecting Personally . . .351The "Knock Out" . . . .352A Collector's Home . . . .352Patina ...... 353


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Xll CONTENTS


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LIST OF PLATES"'-^'^ PAGE

I. CHARACTERISTIC COLOURINGS AND GRAIN MARKINGS OF PRIN-CIPAL CONSTRUCTIONAL AND DECORATIVE WOODS USED INEARLY TIMES ........ 3II. FOURTEENTH-CENTURY BUTTRESSED COFFER . . . .11

III. MARRIAGE COFFER OR CASSONE. ITALIAN . . . .19IV. LATE GOTHIC SCHRANK. GERMAN 27V. OAK DOUBLE HUTCH . . . . . . .31VI. CARVED OAK DRESSOIRLOUIS XII. ..... 35VII. INLAID MUNIMENT CHEST....... 45VIII. THE "KING'S ROOM," OXBURGH HALL ..... 53IX. OAK PRESS, STRANGERS' HALL, NORWICH .... 57X. THE PANELLED STUDY AT GROOMBRIDGE PLACE . . .67XL THE LITTLECOTE BEDSTEAD ...... 75XII. CARVED AND INLAID OAK COURT CUPBOARD . . . .83XIIL INLAID NONESUCH CHEST....... 95

CARVED "DRAWINGE" TABLE, SHIBDEN HALL . . . .95CARVED CHIMNEYPIECE AT CHIDDENSTONE .... 95EARLIEST ENGLISH WALL-PAPER, AT BORDEN HALL ... 95XIV. OAK TRESTLE TABLE . . . . . . .103

"MINE HOSTS" CHAIR ....... 103XV. UPHOLSTERED CHAIR AND COUCH WITH ADJUSTABLE ENDS . IllXVI. CARVED OAK ARMOIRJE:, BEARING THE CIPHER OF LAMBERT

SUAVIUS OF UtGK CARVED OAK TABLE . . . .119XVII. PETITE CREDENCE, FRANQOIS I. . . . . .127

xiii


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XIV LIST OF PLATESPAGE131131

143

151

PLATEXVIII. HENRI DEUX CARVED BAHUT ..

OAK SCREEN OF THE SAME FRENCH PERIOD . XIX. CARVED BOURGOUIGNON CREDENCE . XX. OAK CABINET, WITH CIRCULAR CONVEX PANELS, INCISEDARABESQUE ORNAMENT ..

WALNUT CHAIR, WITH INTERLACED ORNAMENT . .151XXI. VARGUESO CABINET OF CHESTNUT, IVORY, ETC., PAINTED AND

GILT WITH WROUGHT -IRON AND STEEL MOUNTS: UPONTWISTED, TURNED, AND CARVED STAND . . .159

XXII. CARVED OAK BEDSTEAD OF JEANNE D'ALBRET . . .167XXIIL WROUGHT STEEL CHAIR . . .175XXIV. GROUP OF LATE SIXTEENTH - CENTURY CONTINENTAL FURNITURE :PORTUGUESE CABINET OF CHESTNUT, INLAID WITH IVORY,

EBONY, AND COLOURED WOODS, SPIRAL TURNED ARM-CHAIR . 181XXV. SOME CONSTRUCTIONAL AND DECORATIVE WOODS IN VOGUEDURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURYXXVI. SHOVELBOARD TABLE IN THE HALL OF LITTLECOTEXXVII. COURT CUPBOARD BUFFET . . XXVIII. CARVED OAKEN STAIRWAY, GODINTON .XXIX. OAK WELSH DRESSER .....XXX. CHIMNEYPIECE IN THE DOUBLE CUBE ROOM, WILTON HOUSE . 233XXXI. A CABINET OF OAK AND WALNUT, WITH EBONY PANELS AND

COLUMNS, INLAID WITH ROSEWOOD AND IVORY ENGRAVED . 243XXXII. THE PUTNAM CUPBOARD OF ENGLISH OAK AND CEDAR . .251CARVED SETTLE OF AMERICAN OAK . . . . .251XXXIII. WALNUT KAS INLAID AND WITH PAINTED MEDALLIONS OF

DELFT WARE ........ 261XXXIV. AN EARLY VIRGINIAN COLONIST'S PARLOUR . . . .267XXXV. THE "RUBENS" CABINET, WINDSOR CASTLE OF EBONY CARVED.

INTERIOR FITTINGS INLAID AND COLUMNS OF TORTOISESHELL 275XXXVI. MIRROR, GUERIDONS, AND TABLE OVERLAID WITH SILVER

PLAQUES ........ 283

189

199209219229


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LIST OF PLATES XVPLATE

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.XXXIX.

XL.XLI.

XLII.

XLIII.

XLIV.XLV.XLVI.

XLVII.XLVIII.XLIX.

CHIMNEYPIECE IN COLOURED MOSAIC. FLOEENTINE .TABLE IN COLOUEED MOSAIC. FLOEENTINE ....CAEVED WALNUT BOMB^ AEMOIEE WITH CHASED MOUNTS .INLAID JEWEL CASKET OE WALNUT WOOD. PANELLED FEONT,

SIDES, AND TOP .......COFFEET DE MAEIAGE BOULLE ......AEMOIEE IN EBONY WITH INLAYS OF ENGEAVED BRASS ANDWHITE METAL. CHASP^D OEMOLU MOUNTINGS. THE EOYALMONOGEAM OF L'S REVERSED WITHIN THE TURQUOISE BLUEOVAL MEDALLIONS. BOULLE. DESIGNED BY JEAN BEEAIN .KNEEHOLE WEITING TABLE IN EED TORTOISESHELL ANDLACQUER STEEL TOP. BOULLEGILT FAUTEUILS, UPHOLSTERED IN TAPESTRYPANELLING, WITH GRINLING GIBBON CARVINGSMIRROR FRAME,WALNUT TABLE, WILLIAM AND MARY .WALNUT CHAIR, . .CHARLES WESLEY'S WALNUT HIGH-CASE CLOCKCARVED WALNUT DARBY AND JOAN SETTEE .INLAID WALNUT B0MB BUREAU-CABINETQUEEN ANNE'S BED ....CHEST OF DRAWERS UPON STANDWOODEN CANDELABRA ....WALNUT INLAID WRITING-TABLERED AND GILT LACQUER DOUBLE CHEST OF DRAWEESBLACK LACQUEE SETTEE, CHAIES AND TABLE, RED LACQUER

MIRROR .......WALL-PAPER AT WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE .A GROUP OF EARLY EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FURNITUREWALNUT CABINET-TOP SCRUTOIREINLAID SYCAMORE ("YELLOW") CLOCK .CARVED TABOURET ....

PAGE293293303

309321

331

345345355355355355355369377385385385395399

409409419419419419


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DECORATIVE FURNITURE FROM THEEARLIEST TIMES TO 1475PREHISTORIC

MOTHER Earth originally sufficed for bed, chair, table, and side-board; only after man had reached a stage in which hisfaculties were not exclusively required for self-preservation in

its crudest aspect, when "Nature red in tooth and claw" no longerobsessed him, could the idea of making articles for his service andpleasure have occurred to him.To what extent man derives his liking for wood from the arborealhabits of his alleged ancestors it is outside the sufficiently widefield of Decorative Furniture to inquire ; but that, from the remotestages to the present day, of all the materials applicable to the interiorconstruction and adornment of the home, wood has been his firstfavourite and proven friend, admits of little doubt. Its study isconsequently interwoven with that of the habits and beliefs of thepast in a fascinating chapter of human history. Commencing withsome unboasted of, though pre-Norman, forefather of ours, Carlyle'spolysyllabic friend, the aboriginal anthropophagus, who, in theleisured ease of his cavern, first made rough incisions on club orstick to record his "bag," we may assume that the first artist wasa carver, and that the birth of the technical, the mathematical, andthe artistic faculties were due to the one impulse. Graduallybecoming interested in his work as the tally became longer and


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2 DECORATIVE FURNITUREthe rudiments of order unfolded, our prehistoric ancestor arrangedhis notches in parallel lines. Next, as the sense of balance awoke, heplaced his incisions diagonally and opposite to one another ; from the

straight to the curve was an easy transition, and so step by>^

step the elements of order and design were awakened withinhis mind and made visible. If this surmise be accurate, the

^ A first craftsman was a woodworker, and the seats, tables, and^ ^ receptacles first constructed were dug, carved, or burnt\ ^ out of the solid log, after the fashion of the canoes of

primitive races. The crude pieces of furniture thus madewere the forerunners of the innumerable assemblage of articles whichman has since constructed for his use in the home.

It would be too fanciful to pursue this theory of the prehistoricstages of the woodworker's art through the ages whichintervene until the civilisations of Egypt, Babylon, andAssyria dimly loom upon the horizon of history, at aperiod at least 4700 years before Christ.

? More than average imagination is required to projectI i oneself sympathetically into the life of an alien people at^ so remote a period ; and to allow not only for the differencescaused by modes of religious and other government, but for theequally powerful influence of temperature upon temperament. Thereis consequently some difficulty, increasing the more one travels east-ward, in understanding and appreciating the fittings of the homes ofthe ancient world.

CARVED BOX FKOM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS.


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PLATE 1The series of colour plates, showing the characteristic grain markingsof thirty-six varieties of constructional and decorative woods, has beenphotographed from the actual woods, without manipulation or exaggera-tion of the distinctive features of the grain.

The plates over-leaf show the principal woods used in earlytimes: succeeding plates in Part V. show woods used for inlaying,etc., during the Stuart period mainly; in Part XII., some of thewoods more especially in vogue during the eighteenth century ; andin Part XVI., some richly marked woods now at the disposal of thefurniture designer. These plates manifest the versatility of Nature'sown designs in fibres; and how little, after all, man has yetavailed himself of her resources.

In Parts XV. and XVI. will be found a Chapter on Woods, and aChart tabulating the principal characteristics of thirty of the principaltrees used in the production of decorative furniture.

The few surviving examples of furniture used in the home priorto the fourteenth century are either too fragmentary in condition, toounimportant in character, or not sufficiently decorative, to justifyinclusion in this series of one hundred colour plates, each of whichhas been taken from an actually existing piece. Equal care has beentaken to ensure accuracy in the contemporary accessories shown uponeach plate.


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EGYPT, BABYLON, AND ASSYRIARenan's description of Egypt-

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TABLE.

The Queen of Nations and the Boast of Time,Mother of Sciences and the House of Gods,

as "a kind of lighthouse in the dark night of pro-found antiquity," appears especially apt when tracingthe history of furniture ereEurope had emerged fromsavagery. Whilst thevery name of Greece wasunknown, the sun-bakedfertile valley annuallybathed by the Nile was peopled by communities,not only able to raise time-defying Sphinx andPyramids, but also to express, in solid form andvivid colour, their native force, severity, and dignityin the furniture of the homes of their upper classes.

EGYPTIAN DECORATIVE WOODWORKThe climate of the land of the Pharaohs is so dry

that a feminine wig some six thousand years oldwas discovered at Thebes, within the last century,little the worse for time. The absence of humidity,

.Z"\Tc^:.':.or::Z. coupled with the faith of the people in the persistences


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KEMAINS OF QUEEN HAT-SHEPSU'S THRONE.

6 DECORATIVE FURNITUREof personality after death, and the return of the spirit to the body (whichled to burying models or actual pieces

of furniture with the body),has preserved more records andspecimens of this, the oldestcivilisation, than we possess ofothers many centuries later.

The throne of the Egyp-tian Queen Hatshepsu, in the

DTLAiD STOOL. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN. British Museum, is probablythe most ancient piece of furniture in the world.

Bas-reliefs, papyri, and mural pointings almostinvariably include representations of stools and couches, which, althoughshown in elevation, enable us to reconstruct the design.

The woodworking tools, which were placed among other votiveofferings of implements in the foundations ofBabylonian temples, that the spirits resident thereinmight actively assist the craftsmen, afford furtherinsight into the methods and appliances of Egyptiancarving and other crafts. Folding stools, chairs, and

, Piji i'j_l 1 T ANCIENT EGYPTIANcouches having seats of leather, plaited rushes or linen stool.cord (upon which at times were thrown cushions or the skins ofpanthers and other wild animals), footstools, flower-stands, tables and

cabinets, cushions of woven cloth and mattresses,are all evidences that the homes of Egypt andNineveh possessed more than the rudiments ofmaterial comfort and refinement, even when

I\\m judged by the standard of to-day. The craftsman

\\ \ of Egypt stamped his stern, positive personality\\ >\ on all he touched. He possessed knowledge of

carving, turning, painting, inlaying, veneering,and canework. Upon the solid wood blocks,

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN. scarcely a foot high, which formed his bench he


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EGYPT, BABYLON, AND ASSYRIAfashioned works in ebony, ivory, cedar, acacia (sont) or sycamore,enriched with precious stones, gold, silver, or baser metals, and carvedwith the symbols of his race ; the legs of his pieces ending usually

with lions' paws or thehoofs of bulls.

Egyptian woodwork, aswell as Egyptian scuId-PAINTED WOODEN SARCOPHA- OJ f w>ju.xjj

Gus. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, ture, appears to have beenpainted in colours which, to our grey-attunedeyesight, seem garish and wanting in subtlety.

The wooden mummy cases, and sarcophagigenerally, if we may include, as the Egyptiansundoubtedly did, such coffers among decor-ative furniture, were often elaborately^ecor-ated, both inside and out, with figure subjects,the lotus flower, and other more or lessappropriate ornament, including hieroglyphicinscriptions from the Book of the Dead,painted in red and yellow, black, brown, blue,and green. Bed ochre was used to expressthe swarthy complexions of the men, yellow ochre for the women orfair-skinned foreigners. The little carved wooden figures of minister-

ing slaves (called usJiabitiu oranswerers, which were alsointerred with the dead, thatthey might save him labour inhis happier future life) wereoften of painted wood, as

EGYPTIAN FURNITURE, also thc dellcato spoons forperfumes, and the long rectangular scribes' palettes with spaces sunkfor pigments.

Curious and interesting too, as examples of the woodworker's craft.

AN EGYPTIAN THRONE, SUPPORTED BYFIGURES OF CAPTIVES.

FRAGMENTS OF ANCIENT CARVING ON PORTABLE THRONE.ANCIENT EGYPTIAN.


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8 DECORATIVE FURNITUREare the painted mechanical toys, such as crocodiles with movable jaws,and dolls, wooden also, with pellets of clay, strung upon thread toimitate hair: showing us that even the sternEgyptian unbent at home.

The mirrors of ancient Egypt must have beenof very highly polished metal, since onefound at Thebes can, even now, be rubbedsufficiently to reflect. The Egyptian womenalways carried a metal mirror with themto their temples--a practice followed bytheir Israelitish sisters, judging from the

THE FORM passage in the Book of Exodus in whichCOLUMN. Bezaleel " made the laver of brass, and the

foot of it of brass, of the looking-glasses of thewomen assembling, which assembled at the doorof the tabernacle of the congregation." In the Biblical passagesreferring to mirrors the word esoptron is used, by which the Greeksinvariably meant a mirror of polished metal, not of glass.

BOTTLE IN

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MIKEOEOF POLISHED METAL. DIS-COVEEED AT THEBES.

BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN FURNITURE^wwwwwvv The climate and creeds of Babylonnot being so favourable as those of

Egypt, no complete example has beendiscovered of either Babylonian furniture,or of that used by their " conquerors inarms and docile pupils in arts," theAssyrians. Sculptures enable us, how-ever, to picture accurately the forms offurniture in vogue among both races,since it is a reasonable inference thatANCIENT EGYPTIAN THRONE WITH LOTUS ORNA- ,, . . Tilj_l "nl-l'MENT. ARMS FORMED BY wisos OF SACRED HAWK, thc Assypians adopted the Babylonian

=W,V.V!I- jb


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EGYPT, BABYLON, AND ASSYRIA 9

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SEAT.

furniture, in much the same way as the Romans adopted that of theGreeks whom they subdued.The statue of Gudea, King of Babylon, some 2500 years b.c, showsthat monarch seated on a throne or chair. One would feel more grateful

to the sculptor if he had given some indicationof the manner in which theframing was put together.The design appears lesssuitable for wood thanbronze ; a material, judging

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN STOOL. from portlous stiU oxistiug of a bronze throne,the Babylonians were extremely expert in working.

The legs of Babylonian and Assyrian furniture terminated usuallyin similar fashion to Egyptian, i.e. in lions' paws or bulls' hoofs, but theAssyrians also used square legs with a base oflarge inverted pine-cones. The designs of laterAssyrian work show that the Assyrian racewere unable to add accordant elements to theart of the conquered Babylonians.

Under Assyrian rule a more massive frame-work was adopted for furniture. Monuments and rock tablets show attimes, in common with Egyptian records, thrones curiously supported notonly by lions, but by human figures, presumably intended to representprisoners.

ASSYRIAN TABLES AND COUCHESTables and couches appear to have been practically identical in

design with the seats, and, like the seats, to have favoured lions' headswhen terminals to arms were required.

An extremely complete representation of Assyrian furniture isshown on a sculptured slab, representing a king feasting with his queenin the palace gardens. The queen is seated upon a throne so high

CARVING ON END OF EGYPTIANPOETABLE THEONE.


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10 DECORATIVE FURNITUREas to require a footstool. His majesty rests on a couch, the head endof which is curved forward and forms a species of arm-rest. The legsand rails of the couch are square, and the feet (of the inverted cone-shape) are ornamented with human figures and lions, as well as mouldedand scrolled. Between their majesties is shown a high table, upon

which the fare for the feast isdisplayed, whilst by the king'sside is a small lower table onwhich his bow, quiver, and swordare placed. These pieces ofroyal furniture were probablymade of cedar, though ebony,

ANCIENT ASSYRIAN COUCH, TABLES, AND CHAIRS. SCULP- ^g^^ aud WalUUt WCrO alSO Iffi-TURED SLAB REPRESENTING KING AND QUEEN 'FEASTING IN GARDEN. ported and used in conjunction

with ivory and the precious metals for inlays.Though scarcely relevant, it is interesting to note that wooden

instruments of three unequal facets were used in picture writing toproduce the wedge-shaped strokes of cuneiform writing, which theyfound quicker and neater to employ than rounded forms, whetherinscribing upon the wet clay tablets the innumerable contracts,hymns, and omens, or immortalis-ing on bricks, with reiteration'sartless aid, the names, titles, andglories of their rulers.

The Babylonians and Assyri-ans had an even greater fondness for clay as a constructive materialthan had the Egyptian taskmasters of the Hebrews. The compulsorytraining which theHEBREW WOODWORKERSunderwent in Egypt probably taught them as much wood-workingcraft as they required to build the tabernacle, under the supervision

BABILI (BABYLON) IN CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS. FROMINSCRIPTION ON THE BRICKS INSCRIBED WITH NAMEAND TITLE OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR II.


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PLATE IIFOURTEENTH-CENTURY BUTTRESSED COFFERS

At Faveksham, Rainham, and S. John's Length, 5 ft. 3 in.; height, 3 ft.;Hospital, Cantekbuey depth, 2 ft. 3 in.

Throughout the fascinating sequence of periods during which theEnglish domestic hearth was gathering the sanctities, comforts,and privileges embodied in the word Home, the dug-out trunk,chest, or coflfer was its chief and most valued article of furnitureserving as bedstead and table, as well as for the safe storage ofvaluables.

Facts and legends galore cluster round the coflfer. In com-paratively modern days, that lugubriously associated with the "oakchest that had long lain hid," and recounted vocally at eachChristmas ; in more far-oflf times, the coflfer preserved at Burgos whichthe valiant Cid filled with sand, and deposited as security for a loanby a Jew,a feat recalling a confidence trickster rather than a heroof romance. Among the interesting stories of the ancient daysof Grecian prosperity, is that of the famous carved and inlaid cedarchest, wherein Cypselos of Corinth lay successfully concealed, whenhis mother's relations sought to murder him, as the most eflScientmethod of preventing the fulfilment of the Delphic Oracle's forecastthat he would live to work the ruin of their ruling party. Heproved the accuracy of the prophecy, ultimately ruling Corinth forthirty years.

Few ancient examples of pre-Gothic times exist in Britain. Our


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12 DECORATIVE FURNITUREmoist climate is probably more destructive to woodwork in a centurythan that of Egypt in twenty times that period.In the old MS. miniature sketches the coffer is almost invariablyrepresented in bright colours ; sufficient traces yet remain of thecolouring of the Faversham chest to permit of a colour representationof its probable original appearance. The fronts of such coffers,although buttressed, are not framed, but constructed of planksrunning lengthways upon which the buttresses are fixed, helping tofasten the structure together, by performing the functions of the ironstrapwork and ornamented hinges of earlier examples.

It is regrettable that the valuable Faversham relic should recentlyhave been cruelly " restored," by its front and top only being retained,and fixed upon a cheap deal box.


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PLATE IIIMARRIAGE COFFER OR CASSONE

In the Victoria and Albert Museum, Carved, gilt, and painted : in front with theSouth Kensington. Italian (Florentine Triumphs of Love, Chastity, and Death;probably). Circa 1560. Length, 6 ft. 7 in. and on the sides with Pyramus and Thisbeheight, 3 ft. 1 J in. ; depth, 2 ft. 4 in, and Narcissus

When Gremio, in the Taming of the Shrew, saysIn ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns.In cypress chests my arras counterpoints,Costly apparel, . . .

he was but voicing the custom of the period. Until the wardrobe andthe chest of drawers appeared, the coffer was the recognised piece offurniture for storage ; the marriage coffer naturally, from its associ-ations, being most treasured among the lares and penates of thehousewife. In Holland, and other Continental countries where thebridal coffer is still retained, the zealous collector who desires topreserve peaceful relations with the goodwife, will do well to avoidoffering to purchase her marriage or dower chest, for there is no surerway of aflfronting her. Cypress wood, of which Gremio's chest wasmade, was considered to particularly protect wearing apparel and othertextiles against moths.

The cassone gives striking evidence of the advanced state ofRenaissance decorative furniture in Italy, at a period when the rest ofthe Continent was either frankly Gothic, or crudely grafting fragmentsof Renaissance detail upon the mediaeval forms.

19


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20 DECORATIVE FURNITUREA characteristic of the Italian coffer is that it was usually gilt and

painted, upon its long front panel, with pageants or allegories such asthat shown on this example. One doubts if the modern bride wouldbe grateful if presented with a chest, however beautiful, showing, afuneral car bearing Death with his scythe standing astride two coffinsthe oxen yoked to the car are almost as " fabulous " as the two unicornsdrawing the central car of Chastity (or Peace?), to which Cupid isignominiously bound.A collection of wedding chests would be an epitome of decorativefurniture ; for men have in all periods of its use felt especial pleasure inplacing their finest craftsmanship upon the bridal chest.


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ANCIENT ROMAN AND BYZANTINE 21Beds and Couches (general term, Ledus). Early

forms identical with those of Greece ; then varieties(usually entered from one side only) with foot-boardsand sometimes head-boards. Later forms with stepfor entry. Pillow rest at head.

The couch used at meals {Lectus tricliniaris) lower thanbed, with ledge at head upon which the left armrested. Later Accubita were still lower. Smallcouches were also used when writing.

Sideboard Tables.With tops of marble, silver, etc.Cupboards (Armaria).Holding arms originally ; after-wards used for storage generally.

During the latter days of the Roman Empire, gold and silverbecame so plentiful that they were used for the utensils for cookingand other household purposes ; small wonder, then, that rich bootyshould have rewarded Alaric when, with his hordes of Goths, hesacked the imperial city in 410 a.d.With the fall of Rome the Classic period of Art may be said tohave practically come to an end. The panoramic conflicts of dynastiesand races and the struggles of rival beliefs, resulting in the gradualformation of a fresh order of society, notably affected the furniture aswell as the architecture of the Byzantine and succeeding periods.

BYZANTINE AND ROMANESQUEThe peaceful and refined arts associated with the furnishing of

the home were little likely, even if flourishing, to survive amid thebarbaric panorama of incessant war and religious persecution whichlasted from the capture of Rome by the Goths in 410 a.d. until thefall of Constantinople in 1453. The intervening centuries witnessedthe rise of the Carlovingians, the conquest of Spain and of upperAfrica by the Moors, the appearance and marvellously rapid accept-


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22 DECORATIVE FURNITUREance of Mahomet and his creed by the Arab races, the slower butfinally even more far-reaching acceptance of Christianity by theEuropean, and the resulting struggle of the rival creeds for Jeru-

salem : the times were destructive rather thanconstructive of the applied arts and crafts.

To the lover of vividly romantic history theperiod is fascinating beyond measure ; but thehistorian finds singularly little decorative furni-ture in existence to assist him in reconstructingthe home equipments of Byzantine days.A throne known as theChair of St. Peter andCHAIR OF DAGOBERT. SEVENTH .CENTURY. MusEE DEs souvE- certaiuly proservod in the

RAINS, PARIS. 1_ !basilica of that name atRome, encased in a bronze covering by Berniniwas probably made between the fourth and

sixth centuries. Tra-dition also allegesthat it formed partnf -Unp fn-rni+nyo r>f EOME. OF WOOD, OVERLAID with01 Tine mrniture ot ^y^^^ j^^^ ^^^^ 300 ^ j, ^^the Senator Pudens, ^^''-that early convert who gave up his houseto the Christians. The arcading of theback and other details of this chair showthe Byzantine mingling of the Classic(European) Greek with the Asiatic Greekwhich borrowed the forms of the mono-tonously rich decorations of Persianart.

In St. Mark's at Venicethat superbrealisation of Byzantine symbolism and

BYZANTINE "CHAIR OF ST. PETER,

VIKING CHAIR. TENTH CENTURY.if somewhat " accidentalarchitectural idealsis another historic chair, part of the spoils taken


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ANCIENT ROMAN AND BYZANTINE 23by the Latins at their capture of Constantinople, in the early partof the thirteenth century.

The pressure of the Northern barbarians upon the Western Empire,of which Rome was still the chief city, caused an exodus of the wealthierinhabitants, who fled to Constantinople, theless harassed capital of the Eastern Empire,taking with them their most valued portablefurniture and other possessions.

From the reign of Constantine, Con-stantinople had grown in importance, andwas, until its downfall, the centre of thearts associated with the home ; indeed,Byzantine furniture of the later periodappears to have been quite unrestrained viking chair or stall, fourteenthin its luxurious materials and ornament. century.

Many of the skilled artists and craftsmen of the Roman Empire,even before its division into East and West, wandered over Europe,seeking outlet for their arts and scattering seeds which, slowlyfructifying through the Middle Ages, ripened into appreciation ofthe Renaissance movement.

The debased treatment ofClassic architecture and de-coration known as Roman-esque was evolving in Italyduring the settlement of theNorthern barbarians.^ FromMEDIEVAL STOOL. ELEVENTH

CENTURY. j^ arose the Gothic with itsmediaeval STOOL. ELEVENTH

CENTURY.

pointed arch, but in Italy the Classic tradition, though emasculated,yet survived, and was comparatively less aflected by Gothic art untilthe Renaissance.

The tenets of the Mohammedan faith, by their interdict of thehuman figure in art, gave rise to the Arabesque style, which, with


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DECORATIVE FURNITURE IN BRITAINPRIOR TO 1475

O NE has a sense of added injury against the British climatewhen remembering the probabihty that its damp andcorroding nature has had muchto do with the scarcity of early l|examples of Furniture.

MEDIAEVAL MANUSCRIPT.TENTH CENTURY. KINGNEBUCHADNEZZAR SEATEDON A FOLDING CHAIR.

ROMANPerhaps the earliest furniture

of at all a decorative character ceijTic ornament fromThTL^^mnTcIosT was brought over by the Romans the abero cross.A 25


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26 DECORATIVE FURNITUREduring their occupation of Britain. It was doubtless identical withthat used in Rome, and described in the preceding chapter.

CELTICThough the Celts were clever art craftsmen in metal, and appear

from the old romances to have made chests for their clothes, norelics of their early work remain.

SAXON AND NORMANEven when including the final furniture of mundane existence,we possess no indisputable pieces of woodwork before the seventh

century. In Faversham andChynnog churches, and at Wim-^ borne Minster, are rude ark-

THE " ARCHANGEL " SIDE OF INCISED COFFIN OF ST.CUTHBERT IN DURHAM CATHEDRAL.trunks bound with iron. The authenticityof the incised coffin of St. Cuthbert is trace-able throughout its disturbed existence. Thesaint's burial took place in 688 a.d., in thechurch which has become Durham Cathedral.The coffin was disinterred after a few years,to be deposited in a shrine frequently men-tioned by Norman writers. Opened by Henrythe Eighth's Commissioners, it was nextburied below a slab, around which maybe seen the grooves worn by the knees of the many pilgrims whoyearly visited the spot. Again opened in 1827, the remains were

THE VENERABLE BEDE SVENERABLE CHAIR.


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PLATE IVLATE GOTHIC SCHRANK

In the Bavarian National Museum, With Hanging Light (Leuchterweibschen),Munich from Albert Diirer's house at Nuremburg

The Tyrolese appear to have taken full advantage of the naturalresources and geographical position which combined to rendertheir country one of the wealthiest in Europe towards the closeof the Middle Ages. The silver mines were at their maximum ofproductiveness during the fifteenth century, enabUng the mediaevalmagnates to supplement local arts, by retaining the most skilfulof the many Flemish and German craftsmen who journeyed throughthe Alpine passes, on their return from apprenticeship in Italy.

The Landsknechte also, those mercenaries who sold their swordsto causes good, bad, or indifferent, with equal ardour, were atthis period mainly Tyrolese, and agreeably combined the duty ofadequately remunerating themselves, with that of showing remem-brance of stay-at-home kinsmen, by bringing home spoils andsouvenirs of such wealth that, despite the gradual decline of Tyroleseprosperity, the country probably, until the period of the Napoleonicwars, rivalled in art treasures even the richest of the famed ItalianStates.

In the Cupboard here shown the carved and pierced ornamentaldetails, upon grounds painted red or blue, are of lime or lindenwood which in Central Europe during the fifteenth century sharedpopularity with the slow-growing fir known as the Arhe or Zirve.

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28 DECORATIVE FURNITUREThe doors and other constructional framework are of ash, a bandingof lime and palisander wood dividing the doors from the pilastersand friezes.

Such pieces of craftsmanship as the Schrank strengthen one'sconviction that the German temperament finds its most congenialexpression in decorative furniture, through the medium of Gothicrather than of Renaissance ; the convolutions of late mediaeval leafage,affording scope for the Teutonic love of the intricate.

The handles and escutcheons are less elaborated than is usualwith German work of the period. The metalworkers of the Tyroland the Netherlands, by the end of the fifteenth century, had takentheir art as seriously as did their Spanish or French confreres,and, indeed, at times surpassed them in the consistent enrichmentof their fashionings.

The much abused adjective "quaint" may with truth be appliedto the horned-mermaid hanging light {LeucMerweihschen), the originalof which is to be seen in Albert Diirer's house at Nuremburg. Nosatisfactory evidence exists of its having been designed by Diirer,and such pieces may well be of somewhat earlier date. Seeminglymade of plaster or clay, these pendant lights were frequentlypainted in many colours, the "wings," however, being invariably ofhorn.


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DECORATIVE FURNITURE IN BRITAIN PRIOR TO 1475 29transferred to a new coffin, the old one being thrust away in acupboard, where a few years ago in a state of semi-powder it wasfound and reconstructed by the skill and zeal ofa local architect and antiquarian.

The Venerable Bede's Chair, to which fullerreference will be found in the chapter, "SomeSeats of the Mighty," may be classed among theoldest examples of British woodwork ; great an- coffer in pyx chapel,

. 1 ' 1 t> re ' THOUGHT TO HAVE BELONGEDtiquity is also claimed tor a treasure coner m to edwakd h.the Pyx Chapel, Westminster.

SAXON HOMES AND FURNITUREIn the description of Cedric the Thane's Aula (Ivanhoe), Sir Walter

Scott's antiquarian accuracy appears for once to be as unimpeachableas his enthusiasm always. For about the quarter of the length ofthe apartment the floor was raised by a step, and this space, whichwas called the dais, was occupied only by the

principal members of the family and visitors ofdistinction. A table, covered with scarlet cloth,was placed transversely across the platform, fromthe middle of which ran the longer and lowerboard, whereat the domestics and inferior personsfed. The plan resembled in form the letter T.Massive chairs and settles of carved oak wereplaced upon the dais, and over these seats andelevated tables was fastened a canopy of cloth,which served in some degree to protect the person-MEDI^VAL chair IN HOSPITAL *v Xixv^ix ov^x vv Q r i.

OF ST. CROSS, WINCHESTER, ^^^g ^j^q occupiod that dlstiuguished station fromthe weather, and especially from the rain, which in some places foundits way through the ill-constructed roof The wall of this upper endof the hall, as far as the dais extended, was covered with hangings,


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30 DECORATIVE FURNITURE

MEDIEVAL. A"PEECHE"0Rwooden half-hoop uponwhich are hung aknight's shield, coat ofmail, sword, and helmet,from illuminated ms."le pelerinage de lavie humaine."

/A ^ .^ .^ .V .^ .^V

SEAT ON DAIS.

and upon the floor there was a carpet. In the centre of the uppertable were placed two chairs more elevated than the rest, for themaster and mistress of the

family.Anglo-Saxon tables were of

circular or oblong planthelatter shape usually havingrounded corners and areusually shown in the manu-script drawings covered witha cloth, but whilst abundanttestimony exists in the old

MS. to the forms of ancient English tables,the oldest surviving specimensthose at theneighbouring cathedrals of Salisbury and Win-

chestersupremely interesting as they arehistorically, are of so archaic a type as tobe valueless when regarded as pieces ofdecorative furniture.Norman decorative

furniture appears tohave much resem-blance to Saxon, butwas more influencedby the debased Classicor Romanesque.We find, in bothSaxon and Norman semi -circular seat of tenthoaxon ana xNorman century, from an old manu-times, that folding ^''^^^seats of the camp-stool order, with finials of

animals' heads and terminals of claws, were used by the morewealthy.

THE CORONATION CHAIR IN WEST-MINSTER ABBEY.


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32 DECORATIVE FURNITUREstrong primary and secondary colours ; but the wainscot panelling,which charms modern eyes chiefly by the natural beauty of thewood, was painted with vermilion, green, and yellow. Thus treated,the walls and tapestries form an excellent foil in colour to the oakenfurniture, which, however, was often painted also.

The ornament upon a cofifer at Newport in oils shows that mediumto have been used by artistic monks in England more than a centurybefore the period of Mr. Laking's hutch. Henry the Third, too,commanded his Sheriff of Wiltshire to wainscot "the King's lowerroom, to paint it of a green colour, to put a border to it, and toenrich this border with painted heads of queens and kings."


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DECORATIVE FURNITURE IN BRITAIN PRIOR TO 1475 33

CARVED OAK CHEST. ARUNDEL CHURCH.

In the tenth century the seats were completely panelled withckcular-headed pierced arches, followed (upon the advent of pointedarchitecture) by the high pediment, such as the Coronation Chairof Westminster Abbey, which was made,painted, and gilt about the end of thethirteenth century, but, as is shown in asucceeding chapter, has shared the fate ofthe chairs of Dagobert and St. Peter, inhaving later additions giving it the appear-ance of a Gothic and ecclesiastical stall.

In mediaeval times the arts were the recreations of the cloisters,the monks themselves working and teaching. One feels sympathy

and gratitude for those old illuminatorsand patient craftsmen who preservedthe arts from extinction during thedarkness of the Middle Ages. Theart-craftsmen of early mediaeval daysmust have had a somewhat sorry time,

for, unless in the service of the king or nobles, they were utterlydependent upon the monasteries and abbeys for employment andprotection. It was therefore but natural that the car-

penters and joiners, carvers andpainters, should reproduce theornaments in domestic decorationwhich they had been accustomed

MEDIAEVAL ENGLAND. IRON-BOUND CHEST.BRAMPTON CHURCH.

FOURTEENTH-CENTURY OAK CHESTIN CLIMPINQ CHURCH. to use for church purposes.

DETAIL OF PANELOAK CHESTIN CLIMPIN&CHURCH.In some respects, however, throughout the Middle

Ages, Gothic, and Tudor days, craftsmen were allowed more freedomthan 'is the workman of to-day, since the details of the work werelargely left to their skUl and fancy. One of the resultmg charmsis the absence of mechanical repetition. The decoration of panelsalmost invariably differs; the worker's personality was allowed free

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34 DECORATIVE FURNITUREplay, and more than compensated for any lack of the technical finishwhich his constant duplication of patterns might have engendered.THE GOTHIC STYLES

Whilst it is not possible to compress the whole art and mysteryof Gothic architecture and its attendant crafts, the furniture ofmediaeval times is so strictly a reflection of contemporary ecclesi-

AAGOTHIC CARVING. FROM AMIENS.

liANCET. FIRST POINTEDOR EARLY ENGUSH SECOND POINTED ORDECORATIVE GOTHIC.

astical architecture that a remembrance of the subjoined arch formsand dates of the divisions of English Gothic will be found serviceable instudying of Gothic decorative woodwork, as well as Gothic architecture.

First Pointed or Early English Gothic, 1189-1307.Second Pointed or Decorated English Gothic, 1307-1377.Third Pointed, Late, or Perpendicular English Gothic, 1377-1509.

TRANSITIONAL. FROMEARLY ENGLISH TODECORATEDENGLISHGOTHIC.

'OGEE" CROCKETED: THIRDPOINTED OR PERPENDICU-LAR ENGLISH GOTHIC.

IfDEPRESSED OR " TUDOR ":THIRD POINTED OR PER-

PENDICULAR ENGLISHGOTHIC.


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36 DECORATIVE FURNITUREproportions. An old chronicle describes one used, half a centurybefore the period of the over-leaf example, at the wedding ofPhilip the Good of Burgundy to Isabella of Portugal. It is statedto have been "Twenty feet long, on a platform two feet high, andwell enclosed by barriers three feet high, on one side of which wasa little gate for entrance and exit. . . . The three upper tiers werecovered and loaded with vessels of fine gold, and the two lowerones with many great vessels of silver gilt."

Dressoirs throughout both the fourteenth and fifteenth centuriesproclaim their origin, by frankly presenting the appearance of chestsraised on legs.

The contemporary tapestry is also from that fascinating treasurehouse of French mediaeval and Renaissance art the Hotel Cluny.Would that London possessed some noble mansion, forming assympathetic architectural environment for our Tudor forefathers'furniture and household gods as is aflforded by both the Cluny andCarnavalet Museums of Paris.


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DECORATIVE FURNITURE IN BRITAIN PRIOR TO 1475 37

OUR COLOUR -LOVING ANCESTORSJudging from contemporary writings, and from the colour usually

shown upon the furniture in manuscript drawings of the fourteenthand fifteenth centuries, the English were so passionately attached tocolour, and cared so little for the naturalwood, as to give ground for the state-ment, that " they painted everything theycould afford, and whitewashed the rest."Indeed, one of the main objections of thecitizens of London to the introduction ofcoal was that its smoke impaired thewhiteness of their houses. Traces stillexist upon some few old examples, suchas the Faversham Coffer (Plate II.), show-ing that the work was usually painted, andthat gilding was also resorted to at times,as in the case of the Coronation Chair.

Until nearly the close of the Gothic period the woodwork branchesof the applied arts were so subject to ecclesiasticism that it is littleexaggeration to regard them as by the Church, of the Church, andfor the Church. They are therefore outside our province.

CARVED CHESTNUT COFFER-FEONT.FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGESTowards the end of the fifteenth-century, clerical dominance was

declining. Feudalism was upon its last legs, internal dissensionsassisting its fall. By the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in1453 the long-totteriiig and shrunken remnant of the once all-powerfulRoman Empire received its death-blow. In the East the Crescenthad triumphed over the Cross.


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38 DECORATIVE FURNITUREThe Middle Ages, with all their romantic vicissitudes and vi\dd

contrasts, were coming to an end. It had been a period when the

MEDIiEVAL DOUBLE BENCH WITH MOVABLE BACK RAIL,USED IN FRONT OF FIREPLACE. GOTHIC SQUARE FLOWER,

sixpence often possessed more purchasing power than does thesovereign in present days ; when the trestle table could

be laden, until it groaned, in a manner satisfy-ing the old-style novelist, with beef or pork ata cost of a halfpenny per pound, with muttonat three farthings, strong beer at one pennyper gallon, and choicest foreign wines at eight-pence per gallon ; when tea, coffee, and tobaccowere unheard of, and a lump of sugar a rightroyal luxury. But it had been a period alsowhen man's life and physical freedom dependedmore on the power of his good right arm thanon any protection of the laws ; when few outsidethe monastery or the castle could read, andfewer write ; when miserable hovels of mud werethe homes of the mass of the people, and oiledcloth the "glazing" of the window openings ofthe rich.

FORMS OF GOTHIC ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ couditious uuder which theFOLIATION, arts of the home were likely to flourish, and,

AYYFORMS OF GOTHIC

FOLIATION.


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THE LATE GOTHIC PERIOD IN BRITISHDECORATIVE FURNITURE.THE last quarter of the fifteenth century witnessed politicaland social changes greatly affecting decorative furniture.Feudal England, monk-ridden, noble-ridden, and ever atwar with her northern neighbour, ceased her long civil struggle toenter, bereft of continental possessions, upon an era under the Tudorsin which the power of^ monk and noble was to be diminished, thatof the* monarch to increase, and the printing press, establishedpractically by Caxton in 1475, to lay the foundations of a greaterdomination than king, priest, or noble had ever possessed.The marriage of Henry vii. with the heiress of the WhiteRose, by uniting the claims of York and Lancaster to the throne,terminated the internecine struggle of the Roses, and cleared theway for the pursuit of peaceful industries, and for the building-up ofthe British Constitution with its ideals of parliamentary supremacyand individual liberty.

POLITICS AFFECTING FURNITUREAt the end of the century the population of England was barely

four millions; far less than that of present-day London alone. Themiddle classes appear to have quietly profited by the dissensionsof the upper, making great advances in wealth and independenceduring the Civil War. They were no .longer content with furnitureof severely utilitarian type; and it was part of the policy of the

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BRITISH DECORATIVE FURNITURELATE GOTHIC 43early Tudors to encourage the prosperity, the comfort, and eventhe luxury of the smaller gentry and citizens, as a counterpoise tothe power of the nobles.

Sanitation was a "sealed book"; except that the nobles movedfrom castle to castle in order that "the same might sweeten." Thecommon people, having no such alternative, could not have foundlife always pleasant. The narrow, gloomy, and unsavoury streetswere forcing beds for fevers and the plague, whilst medical methodswere even more empirical and conflicting than those of to-day, if onemay credit the statement that during one of the pestilences acertain practitioner cured more than any of his brethren by tyingpickled herrings to the feet of his patients.

MEDIEVAL AND TUDOR WOODWORKERS,In common with other craftsmen, did much of their work inthe open air in front of their houses. They were confined to certainstreets with their fellow-workmen of the same trade : a restrictionwhich favoured esprit de corps and tended greatly to strengthen thetrade guilds, whose power was more absolute but whose objectssomewhat resembled those of the modern trade union, except that thetechnical improvement and honour of their craft was aimed at, notsolely the raising of the wage standards. The various " gilds " had dis-tinguishing marks and privileges. A charter was granted in 1477 toTHE GUILD OF TAPISERS,The mediaeval forerunners of the upholder and the upholsterer ofour day; their guild must have existed before then, or why shouldChaucer sing

9n l^a&erliasijer anb a Carpenter,9 Wtlfyt, a I9eser, anU a CapiitmWjxt alU s clottjeli in a M^txtOi a solempne anti grete {raternitie.


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48 DECORATIVE FURNITURE

THE GOTHIC WOODWORKER'S KITOne would like to see a Gothic or Tudor woodworker's outfit;

he certainly possessed no moulding planes equalling the modemkind, yet probably was frequently a skilful all-round craftsman;expert in the carving of such details as the ribbed and otherwisedecorated mouldings with shaped ends, known as

LINENFOLD ANDPARGHEMIN PATTERNS,Which were introduced in panel decoration during the last quarter ofthe fifteenth century. The Linenfold was based upon and emblematic

of the veil covering thechaUce at the consecra-tion of the Host inCathohc ritual : it ap-peared towards the con-clusion of the Gothicera in French architec-ture and Flemish furni-ture, and thence travelled

THE LINENFOLD PATTERN ON MR.GUY LAKING'S double HUTCH.(Colour Plate 5, Part I.) LINENFOLD OAK PANELLING,

COSTESSEY HALL, NORFOLK.

to England. The Par-chemin pattern was de-rived from theparchment

scrolls rolled upon a rod. Linenfold and parchment designs mergeand blend in a somewhat confusing way, but the chief distinctionbetween the two is the introduction of the rod round which theparchment scroll is wound.


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BRITISH DECORATIVE FURNITURELATE GOTHIC 49THE TUDOR ROSEThe Tudor Rose, which flowered prolifically in decorationduring the latter half of the fifteenth century, was at first coloured

to suit the Lanca/Strian orYorkish proclivities of itsowners ; but after the mar-riage terminating the civilstrife by uniting the parties,the roses were often de-corated in the formerly rival

TXJDOR ROSE. colours. TUDOR ROSE.

"ROMAYNE" WORK AND GOTHICThe last forms of Gothic inspiration, were succeeded a few years

later by the first indications that the intellectual and art move-ment of the Renaissance of Italy was crossing the Channel, andthat England would fall underits inspiring influence. Anisolated forerunner a carvedoak hutch bequeathed byVicar Sudbury, vicar of Louth,to Louth Church, is the earliestinstance extant of the Englishadaptation of the Renaissancedetail known as "Romayne"work. The heads are statedto be portraits of Henry viii. and his consort, Elizabeth of York.

The " fell pageny disease," to which the old Gothic was to succumb,made but little headway, and was, at most, but sporadic until Henry viii.was well seated upon his throne.

7

HUTCH PRESENTED BY VICAR SUDBURY TO LOUTHCHURCH NOT LATER THAN 1504.


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50 DECORATIVE FURNITUREGothic was still the model upon which men built and decorated,

and it must be remembered that, cold and unsympathetic as manyof the old Gothic churches and cathedrals often appear in thesedays, in pre-Puritan times they sang with the chorister, in untutoredbut not unpleasing colour upon their walls, ceilings, and windows.

TTJDOR HOSE IXSPANDREL.

THE MEDIAEVAL HALLThe changes which were evolving in the political and social life

influenced the home and its furniture. In themore or less^merrymediseval days, master, mistress, man andmaid sat together in the hall, the heart ofthe house ; all shared in the household events,the incidents of the daily comedy or dramawere worked out in common : a domesticpicture so pleasant to the idealist, that one'ssympathies are with Piers the Plowmanwhen, in the fourteenth century, commentingon the changes evolving, he complains that

(BlmQz (i.e. lonely) ts tfjc \\BlU E&erg nag in tfje torfte,Eljerc tlje lorfi ne t!)c laUge Igftctl) not to sgttcji^otn fjatlj ttiit a rule to raten fig fjintselfIn a prtijEE parlour.

The Church objected to the withdrawalof the family from the hall, as contrary tothe principle of the communal life, whichwas part of the monastic systenv A certainBishop Grosseteste commanded the contin-uance of the old system, " Without peril ofsychnesse and werynesse ete all of ye in thehalle before your meyny " (i.e. menage).OTHIC BRADISHING. SALISBURY.


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BRITISH DECORATIVE FURNITURELATE GOTHIC 51Although the change commenced in the fourteenth century, its

progress was so slow that it had evidently not been adopted oracquiesced in, by the commencement of the sixteenth century, foramong the Ordinances of Eltham in 1526 is one noticing with con-demnation that "sundrie noblemen and gentlemen and others doemuch delight in corners and secret places."

TABLESTHRESTULEAND DORMANT

As long as the hall continued to be the central point of unitedhousehold life, used not only for sitting and dining but also forrecreations, it was desirable that its furnishings should be easilymovable. As long as the cry was

Come, Musicians, play.A hall ! A hall ! Give room and foot it girls,More light, ye knaves !and turn the tables up

SO long was the trestle - table the best possible form. The table ofto-day is descended from the "board" of the Middle Ages. The oldterm survives not only in the sideboard, our "Boards" of Admiralty,Trade, and Health, but also in our school boarders and "board"wages,a dozen meanings other than that to which usage now restrictsthe word were attached to the "table"; for example, a picture, a list,a game of backgammon, and many another object having a flat surface.

TRESTLE TABLESThe board of the Middle Ages was usually an easily removable

top, supported on trestles (a corruption of the original threstule, forthree-footed supports). The "trestle" and the stool were largely, inboth name and purpose, identical.


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52 DECORATIVE FURNITURETrestle tables were not always crude carpenter's work, if one may

credit Lydgate's BorKe at fgeian anti of ^faerg WO^ttt,A form of semi-trestle table was also employed in which shaped

supports upheld the heavy top, whilst

THE TABLE DORMANTOf mediaeval days was probably a greattable on the dais at the upper end ofthe hall : " Beginning the table dormant,"signifying taking the first place at thefeast. Chaucer wished to emphasise theprofuse hospitality of the Frankeleynwhen he wrote

Hys table dormant in hys halle alwayStood redy covered al the longe day.

In importance secondary only tothe seats on the dais of the Middle

OAK TABLE. PKOPEETY OF GEO. C. HAITfi, ESQ. Ages were the

CUPBOARDS, CREDENCES,AND ALMERIESUntil the fifteenth century the dressieur form of

cupboard, in vogue upon the Continent and probablybased upon the credence, reigned also in many anEnglish hall, displaying plate upon its tiered shelving.It subsequently grew to such a height that stepswere provided to enable the servant to reach thetop shelves. The works of the gold and silver-smiths were, it must be confessed, more valued thanthose of the woodworker, jewellery and plate being GOTHIC CREDENCE.VIOLLET-LE-DUC.


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PLATE VIIITHE "KING'S ROOM," OXBURGH HALL, NORFOLK

The Property of With its furniture and accessories re-arranged to showSir Henry Paston Bedingfield. its Court Cupboard, "Thrown" Chair, Linenfold

Panelling, Bedstead, and other appointments

The old brick mansion of Oxburgh Hall is a picture appealing tothe artist-lover of our stately English homes, whether it be seen inthe summer twilight when the lights begin to gleam from its many-latticed windows ; when the snow falls on turf and towers ; or thewind drives the autumn fleets of leaves down its broad moat.

The King's room is a spaciously primitive chamber, dating itstitle from the visit of King Henry vii. to Oxburgh. Although oneof the upper apartments, its floors are of yellow bricks, giving it tomodern eyes a discomforting aspect. The furniture is of oak ; thebed, coverlet, and curtains being embroidered with curious devices ofbirds, beasts, and fishes, thoughtfully provided with labels such as "ADelphine," "A Leparde," "A Frogge," "A Daker Hen," "A Swalloe,"by the modest artists to assist recognition. These embroideriesare stated to have been jointly worked by Mary, Queen of Scots,and that feminine builder of great houses, Bess of Hardwicke,Countess of Shrewsbury, who was one of Mary's custodians. Thissomewhat enforced collaboration is claimed also for several pieces ofneedlework, in fine silks and gold thread, upon farthingale and otherchairs, at Hardwicke Hall.

The court cupboard, dating probably from the commencementof the sixteenth century,though its super-imposed parts are char-53


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54 DECORATIVE FURNITUREacteristic of a somewhat earlier date,bears evidence of the arbitraryblend of Gothic and Renaissance details ; the diapered posts withcrocketed finials, reminding one of French Credences such as that atthe Chateau de Pau, and of the Dressoir in the Hotel de Cluny,illustrated in our Colour Plate No. 6. The base of the cupboard hasbeen restored, and the panels are, one fancies, more akin to the workof a continental than of an English carver.

The turned chair is of a pattern originally Byzantine, but intro-duced into England upon their return by crusading Norman knights,and soldiers of the Varangian Guard. It is of somewhat later datethan that sketched upon page 49, but the type continued to bemade, with larger seats, until the beginning of the seventeenthcentury.

Not only the principal pieces of furniture shown in Colour Plate,but all the accessories illustrated from the fifteenth-century linen-panelling upon the walls to the tapestries behind the Court Cupboard

are part and parcel of the appointments of this singularly inter-esting apartment.


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58 DECORATIVE FURNITUREremembered that the ironwork upon a piece is often misleading,being frequently of earlier date as regards style than the woodwork:owing probably to stock patterns being used up, or to local smithslagging somewhat behind in matters of pattern. A similar hinge isto be seen upon a door, otherwise of earlier seventeenth - centurydetail, at South Kensington. The details of the window are similar tosome in the Strangers' Hall. We discover at least one argument infavour of the good old days, when we learn that at this period theStrangers' Hall paid rates amounting annually to threepence.

The ill-used adjective "quaint" may, with more accuracy thanusual, be applied to the figures of the wall-fresco painting of con-temporary date, conserved until recently behind old panelling atWest Stowe, in what is now part of a farmhouse, but was oncethe palace hall of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, brother-in-lawof Henry viii. and grandfather of Lady Jane Grey. The Elizabethandandy with falcon ( ?) on wrist is labelled, " Thus doe I all the day "the lovers are inscribed, "Thus do I while I may." The next figure,presumably an older but not wiser man, regretfully remarks, "Thusdid I when I might " ; whilst the old sage (whose proportions, however,have not shrunk with age, but the contrary) reflects per label, " GoodLord, will this world last for ever." The naive indication of ageconveyed by the bent frame of this ancient, recalls the reply ofanother old Suffolk worthy to an inquiry concerning his health, "I'mwell enow ; but me faculties is failing, 'specially me legs."

Simon Memmi of Siena is credited in the Percy Anecdotes withthe invention of such explanatory labels for his figures : one of hispictures, depicting the devil, faint from severe pursuit of a saint, havinginscribed upon it, " Ohime 1 Ohime ! Non posso piu /Oh ! Oh ! it's allover with me !


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BRITISH DECORATIVE FURNITURELATE GOTHIC 59In the succeeding Tudor days we shall find greater variety and

fuller references to the predecessors of the sideboard.

THE DUNMOW CHAIR.

CHAIRS, STOOLS, AND BENCHESBenches (bancs) and stools, the most common seats during late

Gothic times, were almost entirely utilitarian. Joint stools, nowadayspopularly supposed to have been madeexclusively for supporting coffins, wereused at the ends of the tables, and, insteadof the heavy benches, in the scarcity ofchairs.

Many surviving chairs of the Gothicperiods were obviously parts originally ofChoir Stalls. One of these is the ex-tremely interesting example used to " chair "applicants for the Dunmow flitch of bacon,who emerged successfully from a mock trial ; having proved to thesatisfaction of "the court" that never since they had become

Married man and wife,By household broils or contentious strife,Or otherwise at bed or board,Had they offended each other in word or in deed.

The Dunmow custom was instituted inthe days of Henry iii. ; the chair beingthirteenth - century Gothic, and probablymade from some choir stalls belonging tothe convent from which Dunmow Church wasevolved.

Chairs retained much of their stall - likecharacter, being enclosed (close) and having lockers under, of whichthe seat formed the lid. The X-shaped or curule form, a descendant

"thrown" (i.e. TURNED)CHAIR.


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62 DECORATIVE FURNITUREThe latter part of the fifteenth century witnessed the termina-

tion of monastic rule in matters of furnishing. Tapestried hangingsand wainscoting were more frequently applied to the walls ; halls wereprovided with screens ; glass was in greater use for windows, whichwere also enlarged and recessed ; chimneys were constructed moregenerally ; attention was even paid to the condition of the floors.The dawn of domestic comfort and luxury had come to England,


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64 DECORATIVE FURNITUREcient numbers to make the problem of the chronicler and artistrather what to omit than what to insert.

THE RENAISSANCE IN ENGLANDWe have seen that decorative furniture during mediaeval times

was, in England, as abroad, confined to the church, the castle, andthe monastery, but that the balance of power was gradually beingtransferred from the sword of the noble to the well-filled coffer ofthe burgess ; with the result that luxury, even comfort, were nolonger exclusive privileges of the monk and the baron, but werespreading among the citizens and the nation generally.

Unheeded by Britain, engrossed in civil strife, for more thana century an inspiritive movement had been gathering force, andaffecting the entire range of mental concepts so profoundly thatthe term Renaissance (from its analogy to mental rebirth) in no wayexaggerates its influence upon the Western European races ; sinceit was not only a rebirth, but a development ultimately giving in-tellectual freedom from the torpor and tyranny of mediseval clericalism.

Arising in Italy from the study of classic ideals and forms inart and government, the movement spread over France, Germany,Spain, the Netherlands, and the first faint manifestations of its artexpression in England occur about the year 1487, in the interestingold piece known as Vicar Sudbury's Hutch, which we have includedin the review of the preceding Late Gothic period.

Though it is with the changes in decorative furniture arisingout of the enlarged outlook of the Italian Renaissance thatwe are concerned, it is interesting to note that in Englandexpansion of thought evidenced itself in a desire to break awayfrom the mental outlook enjoined by the Romish Church, as farback as Wycliffs time (1377 a.d.), long ere the Germans, led byMartin Luther in 1517, manifested the same tendency.


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BRITISH DECORATIVE FURNITURETUDOR 65When the arts of the Renaissance, flowing from their source

in Italy to France, Germany, Spain, and the Netherlands, finallycame to this country, they reached a land which, if we exceptthe furnishings imported for the use of the wealthy Romansduring their occupation of Britain, had never seen the classic arts.

Owing in part to the deep-rooted love of the perpendicularline which dominates Gothic work, and is so opposed to the horizontalline prevailing in Classic architecture, and in part also to the technicallyinferior condition of the artistic crafts in England, the use of thedetails of the Italian Renaissance, in combination with native Gothicforms, afiected the conceptions of structural design but slowly.

HENRY THE EIGHTHAND THE RENAISSANCEThe art of the Renaissance found in Henry viii. an admirer

and patron, especially after his visit to Francis i. upon the magnificentField of the Cloth of Gold,that textile city of a day, yet costly asthough built of marble. Left by his shrewd but greedy and suspiciousfather the heritage of undisputed succession and of enormous wealth,Henry showed during the first years of his reign a carelessjoyousness which found speedy response in his subjects. Young,brave, strong, and of imposing presence, not only was he accomplishedin manly sports, but also in the arts of Italy and the new learningas interpreted by More and Colet.

ITALIAN DESIGNERS IN ENGLANDAnxious to transplant the glories of the Renaissance to the

English shores, the monument in Westminster Abbey to his fatheroffered fitting opportunity, and, setting aside the Gothic designs pre-pared, he invited many Italian artists to this country, and entrusted the


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66 DECORATIVE FURNITUREscheme to the Florentine Pietro Torrigiano. Torrigiano will perhapsowe immortality to his rival braggart Cellini mentioning him asboasting of having broken Michael Angelo's nose, and of his valiantfeats among "those bears of Englishmen." He, Rovezzano, Toto delNunziata, John of Padua, and Holbein, were the most distinguishedof the many versatile foreign artists who were induced to visit theEnglish shores. Holbein was not only a painter and "architect"but a designer of furniture, and John of Padua not only an " architectbut a musician.

ELIZABETHAN " ARCHITECTS "It may be well to emphasise here that, though for convenience

one speaks of "architects" of the Tudor era, the architect in themodern sense did not exist until much later times, even in name.His nearest equivalent in title was that of John Thorpe, "Devizorof the King's Buildings." A plan and rough idea of the suggestedappearance rather than a drawing was prepared by a surveyor, andgiven to the masons, bricklayers, and other workers ; as far as wecan judge, these artizans settled upon the precise ornamental and otherdetails of their work. Much more appears to have been left to theworkman's taste and knowledge of the traditions and current methodsof his craft than is now the custom, though another element makingfor individuality occurred, through the owner of the building frequentlytaking a much more active part in its design and construction thanis usual in our times.

THE RENAISSANCE SCREENAND CHOIR STALLS AT CAMBRIDGE,Executed during Henry viii.'s reign, display so much dignity anddelicacy, and are so indisputably the finest works of the period in


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BRITISH DECORATIVE FURNITURETUDOR 69design and workmanship that, though of an ecclesiastical character,one cannot ignore them. Fuller says of the Screen and Choir Stalls,erected between 1531 and 1535 in King's College Chapel, Cambridge,"the stonework and woodwork contend which shallthe most deserve admiration." Their purely Italiancharacter is so unmistakable as to leave no doubtthat both screen and stalls were the work of foreignartists and craftsmen (Sir Digby Wyatt attributesthe design to Holbein), and not representative ofeither native design or craftsmanship. Indeed, intypical and native work until practically the con-clusion of Elizabeth's reign, the Renaissance detailswere used by Englishmen, rather for the sake ofgrafting upon the native construction than with anyview of utilising either the Italian construction orthe classic spirit. This is evident even in worksof the imported Italians and their native en hloccopyists, such as the Christchurch Abbey Stallsand the fine woodwork at the Vine, Basingstoke,in Hampshire, which show further stages in the blending of Italianneo-Classic detail with the indigenous Gothic.

OAK DEATTGHT CHAIR,OR GUfiRITE.

NONESUCH CHESTSIt is a curious commentary on Henry's masterpiece in building,

that the wondrous Palace of Nonesuch owes the handing-down ofits outlines largely to their being pictured in inlay on the piecesof decorative furniture known as Nonesuch Chests. One of these isillustrated in Colour Plate No. 13, with a summary of the chequeredhistory of this royal palace, which was built at Cheam about 1541,chiefly from the designs of foreign artists ; since it is recorded thatthe King procured "excellent artificers, sculptors, and statuaries, as


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BRITISH DECORATIVE FURNITURETUDOR 73nOQ of Architecture, published in 1624, he sum-marises with equal felicity the views uponbuilding which prevailed in his days, declar-

ing that " Every Man's proper Mansion-houseand home being the Theatre of his Hospit-ality, the Seate of his Selfe-fruition, the Com-fortablest part of his own life ; the noblestof his Son's Inheritance ; a kind of Private

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