decolonization and independence movements
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Decolonization and Independence Movements. Warm up. After World War II- what do you think should have happened to Europe’s old colonies? What problems do you think the colonies had?. India. Steps to Independence 1919 Amritsar massacre where British kill Indians - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Decolonization and Independence Movements
Warm up
After World War II- what do you think should have happened to Europe’s old colonies?
What problems do you think the colonies had?
India
Steps to Independence 1919 Amritsar massacre where British kill Indians 1920 Gandhi launches nonviolent campaign Congress Party- Indian political party (majority Hindus) Muslim League- Indian political party (mostly Muslims)
Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah Wanted to separate Muslim and Hindu India into separate countries
“Quit India” campaign- started in 1942, purpose to get rid of British from India
Strong Asian nationalism European defeat showed that the Europeans were weaker than
they thought Britain couldn’t pay to keep the colony any more
Partition of India
India Gets Independence
1947- British accept the idea of partition and give independence to India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)
Summer 1947- violence between Hindus and Muslims
January 1948 Gandhi killed
Modern India
Jawarharlal Nehru- India’s first prime minister Promoted democracy, economic growth, unity Problems:
Kashmir- Hindus and Muslims live there and both India and Pakistan claim it as their own
1966 Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter) becomes Prime Minister Killed by Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for an attack
on a Sikh temple
Problems in India Today
Social inequality High populationReligious fanaticismSeparatist groups
Pakistan and Sri Lanka
Pakistan Divided at independence into East and West Pakistan 1971 East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh Muhammad Ali Jinnah first ruler of Pakistan Ali Bhutto took over 1958 General Zia took power in 1977 Benazir Bhutto
Sri Lanka Civil war since independence in 1948 between the Tamils
(Hindus) and Sri Lankans (mostly Buddhist)
Steps to Independence
Negritude movement- a movement to celebrate African heritage and values (Leopold Senghor leader of movement)
U. N. charter- right to self-determination After WWII Europeans ready to give up African
colonies
New Nations in Africa
Negritude movement- movement to celebrate African culture and heritage
After WW2 many European countries were ready to grant independence
Ghana – 1957 first African nation to get independence
Kwame Nkrumah used nonviolent protest to gain independence and became prime minister and then president
When he faced opposition after weak economic growth, he became dictatorial and was eventually overthrown in a military coup
Kenya
British colony but the British settlers didn’t want to give the Kenyans independence
Jomo Kenyatta- nationalist educated in London
Mau Mau rebellion- farmers trying to force the British out
By 1963 when Kenya became independent more than 10,000 black Kenyans and 100 white Kenyans had been killed
Kenyatta became the president of the new nation
Congo
Belgian colony which did not prepare its people for independence
1960 granted independence but a lot of internal strife because part of the country tried to declare its own independence and they had the valuable mineral resources
1965 Mobutu Sese Seko comes to power- renames country to Zaire- very corrupt government
1997 overthrown by Laurent Kabila
Algeria
French colonyAfter WWII French didn’t want to give it up FLN- 1954- group to fight for independenceCharles de Gualle returns to power in France
in 1958 and gives up colonies1962 Algeria gets independenceAhmed Ben Bella- leader of FLN- became
prime ministerProblems- economy dependent on oil,
government and Islamic militants fighting
South Africa
South Africa gets independence from British in 1960 but the Afrikaners (white settlers)- had controlled the country through the Nationalist party since 1948o set up a system of Apartheid, a series of harsh racial
policies, where the white minority kept political and economic power (segregation huge)
o police state funded by rich mineral revenueso protest prohibitedo African National Congress illegalo Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela in jailo Steve Biko killed
Reformers: Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk
Change in South Africa
• 1980s weak economy due to international boycott• black liberation movements in neighboring countries strong• F.W. de Klerk- moderate Afrikaner leader pushed for
reform• 1990 Mandela released from jail• 1994 free elections lead to ANC to come to power under
the leadership of Mandela, who becomes president Persisting problems• interethnic rivalries between Zulus and Xhosas• white supremacist organizations• redistribution of wealth
1994 Election of Nelson Mandela
The Middle East
After WWI- mandate system established The mandate system established territories that the
League of Nations would control until those places were ready for independence
Zionist movement in 1800s and 1900s- wanted a homeland for the Jews
1917- Balfour Declaration- declares that there should be a Jewish section in the area of Palestine but this was unrealistic because the two sides couldn’t get along , so Britain wanted to create two separate countries there
Creation of Israel
After WWII, the U.N. called for a Jewish state called Israel and another one called Palestine and Jerusalem would be an international city
1948 Israel created and David Ben Gurion becomes first leader
Many early wars between Muslims and Jews but the Zionists proved stronger than others thought and won most of them
Series of Crises
1956 Suez crisis- Egypt takes control of canal from British, British retaliate using Jewish forces, ends with Egypt taking back control
1967 Six-day War- Egypt prepares for attack but Israel surprises them and wins. The result is Israeli occupation of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights and the West Bank
1973 War- Anwar Sadat (Egypt’s new ruler) launches surprise attack. Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir has counterattack and the two sides sign a truce
Uneasy Peace Deal
Camp David Accords- 1979- Egypt recognizes Israel as a legitimate state and Israel returns the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt- ends 30 years of hostility
Palestine and Israel
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- led by Yasir Arafat- used military wing to conduct violence against Jews
Intifada- peaceful demonstrations lead to world sympathy and a call for Israel to back down a bit
1991 the two sides meet for peace talks1993 Oslo Peace Agreement- Declaration of
Principles- Israel would allow self-rule for Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and West Bank